Last data update: Jun 17, 2024. (Total: 47034 publications since 2009)
Records 1-5 (of 5 Records) |
Query Trace: Galloway Renee [original query] |
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Microbial characterization, factors contributing to contamination, and household use of cistern water, U.S. Virgin Islands
Rao Gouthami , Kahler Amy , Voth-Gaeddert Lee E , Cranford Hannah , Libbey Stephen , Galloway Renee , Molinari Noelle-Angelique , Ellis Esther M , Yoder Jonathan S , Mattioli Mia C , Ellis Brett R . ACS ES T Water 2022 2 (12) 2634-2644 Households in the United States Virgin Islands (USVI) heavily rely on roof-harvested rainwater stored in cisterns for their daily activities. However, there are insufficient data on cistern water microbiological and physicochemical characteristics to inform appropriate cistern water management. Cistern and kitchen tap water samples were collected from 399 geographically representative households across St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John and an administered survey captured household site and cistern characteristics and water use behaviors. Water samples were analyzed for Escherichia coli by culture, and a subset of cistern water samples (N = 47) were analyzed for Salmonella, Naegleria fowleri, pathogenic Leptospira, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and human-specific fecal contamination using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Associations between E. coli cistern contamination and cistern and site characteristics were evaluated to better understand possible mechanisms of contamination. E. coli was detected in 80% of cistern water samples and in 58% of kitchen tap samples. For the subset of samples tested by PCR, at least one of the pathogens was detected in 66% of cisterns. Our results suggest that covering overflow pipes with screens, decreasing animal presence at the household, and preventing animals or insects from entering the cisterns can decrease the likelihood of E. coli contamination in USVI cistern water. |
Molecular Detection and Typing of Pathogenic Leptospira in Febrile Patients and Phylogenetic Comparison with Leptospira Detected among Animals in Tanzania.
Allan KJ , Maze MJ , Galloway RL , Rubach MP , Biggs HM , Halliday JEB , Cleaveland S , Saganda W , Lwezaula BF , Kazwala RR , Mmbaga BT , Maro VP , Crump JA . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020 103 (4) 1427-1434 ![]() ![]() Molecular data are required to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of leptospirosis in Africa and to identify sources of human infection. We applied molecular methods to identify the infecting Leptospira species and genotypes among patients hospitalized with fever in Tanzania and compared these with Leptospira genotypes detected among animals in Tanzania to infer potential sources of human infection. We performed lipL32 real-time PCR to detect the presence of pathogenic Leptospira in acute-phase plasma, serum, and urine samples obtained from study participants with serologically confirmed leptospirosis and participants who had died with febrile illness. Leptospira blood culture was also performed. In positive specimens, we performed species-specific PCR and compared participant Leptospira secY sequences with Leptospira reference sequences and sequences previously obtained from animals in Tanzania. We detected Leptospira DNA in four (3.6%) of 111 participant blood samples. We detected Leptospira borgpetersenii (one participant, 25.0%), Leptospira interrogans (one participant, 25.0%), and Leptospira kirschneri (one participant, 25.0%) (one [25%] undetermined). Phylogenetic comparison of secY sequence from the L. borgpetersenii and L. kirschneri genotypes detected from participants was closely related to but distinct from genotypes detected among local livestock species. Our results indicate that a diverse range of Leptospira species is causing human infection. Although our analysis suggests a close relationship between Leptospira genotypes found in people and livestock, continued efforts are needed to obtain more Leptospira genetic material from human leptospirosis cases to help prioritize Leptospira species and genotypes for control. |
Detection and Genetic Characterization of Community-Based SARS-CoV-2 Infections - New York City, March 2020.
Greene SK , Keating P , Wahnich A , Weiss D , Pathela P , Harrison C , Rakeman J , Langley G , Tong S , Tao Y , Uehara A , Queen K , Paden CR , Szymczak W , Orner EP , Nori P , Lai PA , Jacobson JL , Singh HK , Calfee DP , Westblade LF , Vasovic LV , Rand JH , Liu D , Singh V , Burns J , Prasad N , Sell J , CDC COVID-19 Surge Laboratory Group , Abernathy Emily , Anderson Raydel , Bankamp Bettina , Bell Melissa , Galloway Renee , Graziano James , Kim Gimin , Kondas Ashley , Lee Christopher , Radford Kay , Rogers Shannon , Smith Peyton , Tiller Rebekah , Weiner Zachary , Wharton Adam , Whitaker Brett . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020 69 (28) 918-922 ![]() To limit introduction of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the United States restricted travel from China on February 2, 2020, and from Europe on March 13. To determine whether local transmission of SARS-CoV-2 could be detected, the New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) conducted deidentified sentinel surveillance at six NYC hospital emergency departments (EDs) during March 1-20. On March 8, while testing availability for SARS-CoV-2 was still limited, DOHMH announced sustained community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (1). At this time, twenty-six NYC residents had confirmed COVID-19, and ED visits for influenza-like illness* increased, despite decreased influenza virus circulation.(†) The following week, on March 15, when only seven of the 56 (13%) patients with known exposure histories had exposure outside of NYC, the level of community SARS-CoV-2 transmission status was elevated from sustained community transmission to widespread community transmission (2). Through sentinel surveillance during March 1-20, DOHMH collected 544 specimens from patients with influenza-like symptoms (ILS)(§) who had negative test results for influenza and, in some instances, other respiratory pathogens.(¶) All 544 specimens were tested for SARS-CoV-2 at CDC; 36 (6.6%) tested positive. Using genetic sequencing, CDC determined that the sequences of most SARS-CoV-2-positive specimens resembled those circulating in Europe, suggesting probable introductions of SARS-CoV-2 from Europe, from other U.S. locations, and local introductions from within New York. These findings demonstrate that partnering with health care facilities and developing the systems needed for rapid implementation of sentinel surveillance, coupled with capacity for genetic sequencing before an outbreak, can help inform timely containment and mitigation strategies. |
What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus Leptospira.
Fouts DE , Matthias MA , Adhikarla H , Adler B , Amorim-Santos L , Berg DE , Bulach D , Buschiazzo A , Chang YF , Galloway RL , Haake DA , Haft DH , Hartskeerl R , Ko AI , Levett PN , Matsunaga J , Mechaly AE , Monk JM , Nascimento AL , Nelson KE , Palsson B , Peacock SJ , Picardeau M , Ricaldi JN , Thaipandungpanit J , Wunder EA Jr , Yang XF , Zhang JJ , Vinetz JM . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 10 (2) e0004403 ![]() Leptospirosis, caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, is a globally widespread, neglected and emerging zoonotic disease. While whole genome analysis of individual pathogenic, intermediately pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira species has been reported, comprehensive cross-species genomic comparison of all known species of infectious and non-infectious Leptospira, with the goal of identifying genes related to pathogenesis and mammalian host adaptation, remains a key gap in the field. Infectious Leptospira, comprised of pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic Leptospira, evolutionarily diverged from non-infectious, saprophytic Leptospira, as demonstrated by the following computational biology analyses: 1) the definitive taxonomy and evolutionary relatedness among all known Leptospira species; 2) genomically-predicted metabolic reconstructions that indicate novel adaptation of infectious Leptospira to mammals, including sialic acid biosynthesis, pathogen-specific porphyrin metabolism and the first-time demonstration of cobalamin (B12) autotrophy as a bacterial virulence factor; 3) CRISPR/Cas systems demonstrated only to be present in pathogenic Leptospira, suggesting a potential mechanism for this clade's refractoriness to gene targeting; 4) finding Leptospira pathogen-specific specialized protein secretion systems; 5) novel virulence-related genes/gene families such as the Virulence Modifying (VM) (PF07598 paralogs) proteins and pathogen-specific adhesins; 6) discovery of novel, pathogen-specific protein modification and secretion mechanisms including unique lipoprotein signal peptide motifs, Sec-independent twin arginine protein secretion motifs, and the absence of certain canonical signal recognition particle proteins from all Leptospira; and 7) and demonstration of infectious Leptospira-specific signal-responsive gene expression, motility and chemotaxis systems. By identifying large scale changes in infectious (pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic) vs. non-infectious Leptospira, this work provides new insights into the evolution of a genus of bacterial pathogens. This work will be a comprehensive roadmap for understanding leptospirosis pathogenesis. More generally, it provides new insights into mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens adapt to mammalian hosts. |
Actionable diagnosis of neuroleptospirosis by next-generation sequencing.
Wilson MR , Naccache SN , Samayoa E , Biagtan M , Bashir H , Yu G , Salamat SM , Somasekar S , Federman S , Miller S , Sokolic R , Garabedian E , Candotti F , Buckley RH , Reed KD , Meyer TL , Seroogy CM , Galloway R , Henderson SL , Gern JE , DeRisi JL , Chiu CY . N Engl J Med 2014 370 (25) 2408-17 ![]() A 14-year-old boy with severe combined immunodeficiency presented three times to a medical facility over a period of 4 months with fever and headache that progressed to hydrocephalus and status epilepticus necessitating a medically induced coma. Diagnostic workup including brain biopsy was unrevealing. Unbiased next-generation sequencing of the cerebrospinal fluid identified 475 of 3,063,784 sequence reads (0.016%) corresponding to leptospira infection. Clinical assays for leptospirosis were negative. Targeted antimicrobial agents were administered, and the patient was discharged home 32 days later with a status close to his premorbid condition. Polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) and serologic testing at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) subsequently confirmed evidence of Leptospira santarosai infection. |
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