Last data update: Jun 24, 2024. (Total: 47078 publications since 2009)
Records 1-8 (of 8 Records) |
Query Trace: Robertson SA [original query] |
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Onsite investigation at a mail-order hatchery following a multistate Salmonella illness outbreak linked to live poultry-United States, 2018.
Robertson SA , Sidge JL , Koski L , Hardy MC , Stevenson L , Signs K , Stobierski MG , Bidol S , Donovan D , Soehnlen M , Jones K , Robeson S , Hambley A , Stefanovsky L , Brandenburg J , Hise K , Tolar B , Nichols MC , Basler C . Poult Sci 2019 98 (12) 6964-6972 ![]() ![]() Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), health departments, and other state and federal partners have linked contact with live poultry to 70 human Salmonella outbreaks in the United States from 2000 to 2017, which resulted in a total of 4,794 illnesses, 894 hospitalizations, and 7 deaths. During human salmonellosis outbreaks environmental sampling is rarely conducted as part of the outbreak investigation. CDC was contacted by state health officials on June 12, 2018, to provide support during an investigation of risk factors for Salmonella infections linked to live poultry originating at a mail-order hatchery. From January 1, 2018, to June 15, 2018, 13 human Salmonella infections in multiple states were attributed to exposure to live poultry from a single hatchery. Two serotypes of Salmonella were associated with these infections, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Litchfield. Molecular subtyping of the S. Enteritidis clinical isolates revealed they were closely related genetically (within 0 to 9 alleles) by core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) to isolates obtained from environmental samples taken from hatchery shipping containers received at retail outlets. Environmental sampling and onsite investigation of practices was conducted at the mail-order hatchery during an investigation on June 19, 2018. A total of 45 environmental samples were collected, and 4 (9%) grew Salmonella. A chick box liner from a box in the pre-shipping area yielded an isolate closely related to the S. Enteritidis outbreak strain (within 1 to 9 alleles by cgMLST). The onsite investigation revealed lapses in biosecurity, sanitation, quality assurance, and education of consumers. Review of Salmonella serotype testing performed by the hatchery revealed that the number of samples and type of samples collected monthly varied. Also, S. Enteritidis was identified at the hatchery every year since testing began in 2016. Recommendations to the hatchery for biosecurity, testing, and sanitation measures were made to help reduce burden of Salmonella in the hatchery and breeding flocks, thereby reducing the occurrence of human illness. |
Notes from the Field: Environmental Investigation of a Multistate Salmonellosis Outbreak Linked to Live Backyard Poultry from a Mail-Order Hatchery - Michigan, 2018.
Hardy MC , Robertson SA , Sidge J , Signs K , Stobierski MG , Jones K , Soehnlen M , Stefanovsky L , Hambley A , Brandenburg JM , Martin H , Lauer AC , Fields P , Koski L , Stevenson LM , Pabilonia KL , Nichols MC , Basler CA , Ribot EM , Hise KB . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019 67 (5152) 1430-1431 ![]() ![]() In the United States, contact with live poultry has been linked to 70 Salmonella outbreaks resulting in 4,794 clinical cases since 2000 (1). Environmental sampling to confirm the outbreak strain at poultry hatcheries that supply backyard flocks is conducted infrequently during investigations; therefore, the source of the outbreak is rarely identified. On June 12, 2018, the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services requested assistance from CDC to investigate risk factors for Salmonella infection linked to live backyard poultry originating at a mail-order hatchery in Michigan (hatchery A). This hatchery supplies young poultry (poults) to backyard flocks through direct sale to flock owners and via feed stores. At the start of the investigation, traceback had linked 24 clinical cases of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis to exposure to live poultry from hatchery A. Whole genome sequencing analysis of the clinical isolates revealed that they were closely related (within 0–15 alleles) by whole genome multilocus sequence typing to environmental isolates sampled from shipping containers originating from hatchery A at retail outlets in several states. |
Enhanced performance of methamphetamine lateral flow cassettes using an electronic lateral flow reader
Smith JP , Sammons DL , Robertson SA , Snawder JE . J Occup Environ Hyg 2015 12 (1) 45-50 Surface contamination from methamphetamine in meth labs continues to be a problem. We had previously developed a lateral flow assay cassette for field detection of methamphetamine contamination that is commercially available and has been used by a number of groups to assess contamination. This cassette uses the complete disappearance of the test line as an end point for detection of 50 ng/100 cm2 of methamphetamine contamination for surface sampling with cotton swabs. In the present study, we further evaluate the response of the cassettes using an electronic lateral flow reader to measure the intensities of the test and control lines. The cassettes were capable of detecting 0.25 ng/ml for calibration solutions. For 100 cm2 ceramic tiles that were spiked with methamphetamine and wiped with cotton-tipped wooden swabs wetted in assay/sampling buffer, 1 ng/tile was detected using the reader. Semi-quantitative results can be produced over the range 0-10 ng/ml for calibration solutions and 0-25 ng/tile for spiked tiles using either a 4-parameter logistic fit of test line intensity versus concentration or spiked mass or the ratio of the control line to the test line intensity fit to concentration or spiked mass. Recovery from the tiles was determined to be about 30% using the fitted curves. Comparison of the control line to the test line was also examined as a possible visual detection end point and it was found that the control line became more intense than the test line at 0.5 to 1 ng/ml for calibration solutions or 1 to 2 ng/tile for spiked tiles. Thus the lateral flow cassettes for methamphetamine have the potential to produce more sensitive semi-quantitative results if an electronic lateral flow reader is used and can be more sensitive for detection if the comparison of the control line to the test line is used as the visual end point. |
Detection of 5-fluorouracil surface contamination in near real time
Smith JP , Sammons DL , Pretty JR , Kurtz KS , Robertson SA , DeBord DG , Connor TH , Snawder JE . J Oncol Pharm Pract 2015 22 (3) 396-408 OBJECTIVES: Contamination of workplace surfaces by antineoplastic drugs presents an exposure risk for healthcare workers. Traditional instrumental methods to detect contamination such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are sensitive and accurate but expensive and incapable of producing results in real time. This limits their utility in preventing worker exposure. We are currently developing monitors based on lateral flow immunoassay that can detect drug contamination in near real time. In this report, we describe the laboratory performance of a 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) monitor. METHODS: The monitor was evaluated by spiking ceramic, vinyl, composite, stainless steel, and glass surfaces of 100 cm2 area with 5-FU masses of 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ng. The surface was sampled with a wetted cotton swab, the swab was extracted with buffer, and the resulting solution was applied to a lateral flow monitor. Two ways of evaluating the response of these monitors were used: an electronic method where a lateral flow reader was used for measuring line intensities, and a visual method where the intensity of the test line was visually compared to the control line. RESULTS: The 5-FU monitor is capable of detecting 10 ng/100 cm2 (0.1 ng/cm2) using the electronic reader and 25 ng/100 cm2 (0.25 ng/cm2) using the visual comparison method for the surfaces studied. The response of the monitors was compared to LC-MS/MS results for the same samples for validation and there was good correlation of the two methods but some differences in absolute response, especially at higher spiking levels for the surface samples. |
Detection and measurement of surface contamination by multiple antineoplastic drugs using multiplex bead assay
Smith JP , Sammons DL , Robertson SA , Pretty JR , DeBord DG , Connor TH , Snawder JE . J Oncol Pharm Pract 2014 22 (1) 60-7 OBJECTIVES: Contamination of workplace surfaces by antineoplastic drugs presents an exposure risk for healthcare workers. Traditional instrumental methods to detect contamination such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are sensitive and accurate but expensive. Since immunochemical methods may be cheaper and faster than instrumental methods, we wanted to explore their use for routine drug residue detection for preventing worker exposure. METHODS: In this study we examined the feasibility of using fluorescence covalent microbead immunosorbent assay (FCMIA) for simultaneous detection and semi-quantitative measurement of three antineoplastic drugs (5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin). The concentration ranges for the assay were 0-1000 ng/ml for 5-fluorouracil, 0-100 ng/ml for paclitaxel, and 0-2 ng/ml for doxorubicin. The surface sampling technique involved wiping a loaded surface with a swab wetted with wash buffer, extracting the swab in storage/blocking buffer, and measuring drugs in the extract using FCMIA. RESULTS: There was no significant cross-reactivity between these drugs at the ranges studied indicated by a lack of response in the assay to cross analytes. The limit of detection (LOD) for 5-fluorouracil on the surface studied was 0.93 ng/cm2 with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 2.8 ng/cm2, the LOD for paclitaxel was 0.57 ng/cm2 with an LOQ of 2.06 ng/cm2, and the LOD for doxorubicin was 0.0036 ng/cm2 with an LOQ of 0.013 ng/cm2. CONCLUSION: The use of FCMIA with a simple sampling technique has potential for low cost simultaneous detection and semi-quantitative measurement of surface contamination from multiple antineoplastic drugs. |
Assessment of exposure to PACs in asphalt workers: measurement of urinary PACs and their metabolites with an ELISA kit
Smith JP , Biagini RE , Johnson BC , Olsen LD , Mackenzie BA , Robertson SA , Sammons DL , Striley CAF , Walker CV , Snawder JE . Polycycl Aromat Compd 2011 31 (4) 270-285 An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit made for determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in water was adapted for measuring PACs and their metabolites in urine. This method was then applied to a pilot asphalt worker PAC exposure study. Currently, liquid-liquid extraction with gas chromatography/isotope dilution high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS) is the preferred method to determine urinary PAC metabolites. Although sensitive and specific, GC/HRMS is time consuming and costly. The ELISA method had a range from 14-720 ng/ml 1-hydroxypyrene equivalents with a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 14 ng/ml urine. ELISA and GC/HRMS PAC metabolite measurements had a statistically significant correlation and the PAC ELISA results were indicative of potential asphalt exposure. PAC ELISA is promising as a more rapid and less costly routine method for determining worker exposure to PACs in asphalt emissions. |
Use of direct reading surface sampling methods for site characterization and remediation of methamphetamine contaminated properties
Snawder JE , Striley CAF , Esswein EJ , Hessel J , Sammons DL , Robertson SA , Johnson BC , MacKenzie BA , Smith JP , Walker CV . J ASTM Int 2011 8 (6) JAI103481 Residual methamphetamine contamination in clandestine laboratories represents a hazard to emergency response personnel, remediation workers and the general public. To address this threat, two rapid, sensitive surface sampling techniques to assess the location and level of methamphetamine contamination were developed. Both methods employ established industrial hygiene surface sampling materials (wipes and swabs) but differ in their sensitivity and detection technology. One method, based on colorimetric disclosure, detects and confirms a collected sample or visible residues. The second method uses a lateral flow immunochemical assay (LFIA) for semi-quantitative detection of trace contamination. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) partnered with public health agencies to develop applications of the methods for assessment of methamphetamine contamination of suspected properties. These applications focused on safe strategies for site assessment, hazard characterization, and remediation effectiveness. To conduct the field studies, NIOSH researchers and their partners visited more than a dozen suspected laboratories including mobile labs, abandoned properties, occupied residences, and motel rooms. NIOSH found greater than 95% agreement between positive identification of the presence of methamphetamine by LFIA and laboratory-based, liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC- MS) methods. Test results were used to develop site assessments and make personal protective equipment recommendations. Results were also used to conduct process-based decontamination of properties and to make health-based decisions on remediation, re-occupancy of residences, as well as determine the degree of contamination of personal property in an inactive clandestine laboratory. By partnering with stakeholders, NIOSH was able to achieve two primary goals: (1) to develop a level of awareness in health department sanitarians, law enforcement personnel and other first responders that methamphetamine surface contamination was a potentially significant route of exposure; (2) to validate our methods in the field and to develop protocols for proper use and interpretation of the results. |
A pilot respiratory health assessment of nail technicians: symptoms, lung function, and airway inflammation
Reutman SR , Rohs AM , Clark JC , Johnson BC , Sammons DL , Toennis CA , Robertson SA , Mackenzie BA , Lockey JE . Am J Ind Med 2009 52 (11) 868-75 BACKGROUND: Recent surveys suggest nail technicians, particularly artificial nail applicators, have increased respiratory symptoms and asthma risk. METHODS: We examined lung function (n = 62) and a marker of airway inflammation, i.e., exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) (n = 43), in a subset of nail technician and control participants in a pilot health assessment. RESULTS: Bivariate analysis of technicians demonstrated that job latency was inversely correlated with FEV1 percent predicted (FEV1PP) (r = -0.34, P = 0.03) and FVCPP (r = -0.32, P = 0.05). Acrylic gel contact hours were inversely correlated with FEV1PP (r = -0.38, P = 0.02) and FVCPP (r = -0.47, P = 0.003). Current smoking was inversely and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with ENO in bivariate analysis. Log 10 ENO levels were directly correlated with job latency (P = 0.012) and gel nail application (P = 0.026) in multivariable analyses. CONCLUSIONS: These positive pilot respiratory test results warrant additional future investigation. Am. J. Ind. Med. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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