Last data update: Jun 17, 2024. (Total: 47034 publications since 2009)
Records 1-30 (of 73 Records) |
Query Trace: Dye B [original query] |
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Do Aedes triseriatus respect state boundaries?: A paucity of La Crosse Virus in the South Carolina Appalachian Mountains
Gual-Gonzalez L , Dye-Braumuller K , Warner A , Bunting T , Bryant D , Connelly R , Burkhalter K , Nolan MS . Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023 Background: La Crosse virus is an important endemic public health concern in the North Carolina Appalachian Mountains; however, human incidence is not commonly noted in this region on the South Carolina side of the mountain range border. No relevant studies have been performed in South Carolina evaluating mosquito vector populations for La Crosse virus (LACV) infection; thus, a pilot mosquito surveillance study was executed in summer 2020. Material and Methods: Vector surveillance occurred at five South Carolina state parks bordering neighboring state endemic counties from May to August 2020. Collections were approved by the state park authority, as noted in Permit No. N-8-20. Results: All three competent mosquito vectors were collected during the study duration; however, these vectors were collected in low abundance: Aedes triseriatus (4.5% of all collected mosquitos); Aedes albopictus (2.0%); Aedes japonicus (1.4%). Principal mosquito vector specimens, Ae. triseriatus, were sent to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for testing of LACV by real-time reverse transcription PCR-all were negative. Discussion: While entomologic evidence suggests low transmission risk for this arbovirus in the South Carolina Appalachian Mountain region, further eco-epidemiologic investigations are warranted to understand this endemicity variance within a relatively small geographic area. |
Prevalent, protective, and convergent IgG recognition of SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD spike epitopes in COVID-19 convalescent plasma (preprint)
Voss WN , Hou YJ , Johnson NV , Kim JE , Delidakis G , Horton AP , Bartzoka F , Paresi CJ , Tanno Y , Abbasi SA , Pickens W , George K , Boutz DR , Towers DM , McDaniel JR , Billick D , Goike J , Rowe L , Batra D , Pohl J , Lee J , Gangappa S , Sambhara S , Gadush M , Wang N , Person MD , Iverson BL , Gollihar JD , Dye J , Herbert A , Baric RS , McLellan JS , Georgiou G , Lavinder JJ , Ippolito GC . bioRxiv 2020 Although humoral immunity is essential for control of SARS-CoV-2, the molecular composition, binding epitopes and effector functions of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that circulate in blood plasma following infection are unknown. Proteomic deconvolution of the circulating IgG repertoire (Ig-Seq (1) ) to the spike ectodomain (S-ECD (2) ) in four convalescent study subjects revealed that the plasma response is oligoclonal and directed predominantly (>80%) to S-ECD epitopes that lie outside the receptor binding domain (RBD). When comparing antibodies directed to either the RBD, the N-terminal domain (NTD) or the S2 subunit (S2) in one subject, just four IgG lineages (1 anti-S2, 2 anti-NTD and 1 anti-RBD) accounted for 93.5% of the repertoire. Although the anti-RBD and one of the anti-NTD antibodies were equally potently neutralizing in vitro , we nonetheless found that the anti-NTD antibody was sufficient for protection to lethal viral challenge, either alone or in combination as a cocktail where it dominated the effect of the other plasma antibodies. We identified in vivo protective plasma anti-NTD antibodies in 3/4 subjects analyzed and discovered a shared class of antibodies targeting the NTD that utilize unmutated or near-germline IGHV1-24, the most electronegative IGHV gene in the human genome. Structural analysis revealed that binding to NTD is dominated by interactions with the heavy chain, accounting for 89% of the entire interfacial area, with germline residues uniquely encoded by IGHV1-24 contributing 20% (149 Å (2) ). Together with recent reports of germline IGHV1-24 antibodies isolated by B-cell cloning (3,4) our data reveal a class of shared IgG antibodies that are readily observed in convalescent plasma and underscore the role of NTD-directed antibodies in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. |
Variation in pentose phosphate pathway-associated metabolism dictates cytotoxicity outcomes determined by tetrazolium reduction assays
Coyle JP , Johnson C , Jensen J , Farcas M , Derk R , Stueckle TA , Kornberg TG , Rojanasakul Y , Rojanasakul LW . Sci Rep 2023 13 (1) 8220 Tetrazolium reduction and resazurin assays are the mainstay of routine in vitro toxicity batteries. However, potentially erroneous characterization of cytotoxicity and cell proliferation can arise if verification of baseline interaction of test article with method employed is neglected. The current investigation aimed to demonstrate how interpretation of results from several standard cytotoxicity and proliferation assays vary in dependence on contributions from the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Non-tumorigenic Beas-2B cells were treated with graded concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) for 24 and 48 h prior to cytotoxicity and proliferation assessment with commonly used MTT, MTS, WST1, and Alamar Blue assays. B[a]P caused enhanced metabolism of each dye assessed despite reductions in mitochondrial membrane potential and was reversed by 6-aminonicotinamide (6AN)-a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor. These results demonstrate differential sensitivity of standard cytotoxicity assessments on the PPP, thus (1) decoupling "mitochondrial activity" as an interpretation of cellular formazan and Alamar Blue metabolism, and (2) demonstrating the implicit requirement for investigators to sufficiently verify interaction of these methods in routine cytotoxicity and proliferation characterization. The nuances of method-specific extramitochondrial metabolism must be scrutinized to properly qualify specific endpoints employed, particularly under the circumstances of metabolic reprogramming. |
Infection, immunity, and surveillance of COVID-19.
Suthar AB , Dye C . PLoS Med 2022 19 (11) e1004132 Dr Amitabh Suthar and Dr Christopher Dye give their perspective on infection, immunity and surveillance of COVID-19. |
An introduction to the Marburg virus vaccine consortium, MARVAC
Cross RW , Longini IM , Becker S , Bok K , Boucher D , Carroll MW , Díaz JV , Dowling WE , Draghia-Akli R , Duworko JT , Dye JM , Egan MA , Fast P , Finan A , Finch C , Fleming TR , Fusco J , Geisbert TW , Griffiths A , Günther S , Hensley LE , Honko A , Hunegnaw R , Jakubik J , Ledgerwood J , Luhn K , Matassov D , Meshulam J , Nelson EV , Parks CL , Rustomjee R , Safronetz D , Schwartz LM , Smith D , Smock P , Sow Y , Spiropoulou CF , Sullivan NJ , Warfield KL , Wolfe D , Woolsey C , Zahn R , Henao-Restrepo AM , Muñoz-Fontela C , Marzi A . PLoS Pathog 2022 18 (10) e1010805 The emergence of Marburg virus (MARV) in Guinea and Ghana triggered the assembly of the MARV vaccine "MARVAC" consortium representing leaders in the field of vaccine research and development aiming to facilitate a rapid response to this infectious disease threat. Here, we discuss current progress, challenges, and future directions for MARV vaccines. |
Exploring inactivation of SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, Ebola, Lassa, and Nipah viruses on N95 and KN95 respirator material using photoactivated methylene blue to enable reuse.
Scholte Florine EM , Kabra Kareem B , Tritsch Sarah R , Montgomery Joel M , Spiropoulou Christina F , Mores Christopher N , Harcourt Brian H . Am J Infect Control 2022 50 (8) 863-870 ![]() The photoactivated dye methylene blue inactivates many human pathogens. The technique inactivates SARS-CoV-2, Ebola, Lassa and Nipah viruses on respirators. Decontamination of N95 and KN95 respirators allows safe limited reuse. Methylene blue can be used for pretreatment and decontamination of respirators. Pretreatment of PPE could allow for real-time virus inactivation. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a worldwide shortage of N95 respirators, prompting the development of decontamination methods to enable limited reuse. Countries lacking reliable supply chains would also benefit from the ability to safely reuse PPE. Methylene blue (MB) is a light-activated dye with demonstrated antimicrobial activity used to sterilize blood plasma. Decontamination of respirators using photoactivated MB requires no specialized equipment, making it attractive for use in the field during outbreaks. We examined decontamination of N95 and KN95 respirators using photoactivated MB and 3 variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19; and 4 World Health Organization priority pathogens: Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Nipah virus, and Lassa virus. Virus inactivation by pretreating respirator material was also tested. Photoactivated MB inactivated all tested viruses on respirator material, albeit with varying efficiency. Virus applied to respirator material pre-treated with MB was also inactivated, thus MB pretreatment may potentially protect respirator wearers from virus exposure in real-time. These results demonstrate that photoactivated MB represents a cost-effective, rapid, and widely deployable method to decontaminate N95 respirators for reuse during supply shortages. |
Evidence of likely autochthonous Chagas disease in the southwestern United States: A case series of Trypanosoma cruzi seropositive blood donors
Lynn MK , Dye-Braumuller KC , Beatty NL , Dorn PL , Klotz SA , Stramer SL , Townsend RL , Kamel H , Vannoy JM , Sadler P , Montgomery SP , Rivera HN , Nolan MS . Transfusion 2022 62 (9) 1808-1817 BACKGROUND: Chagas disease is a parasitic infection that can insidiously cause non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Given the largely silent nature of this progressive disease, asymptomatic blood donors pose potential blood transfusion risk. Blood donation screening has become an unintentional form of Chagas disease surveillance, with thousands of new cases identified since national surveillance was initiated in 2007. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We recruited T. cruzi-positive blood donors identified from California and Arizona blood centers for confirmatory blood screening and assessment of lifetime infection risk. RESULTS: Among eight suspected cases, we identified four confirmed US autochthonous infections. The current manuscript details the transmission sources, healthcare-seeking behaviors post-blood donation resulting, and clinical course of disease among persons without any history of travel to endemic Latin American countries. DISCUSSION: This manuscript presents four additional US-acquired Chagas disease cases and identifies an opportunity for blood centers to assist in confronting barriers surrounding Chagas disease in the US. |
Needs assessment of Southeastern United States vector control agencies: Capacity improvement is greatly needed to prevent the next vector-borne disease outbreak
Dye-Braumuller KC , Gordon JR , Johnson D , Morrissey J , McCoy K , Dinglasan RR , Nolan MS . Trop Med Infect Dis 2022 7 (5) A national 2017 vector control capacity survey was conducted to assess the United States' (U.S.'s) ability to prevent emerging vector-borne disease. Since that survey, the southeastern U.S. has experienced continued autochthonous exotic vector-borne disease transmission and establishment of invasive vector species. To understand the current gaps in control programs and establish a baseline to evaluate future vector control efforts for this vulnerable region, a focused needs assessment survey was conducted in early 2020. The southeastern U.S. region was targeted, as this region has a high probability of novel vector-borne disease introduction. Paper copies delivered in handwritten envelopes and electronic copies of the survey were delivered to 386 unique contacts, and 150 returned surveys were received, corresponding to a 39% response rate. Overall, the survey found vector control programs serving areas with over 100,000 residents and those affiliated with public health departments had more core capabilities compared to smaller programs and those not affiliated with public health departments. Furthermore, the majority of vector control programs in this region do not routinely monitor for pesticide resistance. Taken as a whole, these results suggest that the majority of the southeastern U.S. is vulnerable to vector-borne disease outbreaks. Results from this survey raise attention to the critical need of providing increased resources to bring all vector control programs to a competent level, ensuring that public health is protected from the threat of vector-borne disease. |
A Novel Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of Yersinia pestis.
Bai Y , Rizzo MR , Parise C , Maes S , Eisen RJ . Front Microbiol 2022 13 863142 ![]() ![]() Rapid detection of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is essential during field investigations to enable prompt control measures for prevention of the spread of the disease. Affordable, efficient, reliable, and simple detection assays are extremely useful, particularly in plague-endemic regions with limited resources. We developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay that detects Y. pestis within 30 min by simply incubating at 65°C on a dry bath heater. The assay targeted the caf1A gene that is situated on the pMT1 plasmid using six specific primers. Y. pestis presence is visually detected based on the color change in the reactions. For comparison of the assay performance, a real-time LAMP with fluorescent dye detection was conducted on a real-time PCR instrument using the same six primers. Sensitivity assessment showed that the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.2 and 0.03 pg when performed on the dry bath heater and on the real-time PCR instrument, respectively. The assay was 100% specific, having no cross-reactivity with closely related Yersinia spp. and other bacterial species. We tested the LAMP assay on field-collected fleas and showed that it successfully detected Y. pestis with identical results to that of a previously published pentaplex real-time PCR assay. These findings suggest that the relatively inexpensive and simpler LAMP assay could be used to support field investigations, yielding comparable results to more expensive and complex PCR assays. |
2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.
Kuhn JH , Adkins S , Agwanda BR , Al Kubrusli R , Alkhovsky Aльxoвcкий Cepгeй Bлaдимиpoвич SV , Amarasinghe GK , Avšič-Županc T , Ayllón MA , Bahl J , Balkema-Buschmann A , Ballinger MJ , Basler CF , Bavari S , Beer M , Bejerman N , Bennett AJ , Bente DA , Bergeron É , Bird BH , Blair CD , Blasdell KR , Blystad DR , Bojko J , Borth WB , Bradfute S , Breyta R , Briese T , Brown PA , Brown JK , Buchholz UJ , Buchmeier MJ , Bukreyev A , Burt F , Büttner C , Calisher CH , Cao 曹孟籍 M , Casas I , Chandran K , Charrel RN , Cheng Q , Chiaki 千秋祐也 Y , Chiapello M , Choi IR , Ciuffo M , Clegg JCS , Crozier I , Dal Bó E , de la Torre JC , de Lamballerie X , de Swart RL , Debat H , Dheilly NM , Di Cicco E , Di Paola N , Di Serio F , Dietzgen RG , Digiaro M , Dolnik O , Drebot MA , Drexler JF , Dundon WG , Duprex WP , Dürrwald R , Dye JM , Easton AJ , Ebihara 海老原秀喜 H , Elbeaino T , Ergünay K , Ferguson HW , Fooks AR , Forgia M , Formenty PBH , Fránová J , Freitas-Astúa J , Fu 付晶晶 J , Fürl S , Gago-Zachert S , Gāo 高福 GF , García ML , García-Sastre A , Garrison AR , Gaskin T , Gonzalez JJ , Griffiths A , Goldberg TL , Groschup MH , Günther S , Hall RA , Hammond J , Han 韩彤 T , Hepojoki J , Hewson R , Hong 洪健 J , Hong 洪霓 N , Hongo 本郷誠治 S , Horie 堀江真行 M , Hu JS , Hu T , Hughes HR , Hüttner F , Hyndman TH , Ilyas M , Jalkanen R , Jiāng 姜道宏 D , Jonson GB , Junglen S , Kadono 上遠野冨士夫 F , Kaukinen KH , Kawate M , Klempa B , Klingström J , Kobinger G , Koloniuk I , Kondō 近藤秀樹 H , Koonin EV , Krupovic M , Kubota 久保田健嗣 K , Kurath G , Laenen L , Lambert AJ , Langevin SL , Lee B , Lefkowitz EJ , Leroy EM , Li 李邵蓉 S , Li 李龙辉 L , Lǐ 李建荣 J , Liu 刘华珍 H , Lukashevich IS , Maes P , de Souza WM , Marklewitz M , Marshall SH , Marzano SL , Massart S , McCauley JW , Melzer M , Mielke-Ehret N , Miller KM , Ming TJ , Mirazimi A , Mordecai GJ , Mühlbach HP , Mühlberger E , Naidu R , Natsuaki 夏秋知英 T , Navarro JA , Netesov Heтёcoв Cepгeй Bиктopoвич SV , Neumann G , Nowotny N , Nunes MRT , Olmedo-Velarde A , Palacios G , Pallás V , Pályi B , Papa Άννα Παπά A , Paraskevopoulou Σοφία Παρασκευοπούλου S , Park AC , Parrish CR , Patterson DA , Pauvolid-Corrêa A , Pawęska JT , Payne S , Peracchio C , Pérez DR , Postler TS , Qi 亓立莹 L , Radoshitzky SR , Resende RO , Reyes CA , Rima BK , Luna GR , Romanowski V , Rota P , Rubbenstroth D , Rubino L , Runstadler JA , Sabanadzovic S , Sall AA , Salvato MS , Sang R , Sasaya 笹谷孝英 T , Schulze AD , Schwemmle M , Shi 施莽 M , Shí 石晓宏 X , Shí 石正丽 Z , Shimomoto 下元祥史 Y , Shirako Y , Siddell SG , Simmonds P , Sironi M , Smagghe G , Smither S , Song 송진원 JW , Spann K , Spengler JR , Stenglein MD , Stone DM , Sugano J , Suttle CA , Tabata A , Takada 高田礼人 A , Takeuchi 竹内繁治 S , Tchouassi DP , Teffer A , Tesh RB , Thornburg NJ , Tomitaka 冨高保弘 Y , Tomonaga 朝長啓造 K , Tordo N , Torto B , Towner JS , Tsuda 津田新哉 S , Tu 涂长春 C , Turina M , Tzanetakis IE , Uchida J , Usugi 宇杉富雄 T , Vaira AM , Vallino M , van den Hoogen B , Varsani A , Vasilakis Νίκος Βασιλάκης N , Verbeek M , von Bargen S , Wada 和田治郎 J , Wahl V , Walker PJ , Wang 王林发 LF , Wang 王国平 G , Wang 王雁翔 Y , Wang 王亚琴 Y , Waqas M , Wèi 魏太云 T , Wen 温少华 S , Whitfield AE , Williams JV , Wolf YI , Wu 吴建祥 J , Xu 徐雷 L , Yanagisawa 栁澤広宣 H , Yang 杨彩霞 C , Yang 杨作坤 Z , Zerbini FM , Zhai 翟立峰 L , Zhang 张永振 YZ , Zhang 张松 S , Zhang 张靖国 J , Zhang 张哲 Z , Zhou 周雪平 X . Arch Virol 2021 166 (12) 3513-3566 ![]() In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV. |
Prevalent, protective, and convergent IgG recognition of SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD spike epitopes.
Voss WN , Hou YJ , Johnson NV , Delidakis G , Kim JE , Javanmardi K , Horton AP , Bartzoka F , Paresi CJ , Tanno Y , Chou CW , Abbasi SA , Pickens W , George K , Boutz DR , Towers DM , McDaniel JR , Billick D , Goike J , Rowe L , Batra D , Pohl J , Lee J , Gangappa S , Sambhara S , Gadush M , Wang N , Person MD , Iverson BL , Gollihar JD , Dye J , Herbert A , Finkelstein IJ , Baric RS , McLellan JS , Georgiou G , Lavinder JJ , Ippolito GC . Science 2021 372 (6546) 1108-1112 ![]() ![]() The molecular composition and binding epitopes of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that circulate in blood plasma following SARS-CoV-2 infection are unknown. Proteomic deconvolution of the IgG repertoire to the spike glycoprotein in convalescent subjects revealed that the response is directed predominantly (>80%) against epitopes residing outside the receptor-binding domain (RBD). In one subject, just four IgG lineages accounted for 93.5% of the response, including an N-terminal domain (NTD)-directed antibody that was protective against lethal viral challenge. Genetic, structural, and functional characterization of a multi-donor class of "public" antibodies revealed an NTD epitope that is recurrently mutated among emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. These data show that "public" NTD-directed and other non-RBD plasma antibodies are prevalent and have implications for SARS-CoV-2 protection and antibody escape. |
Differential miRNA Profiles Correlate With Disparate Immunity Outcomes Associated With Vaccine Immunization and Chlamydial Infection.
Howard S , Richardson S , Benyeogor I , Omosun Y , Dye K , Medhavi F , Lundy S , Adebayo O , Igietseme JU , Eko FO . Front Immunol 2021 12 625318 ![]() Vaccine-induced immune responses following immunization with promising Chlamydia vaccines protected experimental animals from Chlamydia-induced upper genital tract pathologies and infertility. In contrast, primary genital infection with live Chlamydia does not protect against these pathologies. We hypothesized that differential miRNA profiles induced in the upper genital tracts (UGT) of mice correlate with the disparate immunity vs. pathologic outcomes associated with vaccine immunization and chlamydial infection. Thus, miRNA expression profiles in the UGT of mice after Chlamydia infection (Live EB) and immunization with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine (DC vaccine) or VCG-based vaccine (VCG vaccine) were compared using the NanoString nCounter Mouse miRNA assay. Of the 602 miRNAs differentially expressed (DE) in the UGT of immunized and infected mice, we selected 58 with counts >100 and p-values < 0.05 for further analysis. Interestingly, vaccine immunization and Chlamydia infection induced the expression of distinct miRNA profiles with a higher proportion in vaccine-immunized compared to Chlamydia infected mice; DC vaccine (41), VCG vaccine (23), and Live EB (15). Hierarchical clustering analysis showed notable differences in the uniquely DE miRNAs for each experimental group, with DC vaccine showing the highest number (21 up-regulated, five down-regulated), VCG vaccine (two up-regulated, five down-regulated), and live EB (two up-regulated, four down-regulated). The DC vaccine-immunized group showed the highest number (21 up-regulated and five down-regulated compared to two up-regulated and four down-regulated in the live Chlamydia infected group). Pathway analysis showed that the DE miRNAs target genes that regulate several biological processes and functions associated with immune response and inflammation. These results suggest that the induction of differential miRNA expression plays a significant role in the disparate immunity outcomes associated with Chlamydia infection and vaccination. |
2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.
Kuhn JH , Adkins S , Alioto D , Alkhovsky SV , Amarasinghe GK , Anthony SJ , Avšič-Županc T , Ayllón MA , Bahl J , Balkema-Buschmann A , Ballinger MJ , Bartonička T , Basler C , Bavari S , Beer M , Bente DA , Bergeron É , Bird BH , Blair C , Blasdell KR , Bradfute SB , Breyta R , Briese T , Brown PA , Buchholz UJ , Buchmeier MJ , Bukreyev A , Burt F , Buzkan N , Calisher CH , Cao M , Casas I , Chamberlain J , Chandran K , Charrel RN , Chen B , Chiumenti M , Choi IR , Clegg JCS , Crozier I , da Graça JV , Dal Bó E , Dávila AMR , de la Torre JC , de Lamballerie X , de Swart RL , Di Bello PL , Di Paola N , Di Serio F , Dietzgen RG , Digiaro M , Dolja VV , Dolnik O , Drebot MA , Drexler JF , Dürrwald R , Dufkova L , Dundon WG , Duprex WP , Dye JM , Easton AJ , Ebihara H , Elbeaino T , Ergünay K , Fernandes J , Fooks AR , Formenty PBH , Forth LF , Fouchier RAM , Freitas-Astúa J , Gago-Zachert S , Gāo GF , García ML , García-Sastre A , Garrison AR , Gbakima A , Goldstein T , Gonzalez JJ , Griffiths A , Groschup MH , Günther S , Guterres A , Hall RA , Hammond J , Hassan M , Hepojoki J , Hepojoki S , Hetzel U , Hewson R , Hoffmann B , Hongo S , Höper D , Horie M , Hughes HR , Hyndman TH , Jambai A , Jardim R , Jiāng D , Jin Q , Jonson GB , Junglen S , Karadağ S , Keller KE , Klempa B , Klingström J , Kobinger G , Kondō H , Koonin EV , Krupovic M , Kurath G , Kuzmin IV , Laenen L , Lamb RA , Lambert AJ , Langevin SL , Lee B , Lemos ERS , Leroy EM , Li D , Lǐ J , Liang M , Liú W , Liú Y , Lukashevich IS , Maes P , Marciel de Souza W , Marklewitz M , Marshall SH , Martelli GP , Martin RR , Marzano SL , Massart S , McCauley JW , Mielke-Ehret N , Minafra A , Minutolo M , Mirazimi A , Mühlbach HP , Mühlberger E , Naidu R , Natsuaki T , Navarro B , Navarro JA , Netesov SV , Neumann G , Nowotny N , Nunes MRT , Nylund A , Økland AL , Oliveira RC , Palacios G , Pallas V , Pályi B , Papa A , Parrish CR , Pauvolid-Corrêa A , Pawęska JT , Payne S , Pérez DR , Pfaff F , Radoshitzky SR , Rahman AU , Ramos-González PL , Resende RO , Reyes CA , Rima BK , Romanowski V , Robles Luna G , Rota P , Rubbenstroth D , Runstadler JA , Ruzek D , Sabanadzovic S , Salát J , Sall AA , Salvato MS , Sarpkaya K , Sasaya T , Schwemmle M , Shabbir MZ , Shí X , Shí Z , Shirako Y , Simmonds P , Širmarová J , Sironi M , Smither S , Smura T , Song JW , Spann KM , Spengler JR , Stenglein MD , Stone DM , Straková P , Takada A , Tesh RB , Thornburg NJ , Tomonaga K , Tordo N , Towner JS , Turina M , Tzanetakis I , Ulrich RG , Vaira AM , van den Hoogen B , Varsani A , Vasilakis N , Verbeek M , Wahl V , Walker PJ , Wang H , Wang J , Wang X , Wang LF , Wèi T , Wells H , Whitfield AE , Williams JV , Wolf YI , Wú Z , Yang X , Yáng X , Yu X , Yutin N , Zerbini FM , Zhang T , Zhang YZ , Zhou G , Zhou X . Arch Virol 2020 165 (12) 3023-3072 ![]() In March 2020, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. At the genus rank, 20 new genera were added, two were deleted, one was moved, and three were renamed. At the species rank, 160 species were added, four were deleted, ten were moved and renamed, and 30 species were renamed. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV. |
Fluorescent markers rhodamine B and uranine for Anopheles gambiae adults and matings
Aviles EI , Rotenberry RD , Collins CM , Dotson EM , Benedict MQ . Malar J 2020 19 (1) 236 BACKGROUND: Marking mosquitoes is vital for mark-release-recapture and many laboratory studies, but their small size precludes the use of methods that are available for larger animals such as unique identifier tags and radio devices. Fluorescent dust is the most commonly used method to distinguish released individuals from the wild population. Numerous colours and combinations can be used, however, dust sometimes affects longevity and behaviour so alternatives that do not have these effects would contribute substantially. Rhodamine B has previously been demonstrated to be useful for marking adult Aedes aegypti males when added to the sugar meal. Unlike dust, this also marked the seminal fluid making it possible to detect matings by marked males in the spermatheca of females. Here, marking of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto with rhodamine B and uranine was performed to estimate their potential contribution. METHODS: Two fluorescent markers, rhodamine B and uranine, were dissolved in sugar water and fed to adult An. gambiae. Concentrations that are useful for marking individuals and seminal fluid were determined. The effects on adult longevity, the durability of the marking and detection of the marker in mated females was determined. Male mating competitiveness was also evaluated. RESULTS: Rhodamine B marking in adults is detectable for at least 3 weeks, however uranine marking declines with time and at low doses can be confused with auto-fluorescence. Both can be used for marking seminal fluid which can be detected in females mated by marked males, but, again, at low concentrations uranine-marking is more easily confused with the natural fluorescence of seminal fluid. Neither dye affected mating competitiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Both markers tested could be useful for field and laboratory studies. Their use has substantial potential to contribute to a greater understanding of the bio-ecology of this important malaria vector. Rhodamine B has the advantage that it appears to be permanent and is less easily confused with auto-fluorescence. The primary limitation of both methods is that sugar feeding is necessary for marking and adults must be held for at least 2 nights to ensure all individuals are marked whereas dusts provide immediate and thorough marking. |
Dengue fever and chikungunya virus infections: identification in travelers in Uganda - 2017
Kayiwa JT , Nankya AM , Ataliba I , Nassuna CA , Omara IE , Koehler JW , Dye JM , Mossel EC , Lutwama JJ . Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2019 5 21 Arboviruses are (re-) emerging viruses that cause significant morbidity globally. Clinical manifestations usually consist of a non-specific febrile illness that may be accompanied by rash, arthralgia and arthritis and/or with neurological or hemorrhagic syndromes. The broad range of differential diagnoses of other infectious and non-infectious etiologies presents a challenge for clinicians. While knowledge of the geographic distribution of pathogens and the current epidemiological situation, incubation periods, exposure risk factors and vaccination history can help guide the diagnostic approach, the non-specific and variable clinical presentation can delay final diagnosis. This case report summarizes the laboratory-based findings of three travel-related cases of arbovirus infections in Uganda. These include a patient from Bangladesh with chikungunya virus infection and two cases of dengue fever from Ethiopia. Early detection of travel-imported cases by public health laboratories is important to reduce the risk of localized outbreaks of arboviruses such as dengue virus and chikungunya virus. Because of the global public health importance and the continued risk of (re-) emerging arbovirus infections, specific recommendations following diagnosis by clinicians should include obtaining travel histories from persons with arbovirus-compatible illness and include differential diagnoses when appropriate. |
Short and long-term pharmacologic measures of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use among high-risk men who have sex with men in HPTN 067/ADAPT
Velloza J , Bacchetti P , Hendrix CW , Murnane P , Hughes JP , Li M , Curlin M , Holtz TH , Mannheimer S , Marzinke MA , Amico KR , Liu A , Piwowar-Manning E , Eshleman SH , Dye BJ , Gandhi M , Grant RM . J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019 82 (2) 149-158 BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of oral emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir (TFV) disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) depends on adherence. Pharmacologic measures help interpret patterns and predictors of PrEP adherence. SETTING: We analyzed data from the sub-sample of men who have sex with men (MSM) enrolled in HPTN 067/ADAPT in Bangkok, Thailand, and Harlem, NY, U.S. METHODS: After a five-week directly observed therapy period, participants were randomized to daily, time-driven, or event-driven PrEP. Follow-up occurred at weeks 4, 12, and 24 post-randomization. Plasma and hair FTC/TFV levels indicated short and long-term PrEP use, respectively. Electronic pill bottle data (Wisepill) were collected weekly. Pearson correlation coefficients between PrEP use measures were calculated; linear mixed models assessed predictors of plasma and hair drug concentrations. RESULTS: Among 350 participants (median age 31 years, interquartile range [IQR]: 25-38), 49.7% were from Harlem, half had less than college education, and 21% reported heavy alcohol use. In multivariable models, being enrolled in Harlem, being in non-daily arms, and having less than college education were associated with lower hair FTC/TFV concentrations; heavy alcohol use was associated with higher concentrations. Similar results were found for plasma concentrations by site and arm, but older age and greater number of sex partners were associated with higher concentrations. Hair and plasma FTC/TFV concentrations were moderately correlated with Wisepill data (r>/=0.29) across visits. CONCLUSION: In HPTN067, plasma, hair, and Wisepill data correlated with one another and served as complementary adherence measures. Site, arm, education, age, alcohol, and sexual behavior influenced patterns of adherence. |
Overview and quality assurance for the oral health component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011-2014
Dye BA , Afful J , Thornton-Evans G , Iafolla T . BMC Oral Health 2019 19 (1) 95 BACKGROUND: Following implementation in 2009-2010 to the oral health component for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a full-mouth periodontal examination was continued during 2011-2014. Additionally, a comprehensive dental caries assessment was re-introduced in 2011 after a 6-year absence from NHANES. This report provides oral health content information and results of dental examiner reliability statistics for key intraoral assessments conducted by dentists during 2011-2014. METHODS: During the 2011-2014 NHANES 17,463 persons age 1 and older representing the US civilian, non-institutionalized population received an oral health examination. From this group, 387 individuals underwent a repeat examination conducted by the survey reference examiner. A combination of examiner training and calibration, electronic data capture, and ongoing performance evaluation with statistical monitoring was used to ensure conformance with NHANES protocols and data comparability to prior data collection periods. RESULTS: During 2011-2014, the Kappa statistics for the tooth count assessment ranged from 0.96 to 1.00, for untreated dental caries Kappa scores were 0.93 to 1.00. The overall Kappa statistics for identifying combined moderate-severe periodontitis using the CDC/AAP case definition was 0.66 and 0.69 with percent agreement of 83 to 85% during 2011-2014. When evaluating inter-examiner agreement using information collected from 3 periodontal sites for comparability to the NHANES 2003-04 periodontal examination protocols, Kappa scores for combined moderate-severe periodontitis was 0.65 and 0.80 during 2011-2014. For total mean attachment loss and pocket depth across all 6 periodontal sites, the inter-class coefficients (ICCs) ranged from 0.80-0.90 and 0.79-0.86 respectively. Site-specific mean attachment loss ICCs were generally higher for the 4 interproximal measurements compared to the 2 mid-site probing measurements and this observation was similar in 2009-2010. CONCLUSION: During 2011-2014, results overall indicate a high level of data quality and substantial examiner reliability for tooth count and dentition; reliability for periodontal disease, across various assessments, was at least moderate. When comparing the 2011-2014 examiner performance to findings from 2003 to 2004, comparable concordance between the examiners and the reference examiner exists. |
Facilitators and barriers affecting PrEP adherence among Thai men who have sex with men (MSM) in the HPTN 067/ADAPT Study
Chemnasiri T , Varangrat A , Amico KR , Chitwarakorn A , Dye BJ , Grant RM , Holtz TH . AIDS Care 2019 32 (2) 1-6 The HPTN 067/ADAPT Study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, patterns of adherence and coverage for three randomly assigned oral FTC/TDF pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) dosing regimens to prevent HIV infection. Using qualitative methods, we explored facilitators and barriers among a subset of men who have sex with men (MSM) participants in Bangkok, Thailand. Between August 2013 and March 2014, 32 HPTN 067/ADAPT participants joined in 6 focus group discussions, and 6 attended key informant interviews. Facilitators of PrEP adherence included use of strategies to have PrEP available when needed, simplicity in regimen requirements with recognition that more complex regimens may take some time to master, ability to plan for sex, receipt of social and technology support, ability to use a PrEP regimen that best matches to one's own patterns of sex, and experiences with PrEP as a part of health and well-being. Challenges to PrEP adherence included perceptions of no or low HIV risk, difficulties following regimens when intoxicated, concerns about side effects, experience of HIV stigma, and affordability of PrEP outside of study context influencing uptake and use in the community. Preferences for regimens varied, suggesting that multiple PrEP effective regimen options should be available to fit those with different needs. |
Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2019.
Amarasinghe GK , Ayllon MA , Bao Y , Basler CF , Bavari S , Blasdell KR , Briese T , Brown PA , Bukreyev A , Balkema-Buschmann A , Buchholz UJ , Chabi-Jesus C , Chandran K , Chiapponi C , Crozier I , de Swart RL , Dietzgen RG , Dolnik O , Drexler JF , Durrwald R , Dundon WG , Duprex WP , Dye JM , Easton AJ , Fooks AR , Formenty PBH , Fouchier RAM , Freitas-Astua J , Griffiths A , Hewson R , Horie M , Hyndman TH , Jiang D , Kitajima EW , Kobinger GP , Kondo H , Kurath G , Kuzmin IV , Lamb RA , Lavazza A , Lee B , Lelli D , Leroy EM , Li J , Maes P , Marzano SL , Moreno A , Muhlberger E , Netesov SV , Nowotny N , Nylund A , Okland AL , Palacios G , Palyi B , Paweska JT , Payne SL , Prosperi A , Ramos-Gonzalez PL , Rima BK , Rota P , Rubbenstroth D , Shi M , Simmonds P , Smither SJ , Sozzi E , Spann K , Stenglein MD , Stone DM , Takada A , Tesh RB , Tomonaga K , Tordo N , Towner JS , van den Hoogen B , Vasilakis N , Wahl V , Walker PJ , Wang LF , Whitfield AE , Williams JV , Zerbini FM , Zhang T , Zhang YZ , Kuhn JH . Arch Virol 2019 164 (7) 1967-1980 ![]() In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Mononegavirales was amended by the addition of four new subfamilies and 12 new genera and the creation of 28 novel species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). |
ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Filoviridae
Kuhn JH , Amarasinghe GK , Basler CF , Bavari S , Bukreyev A , Chandran K , Crozier I , Dolnik O , Dye JM , Formenty PBH , Griffiths A , Hewson R , Kobinger GP , Leroy EM , Muhlberger E , Netesov SV , Palacios G , Palyi B , Paweska JT , Smither SJ , Takada A , Towner JS , Wahl V . J Gen Virol 2019 100 (6) 911-912 Members of the family Filoviridae produce variously shaped, often filamentous, enveloped virions containing linear non-segmented, negative-sense RNA genomes of 15-19 kb. Several filoviruses (e.g., Ebola virus) are pathogenic for humans and are highly virulent. Several filoviruses infect bats (e.g., Marburg virus), whereas the hosts of most other filoviruses are unknown. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on Filoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/filoviridae. |
Ebola Virus Infection Associated with Transmission from Survivors.
Den Boon S , Marston BJ , Nyenswah TG , Jambai A , Barry M , Keita S , Durski K , Senesie SS , Perkins D , Shah A , Green HH , Hamblion EL , Lamunu M , Gasasira A , Mahmoud NO , Djingarey MH , Morgan O , Crozier I , Dye C . Emerg Infect Dis 2019 25 (2) 249-255 ![]() ![]() Ebola virus (EBOV) can persist in immunologically protected body sites in survivors of Ebola virus disease, creating the potential to initiate new chains of transmission. From the outbreak in West Africa during 2014-2016, we identified 13 possible events of viral persistence-derived transmission of EBOV (VPDTe) and applied predefined criteria to classify transmission events based on the strength of evidence for VPDTe and source and route of transmission. For 8 events, a recipient case was identified; possible source cases were identified for 5 of these 8. For 5 events, a recipient case or chain of transmission could not be confidently determined. Five events met our criteria for sexual transmission (male-to-female). One VPDTe event led to at least 4 generations of cases; transmission was limited after the other events. VPDTe has increased the importance of Ebola survivor services and sustained surveillance and response capacity in regions with previously widespread transmission. |
A new approach to measure the resistance of fabric to liquid and viral penetration
Li M , Furlong JL , Yorio PL , Portnoff L . PLoS One 2019 14 (2) e0211827 Protective clothing manufacturers routinely test their products for resistance to liquid and viral penetration. Several of the test methods specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for penetration testing produce binary results (i.e. pass or fail), deliver imprecise pressure regulation, and do not record the location at which penetration events occur. Instead, our approach measures a continuous variable (time of penetration) during a slow and continuous increase of hydrostatic pressure and retains the location of penetration events. Using a fluorescent dye to enhance visual detection, we evaluate temporal and spatial patterns of penetration events. We then compare the time of liquid penetration with the time of penetration of two bacteriophages (Phi-X174 and MS2). For the fabric tested, the mean viral penetration occurred 0.29 minutes earlier than liquid penetration when solved by logistic regression. The breakthrough time of MS2 was not different from the Phi-X174 bacteriophage. The time of liquid penetration was a latent indicator of the time of viral penetration. |
Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: second update 2018
Maes P , Amarasinghe GK , Ayllon MA , Basler CF , Bavari S , Blasdell KR , Briese T , Brown PA , Bukreyev A , Balkema-Buschmann A , Buchholz UJ , Chandran K , Crozier I , de Swart RL , Dietzgen RG , Dolnik O , Domier LL , Drexler JF , Durrwald R , Dundon WG , Duprex WP , Dye JM , Easton AJ , Fooks AR , Formenty PBH , Fouchier RAM , Freitas-Astua J , Ghedin E , Griffiths A , Hewson R , Horie M , Hurwitz JL , Hyndman TH , Jiang D , Kobinger GP , Kondo H , Kurath G , Kuzmin IV , Lamb RA , Lee B , Leroy EM , Li J , Marzano SL , Muhlberger E , Netesov SV , Nowotny N , Palacios G , Palyi B , Paweska JT , Payne SL , Rima BK , Rota P , Rubbenstroth D , Simmonds P , Smither SJ , Song Q , Song T , Spann K , Stenglein MD , Stone DM , Takada A , Tesh RB , Tomonaga K , Tordo N , Towner JS , van den Hoogen B , Vasilakis N , Wahl V , Walker PJ , Wang D , Wang LF , Whitfield AE , Williams JV , Ye G , Zerbini FM , Zhang YZ , Kuhn JH . Arch Virol 2019 164 (4) 1233-1244 In October 2018, the order Mononegavirales was amended by the establishment of three new families and three new genera, abolishment of two genera, and creation of 28 novel species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). |
Benefits of collaboration between a county health department and a local university in North Carolina
Dye S , Zarate-Bermudez M . J Environ Health 2018 81 (3) 32-35 Groundwater quality is of great importance in the U.S. to protect public health. In Gaston County, North Carolina, more than 8,000 households use private wells for their drinking water supplies. The Gaston County Department of Health and Human Services (GCDHHS) implements and enforces state rules and regulations on private wells. To address resource constraints, GCDHHS is working with partners to evaluate groundwater quality and protect human health. Through a funding opportunity from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Safe Water for Community Health (Safe WATCH) Program, GCDHHS is working with the University of North Carolina at Charlotte to enhance its ability to assess and manage groundwater issues. The goal is to help private well users reduce exposures to potential contaminants in their water. This month's column explores the collaboration, the challenges faced, and the achievements to date. |
Periodontitis in US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2014
Eke PI , Thornton-Evans GO , Wei L , Borgnakke WS , Dye BA , Genco RJ . J Am Dent Assoc 2018 149 (7) 576-588.e6 BACKGROUND: This report presents weighted average estimates of the prevalence of periodontitis in the adult US population during the 6 years 2009-2014 and highlights key findings of a national periodontitis surveillance project. METHODS: Estimates were derived for dentate adults 30 years or older from the civilian noninstitutionalized population whose periodontitis status was assessed by means of a full-mouth periodontal examination at 6 sites per tooth on all non-third molar teeth. Results are reported according to a standard format by applying the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Periodontology periodontitis case definitions for surveillance, as well as various thresholds of clinical attachment loss and periodontal probing depth. RESULTS: An estimated 42% of dentate US adults 30 years or older had periodontitis, with 7.8% having severe periodontitis. Overall, 3.3% of all periodontally probed sites (9.1% of all teeth) had periodontal probing depth of 4 millimeters or greater, and 19.0% of sites (37.1% of teeth) had clinical attachment loss of 3 mm or greater. Severe periodontitis was most prevalent among adults 65 years or older, Mexican Americans, non-Hispanic blacks, and smokers. CONCLUSIONS: This nationally representative study shows that periodontitis is a highly prevalent oral disease among US adults. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dental practitioners should be aware of the high prevalence of periodontitis in US adults and may provide preventive care and counselling for periodontitis. General dentists who encounter patients with periodontitis may refer these patients to see a periodontist for specialty care. |
Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2018.
Amarasinghe GK , Arechiga Ceballos NG , Banyard AC , Basler CF , Bavari S , Bennett AJ , Blasdell KR , Briese T , Bukreyev A , Cai Y , Calisher CH , Campos Lawson C , Chandran K , Chapman CA , Chiu CY , Choi KS , Collins PL , Dietzgen RG , Dolja VV , Dolnik O , Domier LL , Durrwald R , Dye JM , Easton AJ , Ebihara H , Echevarria JE , Fooks AR , Formenty PBH , Fouchier RAM , Freuling CM , Ghedin E , Goldberg TL , Hewson R , Horie M , Hyndman TH , Jiang D , Kityo R , Kobinger GP , Kondo H , Koonin EV , Krupovic M , Kurath G , Lamb RA , Lee B , Leroy EM , Maes P , Maisner A , Marston DA , Mor SK , Muller T , Muhlberger E , Ramirez VMN , Netesov SV , Ng TFF , Nowotny N , Palacios G , Patterson JL , Paweska JT , Payne SL , Prieto K , Rima BK , Rota P , Rubbenstroth D , Schwemmle M , Siddell S , Smither SJ , Song Q , Song T , Stenglein MD , Stone DM , Takada A , Tesh RB , Thomazelli LM , Tomonaga K , Tordo N , Towner JS , Vasilakis N , Vazquez-Moron S , Verdugo C , Volchkov VE , Wahl V , Walker PJ , Wang D , Wang LF , Wellehan JFX , Wiley MR , Whitfield AE , Wolf YI , Ye G , Zhang YZ , Kuhn JH . Arch Virol 2018 163 (8) 2283-2294 ![]() In 2018, the order Mononegavirales was expanded by inclusion of 1 new genus and 12 novel species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) and summarizes additional taxonomic proposals that may affect the order in the near future. |
Daily and nondaily oral preexposure prophylaxis in men and transgender women who have sex with men: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention Trials Network 067/ADAPT Study
Grant RM , Mannheimer S , Hughes JP , Hirsch-Moverman Y , Loquere A , Chitwarakorn A , Curlin ME , Li M , Amico KR , Hendrix CW , Anderson PL , Dye BJ , Marzinke MA , Piwowar-Manning E , McKinstry L , Elharrar V , Stirratt M , Rooney JF , Eshleman SH , McNicholl JM , van Griensven F , Holtz TH . Clin Infect Dis 2018 66 (11) 1712-1721 Background: Nondaily dosing of oral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may provide equivalent coverage of sex events compared with daily dosing. Methods: At-risk men and transgender women who have sex with men were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dosing regimens: 1 tablet daily, 1 tablet twice weekly with a postsex dose (time-driven), or 1 tablet before and after sex (event-driven), and were followed for coverage of sex events with pre- and postsex dosing measured by weekly self-report, drug concentrations, and electronic drug monitoring. Results: From July 2012 to May 2014, 357 participants were randomized. In Bangkok, the coverage of sex events was 85% for the daily arm compared with 84% for the time-driven arm (P = .79) and 74% for the event-driven arm (P = .02). In Harlem, coverage was 66%, 47% (P = .01), and 52% (P = .01) for these groups. In Bangkok, PrEP medication concentrations in blood were consistent with use of >/=2 tablets per week in >95% of visits when sex was reported in the prior week, while in Harlem, such medication concentrations occurred in 48.5% in the daily arm, 30.9% in the time-driven arm, and 16.7% in the event-driven arm (P < .0001). Creatinine elevations were more common in the daily arm (P = .050), although they were not dose limiting. Conclusions: Daily dosing recommendations increased coverage and protective drug concentrations in the Harlem cohort, while daily and nondaily regimens led to comparably favorable outcomes in Bangkok, where participants had higher levels of education and employment. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT01327651. |
The use of sequential mark-release-recapture experiments to estimate population size, survival and dispersal of male mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Bana, a west African humid savannah village
Epopa PS , Millogo AA , Collins CM , North A , Tripet F , Benedict MQ , Diabate A . Parasit Vectors 2017 10 (1) 376 ![]() BACKGROUND: Vector control is a major component of the malaria control strategy. The increasing spread of insecticide resistance has encouraged the development of new tools such as genetic control which use releases of modified male mosquitoes. The use of male mosquitoes as part of a control strategy requires an improved understanding of male mosquito biology, including the factors influencing their survival and dispersal, as well as the ability to accurately estimate the size of a target mosquito population. This study was designed to determine the seasonal variation in population size via repeated mark-release-recapture experiments and to estimate the survival and dispersal of male mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex in a small west African village. METHODS: Mark-release-recapture experiments were carried out in Bana Village over two consecutive years, during the wet and the dry seasons. For each experiment, around 5000 (3407-5273) adult male Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes were marked using three different colour dye powders (red, blue and green) and released in three different locations in the village (centre, edge and outside). Mosquitoes were recaptured at sites spread over the village for seven consecutive days following the releases. Three different capture methods were used: clay pots, pyrethroid spray catches and swarm sampling. RESULTS: Swarm sampling was the most productive method for recapturing male mosquitoes in the field. Population size and survival were estimated by Bayesian analyses of the Fisher-Ford model, revealing an about 10-fold increase in population size estimates between the end of dry season (10,000-50,000) to the wet season (100,000-500,000). There were no detectable seasonal effects on mosquito survival, suggesting that factors other than weather may play an important role. Mosquito dispersal ranged from 40 to 549 m over the seven days of each study and was not influenced by the season, but mainly by the release location, which explained more than 44% of the variance in net dispersal distance. CONCLUSION: This study clearly shows that male-based MRR experiments can be used to estimate some parameters of wild male populations such as population size, survival, and dispersal and to estimate the spatial patterns of movement in a given locality. |
Implementation of Objective PASC-Derived Taxon Demarcation Criteria for Official Classification of Filoviruses.
Bao Y , Amarasinghe GK , Basler CF , Bavari S , Bukreyev A , Chandran K , Dolnik O , Dye JM , Ebihara H , Formenty P , Hewson R , Kobinger GP , Leroy EM , Muhlberger E , Netesov SV , Patterson JL , Paweska JT , Smither SJ , Takada A , Towner JS , Volchkov VE , Wahl-Jensen V , Kuhn JH . Viruses 2017 9 (5) ![]() The mononegaviral family Filoviridae has eight members assigned to three genera and seven species. Until now, genus and species demarcation were based on arbitrarily chosen filovirus genome sequence divergence values ( approximately 50% for genera, approximately 30% for species) and arbitrarily chosen phenotypic virus or virion characteristics. Here we report filovirus genome sequence-based taxon demarcation criteria using the publicly accessible PAirwise Sequencing Comparison (PASC) tool of the US National Center for Biotechnology Information (Bethesda, MD, USA). Comparison of all available filovirus genomes in GenBank using PASC revealed optimal genus demarcation at the 55-58% sequence diversity threshold range for genera and at the 23-36% sequence diversity threshold range for species. Because these thresholds do not change the current official filovirus classification, these values are now implemented as filovirus taxon demarcation criteria that may solely be used for filovirus classification in case additional data are absent. A near-complete, coding-complete, or complete filovirus genome sequence will now be required to allow official classification of any novel "filovirus." Classification of filoviruses into existing taxa or determining the need for novel taxa is now straightforward and could even become automated using a presented algorithm/flowchart rooted in RefSeq (type) sequences. |
Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2017.
Amarasinghe GK , Bao Y , Basler CF , Bavari S , Beer M , Bejerman N , Blasdell KR , Bochnowski A , Briese T , Bukreyev A , Calisher CH , Chandran K , Collins PL , Dietzgen RG , Dolnik O , Durrwald R , Dye JM , Easton AJ , Ebihara H , Fang Q , Formenty P , Fouchier RA , Ghedin E , Harding RM , Hewson R , Higgins CM , Hong J , Horie M , James AP , Jiang D , Kobinger GP , Kondo H , Kurath G , Lamb RA , Lee B , Leroy EM , Li M , Maisner A , Muhlberger E , Netesov SV , Nowotny N , Patterson JL , Payne SL , Paweska JT , Pearson MN , Randall RE , Revill PA , Rima BK , Rota P , Rubbenstroth D , Schwemmle M , Smither SJ , Song Q , Stone DM , Takada A , Terregino C , Tesh RB , Tomonaga K , Tordo N , Towner JS , Vasilakis N , Volchkov VE , Wahl-Jensen V , Walker PJ , Wang B , Wang D , Wang F , Wang LF , Werren JH , Whitfield AE , Yan Z , Ye G , Kuhn JH . Arch Virol 2017 162 (8) 2493-2504 ![]() In 2017, the order Mononegavirales was expanded by the inclusion of a total of 69 novel species. Five new rhabdovirus genera and one new nyamivirus genus were established to harbor 41 of these species, whereas the remaining new species were assigned to already established genera. Furthermore, non-Latinized binomial species names replaced all paramyxovirus and pneumovirus species names, thereby accomplishing application of binomial species names throughout the entire order. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). |
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