Last data update: May 20, 2024. (Total: 46824 publications since 2009)
Records 1-30 (of 962 Records) |
Query Trace: Kim B [original query] |
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Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase shigella sonnei cluster among men who have sex with men in Chicago, Illinois-July-October 2022
Faherty EAG , Kling K , Barbian HJ , Qi C , Altman S , Dhiman VK , Teran R , Anderson K , Yuce D , Smith S , Richardson M , Vogelzang K , Ghinai I , Ruestow P , Heimler I , Menon A , Francois Watkins LK , Logan N , Kim DY , Pacilli M , Kerins J , Black S . J Infect Dis 2024 Drug-resistant shigellosis is increasing, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM). During July-October 2022, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Shigella sonnei cluster of 9 patients was identified in Chicago, of whom 8 were MSM and 6 were festival attendees. The cluster also included 4 domestic travelers to Chicago. Sexual health care for MSM should include shigellosis diagnosis and prevention. |
Cost-effectiveness of mask mandates on subways to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the United States
Park J , Joo H , Kim D , Mase S , Christensen D , Maskery BA . PLoS One 2024 19 (5) e0302199 BACKGROUND: Community-based mask wearing has been shown to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. However, few studies have conducted an economic evaluation of mask mandates, specifically in public transportation settings. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of implementing mask mandates for subway passengers in the United States by evaluating its potential to reduce COVID-19 transmission during subway travel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed the health impacts and costs of subway mask mandates compared to mask recommendations based on the number of infections that would occur during subway travel in the U.S. Using a combined box and Wells-Riley infection model, we estimated monthly infections, hospitalizations, and deaths averted under a mask mandate scenario as compared to a mask recommendation scenario. The analysis included costs of implementing mask mandates and COVID-19 treatment from a limited societal perspective. The cost-effectiveness (net cost per averted death) of mandates was estimated for three different periods based on dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma (November 2020 to February 2021); Delta (July to October 2021); and early Omicron (January to March 2022). RESULTS: Compared with mask recommendations only, mask mandates were cost-effective across all periods, with costs per averted death less than a threshold of $11.4 million (ranging from cost-saving to $3 million per averted death). Additionally, mask mandates were more cost-effective during the early Omicron period than the other two periods and were cost saving in January 2022. Our findings showed that mandates remained cost-effective when accounting for uncertainties in input parameters (e.g., even if mandates only resulted in small increases in mask usage by subway ridership). CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the economic value of mask mandates on subways, particularly during high virus transmissibility periods, during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study may inform stakeholders on mask mandate decisions during future outbreaks of novel viral respiratory diseases. |
Human-aided dispersal and population bottlenecks facilitate parasitism escape in the most invasive mosquito species
Girard M , Martin E , Vallon L , Tran Van V , Da Silva Carvalho C , Sack J , Bontemps Z , Balteneck J , Colin F , Duval P , Malassigné S , Hennessee I , Vizcaino L , Romer Y , Dada N , Ly Huynh Kim K , Huynh Thi Thuy T , Bellet C , Lambert G , Nantenaina Raharimalala F , Jupatanakul N , Goubert C , Boulesteix M , Mavingui P , Desouhant E , Luis P , Cazabet R , Hay AE , Valiente Moro C , Minard G . PNAS Nexus 2024 3 (5) pgae175 During biological invasion process, species encounter new environments and partially escape some ecological constraints they faced in their native range, while they face new ones. The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is one of the most iconic invasive species introduced in every inhabited continent due to international trade. It has also been shown to be infected by a prevalent yet disregarded microbial entomoparasite Ascogregarina taiwanensis. In this study, we aimed at deciphering the factors that shape the global dynamics of A. taiwanensis infection in natural A. albopictus populations. We showed that A. albopictus populations are highly colonized by several parasite genotypes but recently introduced ones are escaping it. We further performed experiments based on the invasion process to explain such pattern. To that end, we hypothesized that (i) mosquito passive dispersal (i.e. human-aided egg transportation) may affect the parasite infectiveness, (ii) founder effects (i.e. population establishment by a small number of mosquitoes) may influence the parasite dynamics, and (iii) unparasitized mosquitoes are more prompt to found new populations through active flight dispersal. The two first hypotheses were supported as we showed that parasite infection decreases over time when dry eggs are stored and that experimental increase in mosquitoes' density improves the parasite horizontal transmission to larvae. Surprisingly, parasitized mosquitoes tend to be more active than their unparasitized relatives. Finally, this study highlights the importance of global trade as a driver of biological invasion of the most invasive arthropod vector species. |
Challenges of COVID-19 case forecasting in the US, 2020-2021
Lopez VK , Cramer EY , Pagano R , Drake JM , O'Dea EB , Adee M , Ayer T , Chhatwal J , Dalgic OO , Ladd MA , Linas BP , Mueller PP , Xiao J , Bracher J , Castro Rivadeneira AJ , Gerding A , Gneiting T , Huang Y , Jayawardena D , Kanji AH , Le K , Mühlemann A , Niemi J , Ray EL , Stark A , Wang Y , Wattanachit N , Zorn MW , Pei S , Shaman J , Yamana TK , Tarasewicz SR , Wilson DJ , Baccam S , Gurung H , Stage S , Suchoski B , Gao L , Gu Z , Kim M , Li X , Wang G , Wang L , Wang Y , Yu S , Gardner L , Jindal S , Marshall M , Nixon K , Dent J , Hill AL , Kaminsky J , Lee EC , Lemaitre JC , Lessler J , Smith CP , Truelove S , Kinsey M , Mullany LC , Rainwater-Lovett K , Shin L , Tallaksen K , Wilson S , Karlen D , Castro L , Fairchild G , Michaud I , Osthus D , Bian J , Cao W , Gao Z , Lavista Ferres J , Li C , Liu TY , Xie X , Zhang S , Zheng S , Chinazzi M , Davis JT , Mu K , Pastore YPiontti A , Vespignani A , Xiong X , Walraven R , Chen J , Gu Q , Wang L , Xu P , Zhang W , Zou D , Gibson GC , Sheldon D , Srivastava A , Adiga A , Hurt B , Kaur G , Lewis B , Marathe M , Peddireddy AS , Porebski P , Venkatramanan S , Wang L , Prasad PV , Walker JW , Webber AE , Slayton RB , Biggerstaff M , Reich NG , Johansson MA . PLoS Comput Biol 2024 20 (5) e1011200 During the COVID-19 pandemic, forecasting COVID-19 trends to support planning and response was a priority for scientists and decision makers alike. In the United States, COVID-19 forecasting was coordinated by a large group of universities, companies, and government entities led by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US COVID-19 Forecast Hub (https://covid19forecasthub.org). We evaluated approximately 9.7 million forecasts of weekly state-level COVID-19 cases for predictions 1-4 weeks into the future submitted by 24 teams from August 2020 to December 2021. We assessed coverage of central prediction intervals and weighted interval scores (WIS), adjusting for missing forecasts relative to a baseline forecast, and used a Gaussian generalized estimating equation (GEE) model to evaluate differences in skill across epidemic phases that were defined by the effective reproduction number. Overall, we found high variation in skill across individual models, with ensemble-based forecasts outperforming other approaches. Forecast skill relative to the baseline was generally higher for larger jurisdictions (e.g., states compared to counties). Over time, forecasts generally performed worst in periods of rapid changes in reported cases (either in increasing or decreasing epidemic phases) with 95% prediction interval coverage dropping below 50% during the growth phases of the winter 2020, Delta, and Omicron waves. Ideally, case forecasts could serve as a leading indicator of changes in transmission dynamics. However, while most COVID-19 case forecasts outperformed a naïve baseline model, even the most accurate case forecasts were unreliable in key phases. Further research could improve forecasts of leading indicators, like COVID-19 cases, by leveraging additional real-time data, addressing performance across phases, improving the characterization of forecast confidence, and ensuring that forecasts were coherent across spatial scales. In the meantime, it is critical for forecast users to appreciate current limitations and use a broad set of indicators to inform pandemic-related decision making. |
COVID-19 vaccination site accessibility, United States, December 11, 2020-March 29, 2022
Yee R , Carranza D , Kim C , Trinidad JP , Tobias JL , Bhatkoti R , Kuwabara S . Emerg Infect Dis 2024 30 (5) 947-955 During December 11, 2020-March 29, 2022, the US government delivered ≈700 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine to vaccination sites, resulting in vaccination of ≈75% of US adults during that period. We evaluated accessibility of vaccination sites. Sites were accessible by walking within 15 minutes by 46.6% of persons, 30 minutes by 74.8%, 45 minutes by 82.8%, and 60 minutes by 86.7%. When limited to populations in counties with high social vulnerability, accessibility by walking was 55.3%, 81.1%, 86.7%, and 89.4%, respectively. By driving, lowest accessibility was 96.5% at 15 minutes. For urban/rural categories, the 15-minute walking accessibility between noncore and large central metropolitan areas ranged from 27.2% to 65.1%; driving accessibility was 79.9% to 99.5%. By 30 minutes driving accessibility for all urban/rural categories was >95.9%. Walking time variations across jurisdictions and between urban/rural areas indicate that potential gains could have been made by improving walkability or making transportation more readily available. |
Measles - United States, January 1, 2020-March 28, 2024
Mathis AD , Raines K , Masters NB , Filardo TD , Kim G , Crooke SN , Bankamp B , Rota PA , Sugerman DE . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024 73 (14) 295-300 Measles is a highly infectious febrile rash illness and was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. However, measles importations continue to occur, and U.S. measles elimination status was threatened in 2019 as the result of two prolonged outbreaks among undervaccinated communities in New York and New York City. To assess U.S. measles elimination status after the 2019 outbreaks and to provide context to understand more recent increases in measles cases, CDC analyzed epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance data and the performance of the U.S. measles surveillance system after these outbreaks. During January 1, 2020-March 28, 2024, CDC was notified of 338 confirmed measles cases; 97 (29%) of these cases occurred during the first quarter of 2024, representing a more than seventeenfold increase over the mean number of cases reported during the first quarter of 2020-2023. Among the 338 reported cases, the median patient age was 3 years (range = 0-64 years); 309 (91%) patients were unvaccinated or had unknown vaccination status, and 336 case investigations included information on ≥80% of critical surveillance indicators. During 2020-2023, the longest transmission chain lasted 63 days. As of the end of 2023, because of the absence of sustained measles virus transmission for 12 consecutive months in the presence of a well-performing surveillance system, U.S. measles elimination status was maintained. Risk for widespread U.S. measles transmission remains low because of high population immunity. However, because of the increase in cases during the first quarter of 2024, additional activities are needed to increase U.S. routine measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination coverage, especially among close-knit and undervaccinated communities. These activities include encouraging vaccination before international travel and rapidly investigating suspected measles cases. |
Acute cardiac events in hospitalized older adults with respiratory syncytial virus infection
Woodruff RC , Melgar M , Pham H , Sperling LS , Loustalot F , Kirley PD , Austin E , Yousey-Hindes K , Openo KP , Ryan P , Brown C , Lynfield R , Davis SS , Barney G , Tesini B , Sutton M , Talbot HK , Zahid H , Kim L , Havers FP . JAMA Intern Med 2024 IMPORTANCE: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause severe respiratory illness in older adults. Less is known about the cardiac complications of RSV disease compared with those of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infection. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and severity of acute cardiac events during hospitalizations among adults aged 50 years or older with RSV infection. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study analyzed surveillance data from the RSV Hospitalization Surveillance Network, which conducts detailed medical record abstraction among hospitalized patients with RSV infection detected through clinician-directed laboratory testing. Cases of RSV infection in adults aged 50 years or older within 12 states over 5 RSV seasons (annually from 2014-2015 through 2017-2018 and 2022-2023) were examined to estimate the weighted period prevalence and 95% CIs of acute cardiac events. EXPOSURES: Acute cardiac events, identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification or International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification discharge codes, and discharge summary review. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Severe disease outcomes, including intensive care unit (ICU) admission, receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death. Adjusted risk ratios (ARR) were calculated to compare severe outcomes among patients with and without acute cardiac events. RESULTS: The study included 6248 hospitalized adults (median [IQR] age, 72.7 [63.0-82.3] years; 59.6% female; 56.4% with underlying cardiovascular disease) with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection. The weighted estimated prevalence of experiencing a cardiac event was 22.4% (95% CI, 21.0%-23.7%). The weighted estimated prevalence was 15.8% (95% CI, 14.6%-17.0%) for acute heart failure, 7.5% (95% CI, 6.8%-8.3%) for acute ischemic heart disease, 1.3% (95% CI, 1.0%-1.7%) for hypertensive crisis, 1.1% (95% CI, 0.8%-1.4%) for ventricular tachycardia, and 0.6% (95% CI, 0.4%-0.8%) for cardiogenic shock. Adults with underlying cardiovascular disease had a greater risk of experiencing an acute cardiac event relative to those who did not (33.0% vs 8.5%; ARR, 3.51; 95% CI, 2.85-4.32). Among all hospitalized adults with RSV infection, 18.6% required ICU admission and 4.9% died during hospitalization. Compared with patients without an acute cardiac event, those who experienced an acute cardiac event had a greater risk of ICU admission (25.8% vs 16.5%; ARR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.23-1.93) and in-hospital death (8.1% vs 4.0%; ARR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.36-2.31). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cross-sectional study over 5 RSV seasons, nearly one-quarter of hospitalized adults aged 50 years or older with RSV infection experienced an acute cardiac event (most frequently acute heart failure), including 1 in 12 adults (8.5%) with no documented underlying cardiovascular disease. The risk of severe outcomes was nearly twice as high in patients with acute cardiac events compared with patients who did not experience an acute cardiac event. These findings clarify the baseline epidemiology of potential cardiac complications of RSV infection prior to RSV vaccine availability. |
Evaluation of crAssphages as a potential marker of human viral contamination in environmental water and fresh leafy greens
Suh SH , Lee JS , Kim SH , Vinjé J , Kim SH , Park GW . Front Microbiol 2024 15 1374568 CrAssphages are human gut bacteriophages with potential use as an indicator of human fecal contamination in water and other environmental systems. We determined the prevalence and abundance of crAssphages in water, food, and fecal samples and compared these estimates with the prevalence of norovirus. Samples were tested using two crAssphage-specific qPCR assays (CPQ056 and TN201-203) and for norovirus using TaqMan realtime RT-PCR. CrAssphage was detected in 40% of human fecal specimens, 61% of irrigation water samples, 58.5% of stream water samples, and 68.5% of fresh leafy greens samples. Interestingly, across all sample categories, crAssphage concentrations were 2-3 log10 higher than norovirus concentrations. The correlation of detection of crAssphage and norovirus was significant for the irrigation water samples (r = 0.74, p = 7.4e-06). Sequences obtained from crAssphage positive samples from human fecal and stream water samples phylogenetically clustered with genotype I crAssphages, whereas sequences derived from irrigation water samples clustered differently from other genotypes. Our data show that crAssphages were prevalent in norovirus-positive water samples and in fresh leafy green samples, there was a strong correlation between the presence of crAssphage and norovirus. CrAssphage genomic copies were consistently higher than norovirus copies in all sample types. Overall, our findings suggest that crAssphages could be used as reliable indicators to monitor fecal-borne virus contamination within the food safety chain. |
A compendium of multi-omics data illuminating host responses to lethal human virus infections
Eisfeld AJ , Anderson LN , Fan S , Walters KB , Halfmann PJ , Westhoff Smith D , Thackray LB , Tan Q , Sims AC , Menachery VD , Schäfer A , Sheahan TP , Cockrell AS , Stratton KG , Webb-Robertson BM , Kyle JE , Burnum-Johnson KE , Kim YM , Nicora CD , Peralta Z , N'Jai A U , Sahr F , van Bakel H , Diamond MS , Baric RS , Metz TO , Smith RD , Kawaoka Y , Waters KM . Sci Data 2024 11 (1) 328 Human infections caused by viral pathogens trigger a complex gamut of host responses that limit disease, resolve infection, generate immunity, and contribute to severe disease or death. Here, we present experimental methods and multi-omics data capture approaches representing the global host response to infection generated from 45 individual experiments involving human viruses from the Orthomyxoviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Coronaviridae families. Analogous experimental designs were implemented across human or mouse host model systems, longitudinal samples were collected over defined time courses, and global multi-omics data (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics) were acquired by microarray, RNA sequencing, or mass spectrometry analyses. For comparison, we have included transcriptomics datasets from cells treated with type I and type II human interferon. Raw multi-omics data and metadata were deposited in public repositories, and we provide a central location linking the raw data with experimental metadata and ready-to-use, quality-controlled, statistically processed multi-omics datasets not previously available in any public repository. This compendium of infection-induced host response data for reuse will be useful for those endeavouring to understand viral disease pathophysiology and network biology. |
Case of human orthohantavirus infection, Michigan, USA, 2021
Goodfellow SM , Nofchissey RA , Arsnoe D , Ye C , Lee S , Park J , Kim WK , Chandran K , Whitmer SLM , Klena JD , Dyal JW , Shoemaker T , Riner D , Stobierski MG , Signs K , Bradfute SB . Emerg Infect Dis 2024 30 (4) 817-821 Orthohantaviruses cause hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome; most cases occur in the southwest region of the United States. We discuss a clinical case of orthohantavirus infection in a 65-year-old woman in Michigan and the phylogeographic link of partial viral fragments from the patient and rodents captured near the presumed site of infection. |
Comparative diagnostic utility of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen and molecular testing in a community setting
Kim AE , Bennett JC , Luiten K , O'Hanlon JA , Wolf CR , Magedson A , Han PD , Acker Z , Regelbrugge L , McCaffrey KM , Stone J , Reinhart D , Capodanno BJ , Morse SS , Bedford T , Englund JA , Boeckh M , Starita LM , Uyeki TM , Carone M , Weil A , Chu HY . J Infect Dis 2024 BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detection rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) have become widely utilized but longitudinal characterization of their community-based performance remains incompletely understood. METHODS: This prospective longitudinal study at a large public university in Seattle, WA utilized remote enrollment, online surveys, and self-collected nasal swab specimens to evaluate Ag-RDT performance against real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) in the context of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron. Ag-RDT sensitivity and specificity within 1 day of rRT-PCR were evaluated by symptom status throughout the illness episode and Orf1b cycle threshold (Ct). RESULTS: From February to December 2022, 5,757 participants reported 17,572 Ag-RDT results and completed 12,674 rRT-PCR tests, of which 995 (7.9%) were rRT-PCR-positive. Overall sensitivity and specificity were 53.0% (95% CI: 49.6-56.4%) and 98.8% (98.5-99.0%), respectively. Sensitivity was comparatively higher for Ag-RDTs used 1 day after rRT-PCR (69.0%), 4 to 7 days post-symptom onset (70.1%), and Orf1b Ct ≤20 (82.7%). Serial Ag-RDT sensitivity increased with repeat testing ≥2 (68.5%) and ≥4 (75.8%) days after an initial Ag-RDT-negative result. CONCLUSION: Ag-RDT performance varied by clinical characteristics and temporal testing patterns. Our findings support recommendations for serial testing following an initial Ag-RDT-negative result, especially among recently symptomatic persons or those at high-risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. |
An Update on Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units: Activities and impacts, 2015-2019
Woolf AD , Jackson JE , Corcoran P , Fritz MK , Kim SS , Maslak TM , Shah M , Hansen L . Acad Pediatr 2024 INTRODUCTION: Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units (PEHSUs) address health concerns impacting children and their families related to environmental hazards by providing consultation and education to families, communities, and healthcare professionals. This analysis evaluated productivity of the national PEHSU program. METHODS: PEHSUs reported data on services provided to U.S. communities between October 1, 2014 and September 30, 2019. Descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis are presented. RESULTS: During this period, 6,102 consultations and 4,644 educational outreach activities were recorded. PEHSU faculty and staff published 462 articles, reviews, book chapters, fact sheets, commentaries, short informational pieces, and other materials between 2014-2019. These included 190 articles in scientific peer-reviewed journals and 29 textbook chapters to increase professional capacity in pediatric and reproductive environmental health. Lead, other metals, substances of abuse, pesticides, mold, and air pollution were frequently reported as agents of concern and educational topics. Requests for an overview of pediatric environmental health and outdoor pollutants were other frequently reported topics. DISCUSSION: PEHSUs work to decrease harmful exposures and improve children's health. They serve as expert resources for families, healthcare professionals, and communities on health effects related to environmental exposures. Data show the breadth and depth of concerns addressed and demonstrate the productivity and impact of this national program. WHATS-NEW: In 2015-2019, Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units (PEHSUs) doubled their average annual productivity as measured by numbers of consultations and training activities, compared with the previous ten years. PEHSUs continue to be a critical resource for healthcare professonals and communities. |
Progress towards the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets in the Fifth Botswana AIDS Impact Survey (BAIS V 2021): a nationally representative survey
Mine M , Stafford KA , Laws RL , Marima R , Lekone P , Ramaabya D , Makhaola K , Patel HK , Mapondera P , Wray-Gordon F , Agbakwuru C , Okui L , Matroos S , Onyadile E , Ngidi J , Abimiku A , Bagapi K , Nkomo B , Bodika SM , Kim KJ , Moloney M , Mitchell A , Ehoche A , Ussery FL , Hong SY , Keipeile S , Matlhaga M , Mathumo R , Selato R , Charurat ME , Voetsch AC . Lancet HIV 2024 BACKGROUND: In 2014, UNAIDS set a goal to end the AIDS epidemic by achieving targets for the percentage of people living with HIV who were aware of their status, on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and virally suppressed. In 2020, these targets were revised to 95% for each measure (known as 95-95-95), to be reached among people living with HIV by 2025. We used data from the Fifth Botswana AIDS Impact Survey (BAIS V) to measure progress towards these testing and treatment targets in Botswana. METHODS: BAIS V used a two-stage cluster design to obtain a nationally representative sample of people aged 15-64 years in Botswana. During March-August, 2021, 14 763 consenting participants were interviewed and tested for HIV in their households by survey teams. HIV-positive specimens were tested for viral load, presence of antiretroviral drugs, and recency of infection using the HIV-1 limiting antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay. Estimates of HIV-positive status and use of ART were based on self-report and the analysis of blood specimens for antiretroviral drugs. Viral load suppression was defined as an HIV RNA concentration of less than 1000 copies per mL. HIV incidence was calculated using the recent infection testing algorithm. Data were weighted to account for the complex survey design. FINDINGS: The national HIV prevalence in Botswana among people aged 15-64 years was 20·8% and the annual incidence of HIV infection was 0·2%. 95·1% (men 93·0%, women 96·4%) of people living with HIV aged 15-64 years were aware of their status, 98·0% (men 97·2%, women 98·4%) of those aware were on ART, and 97·9% (men 96·6%, women 98·6%) of those on ART had viral load suppression. Among young people (aged 15-24 years) living with HIV, 84·5% were aware of their status, 98·5% of those aware were on ART, and 91·6% of those on ART had viral load suppression. The prevalance of viral load suppression among all people living with HIV was 91·8%, and varied by district-ranging from 85·3% in Gaborone to 100·0% in Selibe Phikwe. INTERPRETATION: BAIS V is the first population-based survey worldwide to report the achievement of the UNAIDS 95-95-95 goals, both overall and among women. Strategies to reach undiagnosed men and young people, including young women, are needed. FUNDING: US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. |
CDC's new hepatitis C virus testing recommendations for perinatally exposed infants and children: A step towards hepatitis C elimination
Panagiotakopoulos L , Miele K , Cartwright EJ , Kamili S , Furukawa N , Woodworth K , Tong VT , Kim SY , Wester C , Sandul AL . J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024 New U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing of perinatally exposed infants and children released in 2023 recommend a nucleic acid test (NAT) for detection of HCV ribonucleic acid (i.e., NAT for HCV RNA) at 2-6 months of age to facilitate early identification and linkage to care for children with perinatally acquired HCV infection. Untreated hepatitis C can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and premature death and is caused by HCV, a blood-borne virus transmitted most often among adults through injection drug use in the United States. Perinatal exposure from a birth parent with HCV infection is the most frequent mode of HCV transmission among infants and children. New HCV infections have been increasing since 2010, with the highest rates of infection among people aged 20-39 years, leading to an increasing prevalence of HCV infection during pregnancy. In 2020, the CDC recommended one-time HCV screening for all adults aged 18 years and older and for all pregnant persons during each pregnancy. Detecting HCV infection during pregnancy is key for the identification of pregnant persons, linkage to care for postpartum treatment, and identification of infants with perinatal exposure for HCV testing. It was previously recommended that children who were exposed to HCV during pregnancy receive an antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) test at 18 months of age; however, most children were lost to follow-up before testing occurred, leaving children with perinatal infection undiagnosed. The new strategy of testing perinatally exposed children at age 2-6 months was found to be cost-effective in increasing the identification of infants who might develop chronic hepatitis C. This report describes the current perinatal HCV testing recommendations and how they advance national hepatitis C elimination efforts by improving the health of pregnant and postpartum people and their children. |
Viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in body fluids associated with sexual activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Calvet GA , Kara E , Gonsalves L , Seuc AH , de Oliveira RVC , Thwin SS , Gomez Ponce de León R , Gámez MC , Peña GM , Pendás BVR , Alzugaray MG , Carballo GO , Cala DC , Guimarães PMQ , Bonet M , Taylor M , Thorson A , Kim C , Ali M , Broutet N . BMJ Open 2024 14 (2) e073084 OBJECTIVE: To identify and summarise the evidence on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA detection and persistence in body fluids associated with sexual activity (saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, urine and faeces/rectal secretion). ELIGIBILITY: All studies that reported detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, urine and faeces/rectal swabs. INFORMATION SOURCES: The WHO COVID-19 database from inception to 20 April 2022. RISK OF BIAS ASSESSMENT: The National Institutes of Health tools. SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS: The proportion of patients with positive results for SARS-CoV-2 and the proportion of patients with a viral duration/persistence of at least 14 days in each fluid was calculated using fixed or random effects models. INCLUDED STUDIES: A total of 182 studies with 10 023 participants. RESULTS: The combined proportion of individuals with detection of SARS-CoV-2 was 82.6% (95% CI: 68.8% to 91.0%) in saliva, 1.6% (95% CI: 0.9% to 2.6%) in semen, 2.7% (95% CI: 1.8% to 4.0%) in vaginal secretion, 3.8% (95% CI: 1.9% to 7.6%) in urine and 31.8% (95% CI: 26.4% to 37.7%) in faeces/rectal swabs. The maximum viral persistence for faeces/rectal secretions was 210 days, followed by semen 121 days, saliva 112 days, urine 77 days and vaginal secretions 13 days. Culturable SARS-CoV-2 was positive for saliva and faeces. LIMITATIONS: Scarcity of longitudinal studies with follow-up until negative results. INTERPRETATION: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in all fluids associated with sexual activity but was rare in semen and vaginal secretions. Ongoing droplet precautions and awareness of the potential risk of contact with faecal matter/rectal mucosa are needed. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020204741. |
Association between social vulnerability and SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in specimens collected from commercial laboratories, United States, September 2021-February 2022
Benoit TJ , Kim Y , Deng Y , Li Z , Harding L , Wiegand R , Deng X , Jones JM , Ronaldo I , Clarke KEN . Public Health Rep 2024 333549231223140 OBJECTIVE: We conducted a national US study of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence by Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) that included pediatric data and compared the Delta and Omicron periods during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of the current study was to assess the association between SVI and seroprevalence of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by period (Delta vs Omicron) and age group. METHODS: We used results of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays of clinical sera specimens (N = 406 469) from 50 US states from September 2021 through February 2022 to estimate seroprevalence overall and by county SVI tercile. Bivariate analyses and multilevel logistic regression models assessed the association of seropositivity with SVI and its themes by age group (0-17, ≥18 y) and period (Delta: September-November 2021; Omicron: December 2021-February 2022). RESULTS: Aggregate infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence increased at all 3 SVI levels; it ranged from 25.8% to 33.5% in September 2021 and from 53.1% to 63.5% in February 2022. Of the 4 SVI themes, socioeconomic status had the strongest association with seroprevalence. During the Delta period, we found significantly more infections per reported case among people living in a county with high SVI (odds ratio [OR] = 2.76; 95% CI, 2.31-3.21) than in a county with low SVI (OR = 1.65; 95% CI, 1.33-1.97); we found no significant difference during the Omicron period. Otherwise, findings were consistent across subanalyses by age group and period. CONCLUSIONS: Among both children and adults, and during both the Delta and Omicron periods, counties with high SVI had significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence than counties with low SVI did. These disparities reinforce SVI's value in identifying communities that need tailored prevention efforts during public health emergencies and resources to recover from their effects. |
Challenges and advances in the medical treatment of granulomatous amebic encephalitis
Spottiswoode N , Haston JC , Hanners NW , Gruenberg K , Kim A , DeRisi JL , Wilson MR . Ther Adv Infect Dis 2024 11 20499361241228340 Granulomatous amebic encephalitis, caused by the free-living amebae Balamuthia mandrillaris or Acanthamoeba species, is a rare and deadly infectious syndrome with a current mortality rate of >90%. Much work remains to define the optimal treatment for these infections. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the supporting evidence behind antimicrobials currently recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) with updated statistics on survival rates and medication usage from the CDC Free-Living Ameba Database. We also discuss promising treatments, especially the emerging therapeutic agent nitroxoline, and provide recommendations for the next steps in this area. |
Advancing public health informatics during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned from a public-private partnership with pharmacies
Jones-Jack N , El Kalach R , Yassanye D , Link-Gelles R , Olorukooba A , deMartino AK , Elam M , Romerhausen D , Vazquez M , Duggar C , Kim C , Patel A , Guo A , Gharpure R , Tippins A , Moore L . Vaccine 2024 To support efforts to vaccinate millions of Americans across the United States (US) against COVID-19, the US federal government (USG) launched the Pharmacy Partnership for Long-Term Care Program (PPP) in December 2020 and the Federal Retail Pharmacy Program (FRPP) in February 2021. These programs consisted of a collaborative partnership with the USG and 21 pharmacy organizations, including large retail chains, coordinating pharmacy services administrative organizations (PSAOs) representing independent retail and long-term care pharmacies, and pharmacy network administrators. These pharmacy organizations represented over 46,000 providers and created a robust channel for far-reaching COVID-19 vaccination across 56 state and local jurisdictions. PPP reported more than 8 million COVID-19 doses administered to residents and staff in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) as of June 2021. In addition, FRPP was responsible for administering more than 304 million doses, accounting for approximately 49% of all COVID-19 doses administered as of June 2023. This unprecedented public-private partnership allowed USG to rapidly adapt, expand, and aim to provide equitable access to vaccines for adults and eligible-aged children during the COVID-19 pandemic. As the largest federal COVID-19 vaccination program, the FRPP exemplifies how public-private partnerships can expand access to immunizations during a public health emergency. End-to-end informatics support helped pharmacies meet critical national public health goals and served as convenient access points for sustained health services. This manuscript describes lessons learned regarding informatics coordination with participating pharmacy partners to support the rapid and safe administration of COVID-19 vaccines across the US. The processes of onboarding to CDC's complex data network, establishing connections to state and local immunization information systems (IIS), and monitoring the quality of data pharmacy partners submitted to the CDC Data Clearinghouse (DCH) in alignment with the COVID-19 Vaccine Reporting Specifications (CVRS) are highlighted. |
A standardised method for interpreting the association between mutations and phenotypic drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Miotto P , Tessema B , Tagliani E , Chindelevitch L , Starks AM , Emerson C , Hanna D , Kim PS , Liwski R , Zignol M , Gilpin C , Niemann S , Denkinger CM , Fleming J , Warren RM , Crook D , Posey J , Gagneux S , Hoffner S , Rodrigues C , Comas I , Engelthaler DM , Murray M , Alland D , Rigouts L , Lange C , Dheda K , Hasan R , Ranganathan UDK , McNerney R , Ezewudo M , Cirillo DM , Schito M , Köser CU , Rodwell TC . Eur Respir J 2017 50 (6) A clear understanding of the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is required to accelerate the development of rapid drug susceptibility testing methods based on genetic sequence.Raw genotype-phenotype correlation data were extracted as part of a comprehensive systematic review to develop a standardised analytical approach for interpreting resistance associated mutations for rifampicin, isoniazid, ofloxacin/levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, amikacin, kanamycin, capreomycin, streptomycin, ethionamide/prothionamide and pyrazinamide. Mutation frequencies in resistant and susceptible isolates were calculated, together with novel statistical measures to classify mutations as high, moderate, minimal or indeterminate confidence for predicting resistance.We identified 286 confidence-graded mutations associated with resistance. Compared to phenotypic methods, sensitivity (95% CI) for rifampicin was 90.3% (89.6-90.9%), while for isoniazid it was 78.2% (77.4-79.0%) and their specificities were 96.3% (95.7-96.8%) and 94.4% (93.1-95.5%), respectively. For second-line drugs, sensitivity varied from 67.4% (64.1-70.6%) for capreomycin to 88.2% (85.1-90.9%) for moxifloxacin, with specificity ranging from 90.0% (87.1-92.5%) for moxifloxacin to 99.5% (99.0-99.8%) for amikacin.This study provides a standardised and comprehensive approach for the interpretation of mutations as predictors of M. tuberculosis drug-resistant phenotypes. These data have implications for the clinical interpretation of molecular diagnostics and next-generation sequencing as well as efficient individualised therapy for patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis. |
Redirecting antibody responses from egg-adapted epitopes following repeat vaccination with recombinant or cell culture-based versus egg-based influenza vaccines
Liu F , Gross FL , Joshi S , Gaglani M , Naleway AL , Murthy K , Groom HC , Wesley MG , Edwards LJ , Grant L , Kim SS , Sambhara S , Gangappa S , Tumpey T , Thompson MG , Fry AM , Flannery B , Dawood FS , Levine MZ . Nat Commun 2024 15 (1) 254 Repeat vaccination with egg-based influenza vaccines could preferentially boost antibodies targeting the egg-adapted epitopes and reduce immunogenicity to circulating viruses. In this randomized trial (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03722589), sera pre- and post-vaccination with quadrivalent inactivated egg-based (IIV4), cell culture-based (ccIIV4), and recombinant (RIV4) influenza vaccines were collected from healthcare personnel (18-64 years) in 2018-19 (N = 723) and 2019-20 (N = 684) influenza seasons. We performed an exploratory analysis. Vaccine egg-adapted changes had the most impact on A(H3N2) immunogenicity. In year 1, RIV4 induced higher neutralizing and total HA head binding antibodies to cell- A(H3N2) virus than ccIIV4 and IIV4. In year 2, among the 7 repeat vaccination arms (IIV4-IIV4, IIV4-ccIIV4, IIV4-RIV4, RIV4-ccIIV4, RIV4-RIV4, ccIIV4-ccIIV4 and ccIIV4-RIV4), repeat vaccination with either RIV4 or ccIIV4 further improved antibody responses to circulating viruses with decreased neutralizing antibody egg/cell ratio. RIV4 also had higher post-vaccination A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) HA stalk antibodies in year 1, but there was no significant difference in HA stalk antibody fold rise among vaccine groups in either year 1 or year 2. Multiple seasons of non-egg-based vaccination may be needed to redirect antibody responses from immune memory to egg-adapted epitopes and re-focus the immune responses towards epitopes on the circulating viruses to improve vaccine effectiveness. |
Association of chronic medical conditions with severe outcomes among nonpregnant adults 18-49 years old hospitalized with influenza, FluSurv-NET, 2011-2019
Famati EA , Ujamaa D , O'Halloran A , Kirley PD , Chai SJ , Armistead I , Alden NB , Yousey-Hindes K , Openo KP , Ryan PA , Monroe ML , Falkowski A , Kim S , Lynfield R , McMahon M , Angeles KM , Khanlian SA , Spina NL , Bennett NM , Gaitán MA , Shiltz E , Lung K , Thomas A , Talbot HK , Schaffner W , George A , Staten H , Bozio CH , Garg S . Open Forum Infect Dis 2023 10 (12) ofad599 BACKGROUND: Older age and chronic conditions are associated with severe influenza outcomes; however, data are only comprehensively available for adults ≥65 years old. Using data from the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), we identified characteristics associated with severe outcomes in adults 18-49 years old hospitalized with influenza. METHODS: We included FluSurv-NET data from nonpregnant adults 18-49 years old hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the 2011-2012 through 2018-2019 seasons. We used bivariate and multivariable logistic regression to determine associations between select characteristics and severe outcomes including intensive care unit (ICU) admission, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and in-hospital death. RESULTS: A total of 16 140 patients aged 18-49 years and hospitalized with influenza were included in the analysis; the median age was 39 years, and 26% received current-season influenza vaccine before hospitalization. Obesity, asthma, and diabetes mellitus were the most common chronic conditions. Conditions associated with a significantly increased risk of severe outcomes included age group 30-39 or 40-49 years (IMV, age group 30-39 years: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.25; IMV, age group 40-49 years: aOR, 1.36; death, age group 30-39 years: aOR, 1.28; death, age group 40-49 years: aOR, 1.69), being unvaccinated (ICU: aOR, 1.18; IMV: aOR, 1.25; death: aOR, 1.48), and having chronic conditions including extreme obesity and chronic lung, cardiovascular, metabolic, neurologic, or liver diseases (ICU: range aOR, 1.22-1.56; IMV: range aOR, 1.17-1.54; death: range aOR, 1.43-2.36). CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza among adults aged 18-49 years, health care providers should strongly encourage receipt of annual influenza vaccine and lifestyle/behavioral modifications, particularly among those with chronic medical conditions. |
Sex differences in COVID-19 symptom severity and trajectories among ambulatory adults
Massion SP , Howa AC , Zhu Y , Kim A , Halasa N , Chappell J , McGonigle T , Mellis AM , Deyoe JE , Reed C , Rolfes MA , Talbot HK , Grijalva CG . Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023 17 (12) e13235 BACKGROUND: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to hundreds of millions of infections worldwide. Although differences in COVID-19 hospitalization rates between males and females have been described, many infections in the general population have been mild, and the severity of symptoms during the course of COVID-19 in non-hospitalized males and females is not well understood. METHODS: We conducted a case-ascertained study to examine household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Nashville, Tennessee, between April 2020 and April 2021. Among enrolled ambulatory adult participants with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, we assessed the presence and severity of symptoms (total, systemic, and respiratory) daily using a symptoms severity questionnaire, from illness onset and throughout the 2-week follow-up period. We compared the mean daily symptom severity scores (0-3: none, mild, moderate, and severe) and change in symptoms between males and females using a multivariable linear mixed effects regression model. RESULTS: The analysis included 223 enrolled adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection (58% females, mostly white, non-Hispanic) from 146 households with 2917 total daily symptom reports. The overall mean severity of total symptoms reported over the illness period was 1.04 and 0.90 for females and males, respectively. Mean systemic and respiratory scores were higher for females than for males (p < 0.001). In multivariable analyses, females reported more severe total and systemic symptoms during the illness period compared with males. However, no significant differences in reported respiratory symptoms were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that among ambulatory adults with SARS-CoV-2 infections, females reported slightly higher symptom severity during their illness compared with males. |
2019 ASCCP risk-based management consensus guidelines: Updates through 2023
Perkins RB , Guido RS , Castle PE , Chelmow D , Einstein MH , Garcia F , Huh WK , Kim JJ , Moscicki AB , Nayar R , Saraiya M , Sawaya GF , Wentzensen N , Schiffman M . J Low Genit Tract Dis 2024 28 (1) 3-6 This Research Letter summarizes all updates to the 2019 Guidelines through September 2023, including: endorsement of the 2021 Opportunistic Infections guidelines for HIV+ or immunosuppressed patients; clarification of use of human papillomavirus testing alone for patients undergoing observation for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2; revision of unsatisfactory cytology management; clarification that 2012 guidelines should be followed for patients aged 25 years and older screened with cytology only; management of patients for whom colposcopy was recommended but not completed; clarification that after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2+, 3 negative human papillomavirus tests or cotests at 6, 18, and 30 months are recommended before the patient can return to a 3-year testing interval; and clarification of postcolposcopy management of minimally abnormal results. |
Performance of established disease severity scores in predicting severe outcomes among adults hospitalized with influenza-FluSurv-NET, 2017-2018
Doyle JD , Garg S , O'Halloran AC , Grant L , Anderson EJ , Openo KP , Alden NB , Herlihy R , Meek J , Yousey-Hindes K , Monroe ML , Kim S , Lynfield R , McMahon M , Muse A , Spina N , Irizarry L , Torres S , Bennett NM , Gaitan MA , Hill M , Cummings CN , Reed C , Schaffner W , Talbot HK , Self WH , Williams D . Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023 17 (12) e13228 BACKGROUND: Influenza is a substantial cause of annual morbidity and mortality; however, correctly identifying those patients at increased risk for severe disease is often challenging. Several severity indices have been developed; however, these scores have not been validated for use in patients with influenza. We evaluated the discrimination of three clinical disease severity scores in predicting severe influenza-associated outcomes. METHODS: We used data from the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network to assess outcomes of patients hospitalized with influenza in the United States during the 2017-2018 influenza season. We computed patient scores at admission for three widely used disease severity scores: CURB-65, Quick Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA), and the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI). We then grouped patients with severe outcomes into four severity tiers, ranging from ICU admission to death, and calculated receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for each severity index in predicting these tiers of severe outcomes. RESULTS: Among 8252 patients included in this study, we found that all tested severity scores had higher discrimination for more severe outcomes, including death, and poorer discrimination for less severe outcomes, such as ICU admission. We observed the highest discrimination for PSI against in-hospital mortality, at 0.78. CONCLUSIONS: We observed low to moderate discrimination of all three scores in predicting severe outcomes among adults hospitalized with influenza. Given the substantial annual burden of influenza disease in the United States, identifying a prediction index for severe outcomes in adults requiring hospitalization with influenza would be beneficial for patient triage and clinical decision-making. |
Tropical data: Approach and methodology as applied to trachoma prevalence surveys
Harding-Esch EM , Burgert-Brucker CR , Jimenez C , Bakhtiari A , Willis R , Bejiga MD , Mpyet C , Ngondi J , Boyd S , Abdala M , Abdou A , Adamu Y , Alemayehu A , Alemayehu W , Al-Khatib T , Apadinuwe SC , Awaca N , Awoussi MS , Baayendag G , Badiane MD , Bailey RL , Batcho W , Bay Z , Bella A , Beido N , Bol YY , Bougouma C , Brady CJ , Bucumi V , Butcher R , Cakacaka R , Cama A , Camara M , Cassama E , Chaora SG , Chebbi AC , Chisambi AB , Chu B , Conteh A , Coulibaly SM , Courtright P , Dalmar A , Dat TM , Davids T , Djaker MEA , de Fátima Costa Lopes M , Dézoumbé D , Dodson S , Downs P , Eckman S , Elshafie BE , Elmezoghi M , Elvis AA , Emerson P , Epée EE , Faktaufon D , Fall M , Fassinou A , Fleming F , Flueckiger R , Gamael KK , Garae M , Garap J , Gass K , Gebru G , Gichangi MM , Giorgi E , Goépogui A , Gómez DVF , Gómez Forero DP , Gower EW , Harte A , Henry R , Honorio-Morales HA , Ilako DR , Issifou AAB , Jones E , Kabona G , Kabore M , Kadri B , Kalua K , Kanyi SK , Kebede S , Kebede F , Keenan JD , Kello AB , Khan AA , Khelifi H , Kilangalanga J , Kim SH , Ko R , Lewallen S , Lietman T , Logora MSY , Lopez YA , MacArthur C , Macleod C , Makangila F , Mariko B , Martin DL , Masika M , Massae P , Massangaie M , Matendechero HS , Mathewos T , McCullagh S , Meite A , Mendes EP , Abdi HM , Miller H , Minnih A , Mishra SK , Molefi T , Mosher A , M'Po N , Mugume F , Mukwiza R , Mwale C , Mwatha S , Mwingira U , Nash SD , Nassa C , Negussu N , Nieba C , Noah Noah JC , Nwosu CO , Olobio N , Opon R , Pavluck A , Phiri I , Rainima-Qaniuci M , Renneker KK , Saboyá-Díaz MI , Sakho F , Sanha S , Sarah V , Sarr B , Szwarcwald CL , Shah Salam A , Sharma S , Seife F , Serrano Chavez GM , Sissoko M , Sitoe HM , Sokana O , Tadesse F , Taleo F , Talero SL , Tarfani Y , Tefera A , Tekeraoi R , Tesfazion A , Traina A , Traoré L , Trujillo-Trujillo J , Tukahebwa EM , Vashist P , Wanyama EB , Warusavithana SDP , Watitu TK , West S , Win Y , Woods G , Yajima A , Yaya G , Zecarias A , Zewengiel S , Zoumanigui A , Hooper PJ , Millar T , Rotondo L , Solomon AW . Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2023 30 (6) 544-560 PURPOSE: Population-based prevalence surveys are essential for decision-making on interventions to achieve trachoma elimination as a public health problem. This paper outlines the methodologies of Tropical Data, which supports work to undertake those surveys. METHODS: Tropical Data is a consortium of partners that supports health ministries worldwide to conduct globally standardised prevalence surveys that conform to World Health Organization recommendations. Founding principles are health ministry ownership, partnership and collaboration, and quality assurance and quality control at every step of the survey process. Support covers survey planning, survey design, training, electronic data collection and fieldwork, and data management, analysis and dissemination. Methods are adapted to meet local context and needs. Customisations, operational research and integration of other diseases into routine trachoma surveys have also been supported. RESULTS: Between 29(th) February 2016 and 24(th) April 2023, 3373 trachoma surveys across 50 countries have been supported, resulting in 10,818,502 people being examined for trachoma. CONCLUSION: This health ministry-led, standardised approach, with support from the start to the end of the survey process, has helped all trachoma elimination stakeholders to know where interventions are needed, where interventions can be stopped, and when elimination as a public health problem has been achieved. Flexibility to meet specific country contexts, adaptation to changes in global guidance and adjustments in response to user feedback have facilitated innovation in evidence-based methodologies, and supported health ministries to strive for global disease control targets. |
Correction: Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2019
Kim DK , Hunter P . Ann Intern Med 2019 170 (7) 512 Table 2 of the Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2019 (1), contains an error. The gray blocks indicating “no recommendation” for zoster vaccination (recombinant zoster vaccine [RZV] or zoster vaccine live [ZVL]) in adults with asplenia or complement deficiencies should have been displayed as yellow blocks, indicating “recommended vaccination for adults who meet age requirement, lack documentation of vaccination, or lack evidence of past infection.” |
Federal housing assistance and chronic disease among US adults, 2005-2018
Kim C , Rossen LM , Stierman B , Garrison V , Hales CM , Ogden CL . Prev Chronic Dis 2023 20 E111 INTRODUCTION: Housing insecurity is associated with poor health outcomes. Characterization of chronic disease outcomes among adults with and without housing assistance would enable housing programs to better understand their population's health care needs. METHODS: We used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2005 through 2018 linked to US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) administrative records to estimate the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension and to assess the independent associations between housing assistance and chronic conditions among adults receiving HUD assistance and HUD-assistance-eligible adults not receiving HUD assistance at the time of their NHANES examination. We estimated propensity scores to adjust for potential confounders among linkage-eligible adults who had an income-to-poverty ratio less than 2 and were not receiving HUD assistance. Sensitivity analysis used 2013-2018 NHANES cycles to account for disability status. RESULTS: Adults not receiving HUD assistance had a significantly lower adjusted prevalence of obesity (42.1%; 95% CI, 40.4%-43.8%) compared with adults receiving HUD assistance (47.5%; 95% CI, 44.8%-50.3%), but we found no differences for diabetes and hypertension. We found significant associations between housing assistance and obesity (adjusted odds ratio = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12-1.47), but these were not significant in the sensitivity analysis with and without controlling for disability status. We found no significant associations between housing assistance and diabetes or hypertension. CONCLUSION: Based on data from a cross-sectional survey, we observed a higher prevalence of obesity among adults with HUD assistance compared with HUD-assistance-eligible adults without HUD assistance. Results from this study can help inform research on understanding the prevalence of chronic disease among adults with HUD assistance. |
Bladder instillation patterns in a cohort of women with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome
Niino CA , Tholemeier LN , Bresee C , De Hoedt AM , Barbour KE , Kim J , Freedland SJ , Anger JT . Urogynecology (Phila) 2023 29 (11) 914-919 Importance: Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a prevalent disorder known to be notoriously difficult to treat. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine intravesical instillation patterns among women receiving treatment for IC/BPS. Study Design: This was a retrospective claims-based analysis using the Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure. Females with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, diagnosis of IC/BPS (595.1) were sampled randomly. Patients were considered to have IC/BPS if they had 2 visits with bladder pain in the absence of a positive urine culture 6 weeks or more apart or a history of bladder pain with another visit for bladder pain. Dates of intravesical instillations were extracted. A 'course' of instillations was defined as 1 or more instillations made with less than 21 days between visits. Results: We identified 641 women with a confirmed diagnosis of IC/BPS, 78 of whom underwent a total of 344 intravesical instillations. On average, each woman had 1.5 ± 0.8 courses between October 2004 and July 2016. Each course was an average of 3.1 ± 2.6 instillations. Fifty-five percent of courses consisted of 1 instillation. Only 22% of courses had 6 or more instillations, the number typically recommended to achieve clinical response. Each instillation within a course was an average of 9.4 ± 4.0 days apart. Most instillations (77%) involved a cocktail of 2 or more drugs. Conclusions: In our cohort, few women with IC/BPS received a recommended treatment course of 6 weekly instillations, with most receiving only 1 per course. Future studies are needed to determine whether instillation courses were altered from the guidelines due to health care provider practice patterns, early improvement, or poor tolerance of instillations. © 2023 Authors. All rights reserved. |
Stepping up counseling and referral to effective physical activity interventions for adults with osteoarthritis
Fallon EA , Brown DR , Callahan LF , Foster AL , Kim JS , Lo GH , Piercy KL . J Rheumatol 2023 In "Stepping Forward: A Scoping Review of Physical Activity in Osteoarthritis," White and colleagues(1) aimed to help patients, policymakers, investigators, and healthcare providers (HCPs) better understand how physical activity (PA) is defined and measured, the benefits of PA for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), the potential role of PA in the development and/or progression of KOA, and the PA guidelines for Americans.(2) This correspondence aims to reinforce the importance of PA for adults with arthritis; clarify definitions for "inactive" and "insufficiently active" from the PA guidelines for Americans(2) and supplement White and colleagues' scoping review by (1) highlighting arthritis-appropriate evidence-based interventions (AAEBIs) for PA and self-management education; and (2) providing resources to facilitate HCP screening, counseling, and referral to evidencebased PA interventions for adults with arthritis. |
Antibiotic use among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the United States, March 2020-June 2022
Kim C , Wolford H , Baggs J , Reddy S , Hicks LA , Neuhauser MM , Kabbani S . Open Forum Infect Dis 2023 10 (11) ofad503 We conducted a retrospective study to describe antibiotic use among US adults hospitalized with a COVID-19 diagnosis. Despite a decrease in overall antibiotic use, most patients hospitalized with COVID-19 received antibiotics on admission (88.1%) regardless of critical care status, highlighting that more efforts are needed to optimize antibiotic therapy. |
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