Last data update: Sep 16, 2024. (Total: 47680 publications since 2009)
Records 1-17 (of 17 Records) |
Query Trace: Richmond A [original query] |
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Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in U.S. dairy cattle and detection of two human cases - United States, 2024
Garg S , Reed C , Davis CT , Uyeki TM , Behravesh CB , Kniss K , Budd A , Biggerstaff M , Adjemian J , Barnes JR , Kirby MK , Basler C , Szablewski CM , Richmond-Crum M , Burns E , Limbago B , Daskalakis DC , Armstrong K , Boucher D , Shimabukuro TT , Jhung MA , Olsen SJ , Dugan V . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024 73 (21) 501-505 |
Monitoring and characteristics of Mpox contacts, Virginia, USA, May-November 2022
Field EN , McCarty E , Saady D , Darby B . Emerg Infect Dis 2024 30 (3) 453-459 During 2022, a global outbreak of mpox resulted primarily from human-to-human contact. The Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, VA, USA) implemented a contact tracing and symptom monitoring system for residents exposed to monkeypox virus, assessed their risk for infection, and offered interventions as needed. Among 991 contacts identified during May 1-November 1, 2022, import records were complete for 943 (95.2%), but 99 (10.0%) were not available for follow-up during symptom monitoring. Mpox developed in 28 (2.8%) persons; none were healthcare workers exposed at work (n = 275). Exposure risk category and likelihood of developing mpox were strongly associated. A total of 333 persons received >1 dose of JYENNOS (Bavarian Nordic, https://www.bavarian-nordic.com) vaccine, most (n = 295) administered after virus exposure. Median time from exposure to vaccination was 8 days. Those data tools provided crucial real-time information for public health responses and can be used as a framework for other emerging diseases. |
Incidence of TB disease among persons who use drugs in California
Frazier C , Nabity SA , Flood J . Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2023 27 (10) 781-783 TB may disproportionately affect persons who use drugs (PWUD),1–3 but the TB incidence rate among PWUD has not been estimated in the United States (U.S). California has the highest TB case burden and the highest frequency of current drug use: in 2019, 23.5% of incident TB cases in the U.S. occurred in California (5.3/100,000), and the state has an estimated 4.7 million PWUD.4,5 A better understanding of the intersection between drug use and TB will promote equity-informed interventions that account for social aspects of TB risk.6 In the study presented here, we estimate the incidence of TB disease among PWUD in California, describe the characteristics of TB patients who use drugs, and evaluate drug use as a risk factor for adverse treatment outcomes. | | We analyzed surveillance data of incident TB disease reported to the California Department of Public Health (CDPH; Richmond, CA, USA) TB registry in persons ≥12 years of age from 2015–2019. The denominator population of PWUD (who reported drug use in the past year) was derived from the National Survey of Drug Use and Mental Health (NSDUH) of noninstitutionalized civilians who were aged ≥12 years and resided in fixed-address households. We accessed prevalence estimates derived from the NSDUH through the Restricted Online Data Access System.7 NSDUH prevalence estimates are based on 2 years of pooled sample data and, because each year had two estimates (e.g., for 2018 data for 2017–2018 and 2018–2019), we used the average for the annual denominator value. We considered persons with TB who use drugs (PWUD-TB) as patients who reported any injecting or noninjecting drug use in the year preceding TB diagnosis. We used the NSDUH past-year variable ‘Any illicit drug use’ as the PWUD population denominator. We determined whether cases were attributable to recent transmission using a plausible source-case algorithm that associates genetic isolates with likely TB source cases.8 We defined TB treatment noncompletion as premature treatment cessation due to loss to follow-up, refusal, or nonadherence. We defined treatment extension as the completion of an appropriate regimen in more than 12 months, excluding patients with multidrug-resistant TB. We calculated the annual incidence of TB disease among PWUD aged ≥12 years from 2015 to 2019 by dividing the annual frequency of PWUD-TB by the corresponding NSDUH prevalence estimate of past-year drug use for California, stratified by place of birth. We used the χ2 test for comparison of categorical variables and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables (α = 0.05). Finally, we constructed multivariable log-binomial models to determine the independent association of drug use with treatment extension and treatment noncompletion (α = 0.05). This activity was determined to meet the requirements of public health surveillance by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as defined in 45 CFR 46.102(l)(2), and thus did not require institutional board review. CDPH also determined this work to be non-research. Informed consent was not required. |
Examining the effectiveness of provider incentives to increase CRC screening uptake in neighborhood healthcare: A California Federally Qualified Health Center
Barajas M , Tangka FKL , Schultz J , Tantod K , Kempster YM , Omelu N , Hoover S , Thomas M , Richmond-Reese V , Subramanian S . Health Promot Pract 2020 21 (6) 898-904 As an awardee of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Colorectal Cancer Control Program, the California Department of Public Health partnered with Neighborhood Healthcare to implement evidence-based interventions and provider incentives (incentives offered to support staff, e.g., medical assistants, phlebotomists, front office staff, lab technicians) to improve colorectal cancer screening uptake. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and cost of the provider incentive intervention implemented by Neighborhood Healthcare to increase colorectal cancer screening uptake. We collected and analyzed process and cost data to assess fecal immunochemical test (FIT) kit return rates to the health centers and the number of completed FIT kits. We estimated the costs of the preexisting interventions and the new interventions. Analyses were conducted for two time periods: preimplementation and implementation. Most Neighborhood Healthcare health centers experienced an increase in the percentage of FIT kit returns (average of 3.6 percentage points) and individuals screened (an average increase of 111 FIT kits per month) from the baseline period through the implementation period. The cost of the incentive intervention for each additional screen was $66.79. In conclusion, the results indicate that incentive programs can have an overall positive impact on both the percentage of FIT kits returned and the number of individuals screened. |
Proceedings of the AABB blood center executive summit
France C , Marks P , Jones J , Sher G , Bult JM , Winters JL , Mills Barbeau J , Carden B , Mendelsohn Stone L . Transfusion 2020 60 Suppl 4 S1-s16 AABB hosted the Blood Center Executive Summit on 20 October 2019 during the AABB Annual Meeting in San Antonio, Texas. The session was sponsored by the Commonwealth Transfusion Foundation, a nonprofit, private foundation whose mission is to inspire and champion research and education that optimizes clinical outcomes in transfusion medicine and ensures a safe and sustainable blood supply for the United States. The Summit focused on the intersection of blood centers and plasma centers. Presenters and attendees explored existing and needed data, regulatory requirements, risks and benefits of different donor models, and future direction of the plasma community and blood centers. The Summit also identified priority issues that warrant further investigation and provide opportunities to drive progress. Introductory remarks provided context for the Summit presentations. Debra BenAvram, FASAE, CAE, Chief Executive Officer, AABB (Bethesda, Maryland), noted that during the past year, she and other AABB staff have had many discussions with blood center executives on key issues and challenges. In these talks, many executives requested that AABB provide programming specifically for this member segment. The Summit is a direct result of those requests, and the AABB supports a fruitful discussion as well as important and actionable next steps. Kevin Belanger, DHS, MS, MT(ASCP)SBB, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Shepeard Community Blood Center (Evans, Georgia), observed that he and his colleagues have seen a decrease in the donor base and, at the same time, an increase in plasma centers. He also noted that the resulting discussions about competition and donor compensation have been muted. The Summit provides a forum for a broad, open discussion that can be the start of something important. As chair of the Summit planning committee, he thanked both panelists and audience members for participating. Bob Carden, Chief Executive Officer of the Commonwealth Transfusion Foundation (Richmond, Virginia), who moderated the Summit, joined BenAvram and Belanger in welcoming participants to the day's presentations. He emphasized the need for data and noted that one outcome of the day would be a list of potential research projects that could be pursued and considered for funding. |
Declining chlamydia and gonorrhea diagnoses among pregnant women in South Carolina, 2008-2018
Lazenby GB , Savage AH , Horner G , Richmond J , Peterman TA . Sex Transm Dis 2020 48 (3) 141-144 BACKGROUND: Reported U.S. cases of chlamydia and gonorrhea have increased since 2000, while studies in select populations suggest the prevalence of these diseases has decreased. We sought to determine if these diagnoses are increasing among pregnant women delivering at our center. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of women delivering at least one infant > 18 weeks gestation at the Medical University of South Carolina over eleven years (2008-2018). Using the perinatal information system, we collected maternal race, age, insurer, and chlamydia and gonorrhea screening results during the pregnancy of record. Cochran-Armitage trend analyses were performed to evaluate trends in these diagnoses by delivery year for all women and for age/race subgroups. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 24,807 deliveries. The median age of women was 28 years (IQR 23-32). Five percent (5.0%) of women were diagnosed with chlamydia and 1.2% with gonorrhea. The percent of women diagnosed decreased for both chlamydia (9.6% to 3.4%) and gonorrhea (2.5% to 1.1%) (p <0.001 trend analyses for both). A higher percentage of Black women had chlamydia and gonorrhea and both diagnoses declined over time, chlamydia 17.4% to 6.9%, p<0.0001 and gonorrhea 5.8% to 2.1%, p< 0.0001. In a sub-analysis of race and age, Black women < 25 experienced the most significant decline in chlamydia diagnoses (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We observed declining diagnoses of chlamydia and gonorrhea among pregnant women in our center. Although Black women delivering were more likely to have either diagnoses, they experienced a significant decline in both chlamydia and gonorrhea over time. |
Orolabial lymphogranuloma venereum, Michigan, USA
Ilyas S , Richmond D , Burns G , Bowden KE , Workowski K , Kersh EN , Chandrasekar PH . Emerg Infect Dis 2019 25 (11) 2112-2114 Orolabial lymphogranuloma venereum was diagnosed for a man in Michigan, USA, who had sex with men, some infected with HIV. High index of suspicion for lymphogranuloma venereum led to accurate diagnosis, successful therapy, and description of an L2b variant with a unique genetic mutation. |
Economic assessment of patient navigation to colonoscopy-based colorectal cancer screening in the real-world setting at the University of Chicago Medical Center
Kim KE , Randal F , Johnson M , Quinn M , Maene C , Hoover S , Richmond-Reese V , Tangka FKL , Joseph DA , Subramanian S . Cancer 2018 124 (21) 4137-4144 BACKGROUND: This report details the cost effectiveness of a non-nurse patient navigation (PN) program that was implemented at the University of Chicago Medical Center to increase colonoscopy-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. METHODS: The authors investigated the impact of the PN intervention by collecting process measures. Individuals who received navigation were compared with a historic cohort of non-navigated patients. In addition, a previously validated data-collection instrument was tailored and used to collect all costs related to developing, implementing, and administering the program; and the incremental cost per patient successfully navigated (the cost of the intervention divided by the change in the number who complete screening) was calculated. RESULTS: The screening colonoscopy completion rate was 85.1% among those who were selected to receive PN compared with 74.3% when no navigation was implemented. With navigation, the proportion of no-shows was 8.2% compared with 15.4% of a historic cohort of non-navigated patients. Because the perceived risk of noncompletion was greater among those who received PN (previous no-show or cancellation, poor bowel preparation) than that in the historic cohort, a scenario analysis was performed. Assuming no-show rates between 0% and 50% and using a navigated rate of 85%, the total incremental program cost per patient successfully navigated ranged from $148 to $359, whereas the incremental intervention-only implementation cost ranged from $88 to $215. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings indicate that non-nurse PN can increase colonoscopy completion, and this can be achieved at a minimal incremental cost for an insured population at an urban academic medical center. |
Maternal exposure to nitrogen dioxide, intake of methyl nutrients and congenital heart defects in offspring
Stingone JA , Luben TJ , Carmichael SL , Aylsworth AS , Botto LD , Correa A , Gilboa SM , Langlois PH , Nembhard WN , Richmond-Bryant J , Shaw GM , Olshan AF . Am J Epidemiol 2017 186 (6) 719-729 Nutrients that regulate methylation processes may modify susceptibility to the effects of air pollutants. Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2006, were used to estimate associations between maternal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dietary intake of methyl nutrients and the odds of congenital heart defects in offspring. NO2 concentrations, a marker of traffic-related air pollution, averaged across post-conception weeks 2-8, were assigned to 6160 non-diabetic mothers of cases and controls using inverse distance-squared weighting of air monitors within 50 km of maternal residence. Intake of choline, folate, methionine, and vitamins B6 and B12 were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Hierarchical regression models, which accounted for similarities across defects, were constructed and relative excess risks due to interaction were calculated. Relative to women with the lowest NO2 exposure and high methionine intake, women with the highest NO2 exposure and lowest methionine intake had the greatest odds of offspring with a perimembranous ventricular septal defect (Odds Ratio: 3.23, 95% Confidence Interval, 1.74, 6.01; Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction: 2.15, 95% Confidence Interval, 0.39, 3.92). Considerable departure from additivity was not observed for other defects. These results provide modest evidence of interaction between nutrition and NO2 exposure during pregnancy. |
Collaborative public health investigation of clenbuterol-adulterated heroin outbreak - Richmond, Virginia, March-April 2015
Gleason B , West A , Avula D , Utah O , Vogt M , Cumpston K , Kelly M , Brasler P , Wyatt S , Forlano L . J Public Health Manag Pract 2017 23 (2) e8-e11 CONTEXT: In March 2015, the Virginia Department of Health (VDH) was alerted by the Virginia Poison Center of a 6-patient cluster treated for severe clinical presentations after using heroin. Patients' symptoms were atypical for heroin use, and concern existed that patients were exposed to heroin that had been adulterated with or replaced by another substance. OBJECTIVE: To understand the extent and characterization of the outbreak and implement response measures to prevent further cases. The purpose of this report is to highlight the collaborative nature of a public health investigation among a diverse group of stakeholders. DESIGN: Active surveillance and retrospective case finding. SETTING: Richmond metro area community and hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Regional poison centers, the Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services, the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services, community partners, local law enforcement, and multiple VDH divisions. INTERVENTION: Outbreak investigation, communication to public health professionals, clinicians, and the community, and liaising with the local law enforcement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Outbreak control. RESULTS: Laboratory confirmation of clenbuterol in clinical specimens implicated it as the heroin adulterant. Thirteen patients met clinical and epidemiologic criteria for exposure to clenbuterol-adulterated heroin. All patients were associated with a localized area within Richmond, and patient interviews elucidated heroin supplier information. VDH collaborated with local law enforcement agents who investigated and arrested the supplier, leading to cessation of the outbreak. CONCLUSION: This outbreak highlights the value of policies and practices that support an integrated outbreak response among public health practitioners, poison center staff, laboratorians, clinicians, law enforcement agents, community groups, and other agencies. Collaboration enabled implementation of effective control measures-including those outside the purview of the health department-and should be standard practice in future outbreaks involving illicit substances. |
Preventing Violence Among High-Risk Youth and Communities with Economic, Policy, and Structural Strategies
Massetti GM , David-Ferdon C . MMWR Suppl 2016 65 (1) 57-60 Youth violence is preventable, and the reduction of health disparities is possible with evidence-based approaches. Achieving community-wide reductions in youth violence and health disparities has been limited in part because of the lack of prevention strategies to address community risk factors. CDC-supported research has resulted in three promising community-level approaches: Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) in Los Angeles, California; alcohol policy to reduce youth access in Richmond, Virginia; and the Safe Streets program in Baltimore, Maryland. Evaluation findings indicated that BIDs in Los Angeles were associated with a 12% reduction in robberies (one type of violent crime) and an 8% reduction in violent crime overall. In Richmond's alcohol policy program, investigators found that the monthly average of ambulance pickups for violent injuries among youth aged 15-24 years had a significantly greater decrease in the intervention (19.6 to 0 per 1,000) than comparison communities (7.4 to 3.3 per 1,000). Investigators of Safe Streets found that some intervention communities experienced reductions in homicide and/or nonfatal shootings, but results were not consistent across communities. Communitywide rates of violence can be changed in communities with disproportionately high rates of youth violence associated with entrenched health disparities and socioeconomic disadvantage. Community-level strategies are a critical part of comprehensive approaches necessary to achieve broad reductions in violence and health disparities. |
Notes from the field: cluster of lymphogranuloma venereum cases among men who have sex with men - Michigan, August 2015-April 2016
de Voux A , Kent JB , Macomber K , Krzanowski K , Jackson D , Starr T , Johnson S , Richmond D , Crane LR , Cohn J , Finch C , McFadden J , Pillay A , Chen C , Anderson L , Kersh EN . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016 65 (34) 920-921 Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by infection with invasive Chlamydia trachomatis serovars L1-L3. LGV is characterized by inguinal and/or femoral lymphadenopathy, typically following a transient, self-limited genital ulcer or papule that might go unnoticed. Rectal infection can result in proctocolitis that can present with mucoid and/or hemorrhagic rectal discharge, anal pain, constipation, fever, and tenesmus, and signs of granulomas and/or ulcerations on anoscopy. LGV can be an invasive, systemic infection, and if it is not treated early, LGV proctocolitis can lead to chronic colorectal fistulas and strictures. In Europe, outbreaks of LGV have been reported among men who have sex with men (MSM), often in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. The prevalence of LGV in the United States is unknown because diagnostic tests to differentiate LGV from non-LGV Chlamydia trachomatis are not widely available (6), and providers might not know that they should report cases that are presumptively treated. |
Nicotine delivery and pharmacologic response from Verve, an oral nicotine delivery product
Koszowski B , Viray LC , Stanfill SB , Lisko JG , Rosenberry ZR , Potts JL , Pickworth WB . Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015 136 1-6 Verve, an oral nicotine delivery product (ONDP), was introduced by Nu Mark (Altria Client Group, Richmond VA) for smokers to use in places where smoking is prohibited. This study assessed the effect of this ONDP on plasma nicotine levels, heart rate, product satisfaction, and ability to suppress smoking urge and cigarette cravings. Thirteen daily cigarette smokers [8 men and 5 women; average age 33.4years] attended two laboratory sessions, one occurred after overnight tobacco abstinence. Plasma samples were collected before and after ONDP use and measured for nicotine. In non-abstinent smokers, mean plasma nicotine levels increased from 18.3 to 21.0ng/mL. In abstinent smokers, average nicotine levels increased from 3.1 to 4.5ng/mL. After overnight tobacco abstinence, ONDP use significantly (p<0.01) increased heart rate from 69 beats per minute (bpm) to 75bpm; while urge to smoke decreased significantly (p<0.01) from a score of 8.6 to 4.9. Participants indicated moderate product satisfaction that was not changed by tobacco abstinence. Analysis of unused ONDP revealed total nicotine levels of 1.68+/-0.09mg/disc. Spent ONDP discs were also analyzed to determine % nicotine liberated during chewing; results were 80% in the non-abstinent and 82% in the abstinent conditions (ns). Our study results indicate ONDP use can increase plasma nicotine levels and heart rate and reduce cigarette cravings in abstinent smokers. |
Preparedness and emergency response learning centers: supporting the workforce for national health security
Richmond AL , Sobelson RK , Cioffi JP . J Public Health Manag Pract 2014 20 Suppl 5 S7-s16 The importance of a competent and prepared national public health workforce, ready to respond to threats to the public's health, has been acknowledged in numerous publications since the 1980s. The Preparedness and Emergency Response Learning Centers (PERLCs) were funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2010 to continue to build upon a decade of focused activities in public health workforce preparedness development initiated under the Centers for Public Health Preparedness program (http://www.cdc.gov/phpr/cphp/). All 14 PERLCs were located within Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH) accredited schools of public health. These centers aimed to improve workforce readiness and competence through the development, delivery, and evaluation of targeted learning programs designed to meet specific requirements of state, local, and tribal partners. The PERLCs supported organizational and community readiness locally, regionally, or nationally through the provision of technical consultation and dissemination of specific, practical tools aligned with national preparedness competency frameworks and public health preparedness capabilities. Public health agencies strive to address growing public needs and a continuous stream of current and emerging public health threats. The PERLC network represented a flexible, scalable, and experienced national learning system linking academia with practice. This system improved national health security by enhancing individual, organizational, and community performance through the application of public health science and learning technologies to frontline practice. |
School programs and characteristics and their influence on student BMI: findings from Healthy Passages
Richmond TK , Elliott MN , Franzini L , Kawachi I , Caughy MO , Gilliland MJ , Walls CE , Franklin FA , Lowry R , Banspach SW , Schuster MA . PLoS One 2014 9 (1) e83254 BACKGROUND: Little is known about the contribution of school contextual factors to individual student body mass index (BMI). We set out to determine if school characteristics/resources: (1) are associated with student BMI; (2) explain racial/ethnic disparities in student BMI; and (3) explain school-level differences in student BMI. METHODS: Using gender-stratified multi-level modeling strategies we examined the association of school characteristics/resources and individual BMI in 4,387 5(th) graders in the Healthy Passages Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Additionally, we examined the association of race/ethnicity and individual BMI as well as the between-school variance in BMI before and after adding individual and school characteristics to test for attenuation. RESULTS: The school-level median household income, but not physical activity or nutrition resources, was inversely associated with female BMI (beta = -0.12, CI: -0.21,-0.02). Neither school demographics nor physical activity/nutrition resources were predictive of individual BMI in males. In Black females, school characteristics attenuated the association of race/ethnicity and BMI. Individual student characteristics-not school characteristics/resources-reduced the between-school variation in BMI in males by nearly one-third and eliminated it in females. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of 5(th) graders, school SES was inversely associated with female BMI while school characteristics and resources largely explained Black/White disparities in female weight status. Between-school differences in average student weight status were largely explained by the composition of the student body not by school characteristics or programming. |
A tale of two gonorrhea epidemics: results from the STD surveillance network
Newman LM , Dowell D , Bernstein K , Donnelly J , Martins S , Stenger M , Stover J , Weinstock H . Public Health Rep 2012 127 (3) 282-292 OBJECTIVE: An increasing proportion of gonorrhea in the United States is diagnosed in the private sector, posing a challenge to existing national surveillance systems. We described gonorrhea epidemiology outside sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic settings. METHODS: Through the STD Surveillance Network (SSuN), health departments in the San Francisco, Seattle, Denver, Minneapolis, and Richmond, Virginia, metropolitan areas interviewed systematic samples of men and women reported with gonorrhea by non-STD clinic providers from 2006 through 2008. RESULTS: Of 2,138 interviews, 10.0% were from San Francisco, 26.4% were from Seattle, 25.2% were from Denver, 22.9% were from Minneapolis, and 15.5% were from Richmond. A total of 1,165 women were interviewed; 70.1% (815/1,163) were <=24 years of age, 51.3% (598/1,165) were non-Hispanic black, and 19.0% (213/1,121) reported recent incarceration of self or sex partner. Among 610 men who have sex with only women, 50.9% were <=24 years of age, 65.1% were non-Hispanic black, 14.1% reported incarceration of self or sex partner, and 16.7% reported anonymous sex. Among 363 men who have sex with men (MSM), 20.9% were <=24 years of age, 61.6% were non-Hispanic white, 39.8% reported anonymous sex, 35.7% reported using the Internet to meet sex partners, and 12.1% reported methamphetamine use. CONCLUSIONS: These data identified two concurrent gonorrhea epidemics in minority populations: a young, black, heterosexual epidemic with frequently reported recent incarceration, and an older, mostly white MSM epidemic with more frequently reported anonymous sex, Internet use to meet sex partners, and methamphetamine use. |
A brief history and overview of CDC's Centers for Public Health Preparedness Cooperative Agreement Program
Richmond A , Hostler L , Leeman G , King W . Public Health Rep 2010 125 Suppl 5 8-14 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded the Centers for Public Health Preparedness (CPHP) Cooperative Agreement program from 2004 through 2010. CDC gave approximately $134 million to 27 CPHPs within accredited schools of public health to enhance the relationship between academia and state and local health agencies to strengthen public health preparedness. Over the course of the program, CPHPs provided education and training services that met public health preparedness and response needs throughout the United States. The passage of the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act in 2006 has had broad implications for the Department of Health and Human Services' future preparedness and response activities. Guidelines were established giving accredited schools of public health eligibility to receive federal grants to carry out the continual development and delivery of core curricula and training that responds to the needs of state, local, and tribal public health authorities. |
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