Last data update: Apr 22, 2024. (Total: 46599 publications since 2009)
Records 1-30 (of 273 Records) |
Query Trace: Collins P [original query] |
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Trends in workplace homicides in the U.S., 1994-2021: An end to years of decline
Hendricks SA , Hendricks KJ , Tiesman HM , Gomes HL , Collins JW , Hartley D . Am J Ind Med 2024 Workplace and non-workplace homicides in the United States (U.S.) have declined for over 30 years until recently. This study was conducted to address the change in trends for both workplace and non-workplace homicides and to evaluate the homogeneity of the change in workplace homicides by specified categories. Joinpoint and autoregressive models were used to assess trends of U.S. workplace and non-workplace homicides utilizing surveillance data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1994 through 2021. Both workplace and non-workplace homicides decreased significantly from 1994 through 2014. Workplace homicides showed no significant trend from 2014 through 2021 (p = 0.79), while non-workplace homicides showed a significant average annual increase of 4.1% from 2014 through 2020 (p = 0.0013). The large decreases in the trend of workplace homicides occurring during a criminal act, such as robbery, leveled off and started to increase by the end of the study period (p < 0.0001). Declines in workplace homicides due to shootings also leveled off and started to increase by the end of the study period (p < 0.0001). U.S. workplace and non-workplace homicide rates declined from the 1990s until around 2014. Trends in workplace homicides varied by the types of the homicide committed and by the type of employee that was the victim. Criminal-intent-related events, such as robbery, appear to be the largest contributor to changes in workplace homicides. Researchers and industry leaders could develop and evaluate interventions that further address criminal-intent-related workplace homicides. |
Maternal death surveillance and response system reports from 32 low-middle income countries, 2011-2020: What can we learn from the reports?
Whiting-Collins L , Serbanescu F , Moller AB , Binzen S , Monet JP , Cresswell JA , Brun M . PLOS Glob Public Health 2024 4 (3) e0002153 Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR) systems generate information that may aid efforts to end preventable maternal deaths. Many countries report MDSR data, but comparability over time and across settings has not been studied. We reviewed MDSR reports from low-and-middle income countries (LMICs) to examine core content and identify how surveillance data and data dissemination could be improved to guide recommendations and actions. We conducted deductive content analysis of 56 MDSR reports from 32 LMICs. A codebook was developed assessing how reports captured: 1) MDSR system implementation, 2) monitoring of maternal death notifications and reviews, and 3) response formulation and implementation. Reports published before 2014 focused on maternal death reviews only. In September 2013, the World Health Organization and partners published the global MDSR guidance, which advised that country reports should also include identification, notification and response activities. Of the 56 reports, 33 (59%) described their data as incomplete, meaning that not all maternal deaths were captured. While 45 (80%) reports presented the total number of maternal deaths that had been notified (officially reported), only 16 (29%) calculated notification rates. Deaths were reported at both community and facility levels in 31 (55%) reports, but 25 (45%) reported facility deaths only. The number of maternal deaths reviewed was reported in 33 (59%) reports, and 17 (30%) calculated review completion rates. While 48 (86%) reports provided recommendations for improving MDSR, evidence of actions based on prior recommendations was absent from 40 (71%) of subsequent reports. MDSR reports currently vary in content and in how response efforts are documented. Comprehensive reports could improve accountability and effectiveness of the system by providing feedback to MDSR stakeholders and information for action. A standard reporting template may improve the quality and comparability of MDSR data and their use for preventing future maternal deaths. |
Rapid outbreak sequencing of Ebola virus in Sierra Leone identifies transmission chains linked to sporadic cases.
Arias A , Watson SJ , Asogun D , Tobin EA , Lu J , Phan MVT , Jah U , Wadoum REG , Meredith L , Thorne L , Caddy S , Tarawalie A , Langat P , Dudas G , Faria NR , Dellicour S , Kamara A , Kargbo B , Kamara BO , Gevao S , Cooper D , Newport M , Horby P , Dunning J , Sahr F , Brooks T , Simpson AJH , Groppelli E , Liu G , Mulakken N , Rhodes K , Akpablie J , Yoti Z , Lamunu M , Vitto E , Otim P , Owilli C , Boateng I , Okoror L , Omomoh E , Oyakhilome J , Omiunu R , Yemisis I , Adomeh D , Ehikhiametalor S , Akhilomen P , Aire C , Kurth A , Cook N , Baumann J , Gabriel M , Wölfel R , Di Caro A , Carroll MW , Günther S , Redd J , Naidoo D , Pybus OG , Rambaut A , Kellam P , Goodfellow I , Cotten M . Virus Evol 2016 2 (1) vew016 To end the largest known outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa and to prevent new transmissions, rapid epidemiological tracing of cases and contacts was required. The ability to quickly identify unknown sources and chains of transmission is key to ending the EVD epidemic and of even greater importance in the context of recent reports of Ebola virus (EBOV) persistence in survivors. Phylogenetic analysis of complete EBOV genomes can provide important information on the source of any new infection. A local deep sequencing facility was established at the Mateneh Ebola Treatment Centre in central Sierra Leone. The facility included all wetlab and computational resources to rapidly process EBOV diagnostic samples into full genome sequences. We produced 554 EBOV genomes from EVD cases across Sierra Leone. These genomes provided a detailed description of EBOV evolution and facilitated phylogenetic tracking of new EVD cases. Importantly, we show that linked genomic and epidemiological data can not only support contact tracing but also identify unconventional transmission chains involving body fluids, including semen. Rapid EBOV genome sequencing, when linked to epidemiological information and a comprehensive database of virus sequences across the outbreak, provided a powerful tool for public health epidemic control efforts. |
An interactive modeling tool for projecting the health and direct medical cost impact of changes in the sexually transmitted diseases prevention program budgets
Martin EG , Ansari B , Gift TL , Johnson BL , Collins D , Williams AM , Chesson HW . J Public Health Manag Pract 2024 30 (2) 221-230 CONTEXT: Estimating the return on investment for public health services, tailored to the state level, is critical for demonstrating their value and making resource allocation decisions. However, many health departments have limited staff capacity and expertise to conduct economic analyses in-house. PROGRAM: We developed a user-friendly, interactive Excel-based spreadsheet model that health departments can use to estimate the impact of increases or decreases in sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention funding on the incidence and direct medical costs of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and STI-attributable HIV infections. Users tailor results to their jurisdictions by entering the size of their population served; the number of annual STI diagnoses; their prior annual funding amount; and their anticipated new funding amount. The interface was developed using human-centered design principles, including focus groups with 15 model users to collect feedback on an earlier model version and a usability study on the prototype with 6 model users to finalize the interface. IMPLEMENTATION: The STI Prevention Allocation Consequences Estimator ("SPACE Monkey 2.0") model will be publicly available as a free downloadable tool. EVALUATION: In the usability testing of the prototype, participants provided overall positive feedback. They appreciated the clear interpretations, outcomes expressed as direct medical costs, functionalities to interact with the output and copy charts into external applications, visualization designs, and accessible information about the model's assumptions and limitations. Participants provided positive responses to a 10-item usability evaluation survey regarding their experiences with the prototype. DISCUSSION: Modeling tools that synthesize literature-based estimates and are developed with human-centered design principles have the potential to make evidence-based estimates of budget changes widely accessible to health departments. |
Understanding the exposure risk of aerosolized Coccidioides in a Valley fever endemic metropolis
Porter WT , Gade L , Montfort P , Mihaljevic JR , Bowers JR , Willman A , Klimowski BA , LaFleur BJ , Sunenshine RH , Collins J , Adame G , Brady S , Komatsu KK , Williams S , Toda M , Chiller T , Litvintseva AP , Engelthaler DM . Sci Rep 2024 14 (1) 1311 Coccidioides is the fungal causative agent of Valley fever, a primarily pulmonary disease caused by inhalation of fungal arthroconidia, or spores. Although Coccidioides has been an established pathogen for 120 years and is responsible for hundreds of thousands of infections per year, little is known about when and where infectious Coccidioides arthroconidia are present within the ambient air in endemic regions. Long-term air sampling programs provide a means to investigate these characteristics across space and time. Here we present data from > 18 months of collections from 11 air sampling sites across the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area. Overall, prevalence was highly variable across space and time with no obvious spatial or temporal correlations. Several high prevalence periods were identified at select sites, with no obvious spatial or temporal associations. Comparing these data with weather and environmental factor data, wind gusts and temperature were positively associated with Coccidioides detection, while soil moisture was negatively associated with Coccidioides detection. These results provide critical insights into the frequency and distribution of airborne arthroconidia and the associated risk of inhalation and potential disease that is present across space and time in a highly endemic locale. |
Epidemiologic and genomic evidence for zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among people and animals on a Michigan mink farm, United States, 2020
Ghai RR , Straily A , Wineland N , Calogero J , Stobierski MG , Signs K , Blievernicht M , Torres-Mendoza Y , Waltenburg MA , Condrey JA , Blankenship HM , Riner D , Barr N , Schalow M , Goodrich J , Collins C , Ahmad A , Metz JM , Herzegh O , Straka K , Arsnoe DM , Duffiney AG , Shriner SA , Kainulainen MH , Carpenter A , Whitehill F , Wendling NM , Stoddard RA , Retchless AC , Uehara A , Tao Y , Li Y , Zhang J , Tong S , Barton Behravesh C . Viruses 2023 15 (12) Farmed mink are one of few animals in which infection with SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in sustained transmission among a population and spillback from mink to people. In September 2020, mink on a Michigan farm exhibited increased morbidity and mortality rates due to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We conducted an epidemiologic investigation to identify the source of initial mink exposure, assess the degree of spread within the facility's overall mink population, and evaluate the risk of further viral spread on the farm and in surrounding wildlife habitats. Three farm employees reported symptoms consistent with COVID-19 the same day that increased mortality rates were observed among the mink herd. One of these individuals, and another asymptomatic employee, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) 9 days later. All but one mink sampled on the farm were positive for SARS-CoV-2 based on nucleic acid detection from at least one oral, nasal, or rectal swab tested by RT-qPCR (99%). Sequence analysis showed high degrees of similarity between sequences from mink and the two positive farm employees. Epidemiologic and genomic data, including the presence of F486L and N501T mutations believed to arise through mink adaptation, support the hypothesis that the two employees with SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection contracted COVID-19 from mink. However, the specific source of virus introduction onto the farm was not identified. Three companion animals living with mink farm employees and 31 wild animals of six species sampled in the surrounding area were negative for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR. Results from this investigation support the necessity of a One Health approach to manage the zoonotic spread of SARS-CoV-2 and underscores the critical need for multifaceted public health approaches to prevent the introduction and spread of respiratory viruses on mink farms. |
Notes from the Field: The National Wastewater Surveillance System's Centers of Excellence contributions to public health action during the respiratory virus season - four U.S. Jurisdictions, 2022-23
Valencia D , Yu AT , Wheeler A , Hopkins L , Pray I , Horter L , Vugia DJ , Matzinger S , Stadler L , Kloczko N , Welton M , Bertsch-Merbach S , Domakonda K , Antkiewicz D , Turner H , Crain C , Mulenga A , Shafer M , Owiti J , Schneider R , Janssen KH , Wolfe MK , McClellan SL , Boehm AB , Roguet A , White B , Schussman MK , Rane MS , Hemming J , Collins C , Abram A , Burnor E , Westergaard R , Ricaldi JN , Person J , Fehrenbach N . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023 72 (48) 1309-1312 Wastewater surveillance (WWS), the systematic detection of infectious agents in wastewater, provided a valuable tool for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 circulation during the COVID-19 pandemic; surveillance has expanded from 20 to 53 jurisdictions across the United States, with increasing capacity to test for more respiratory pathogens (1,2). This report highlights the use of wastewater data by the four National Wastewater Surveillance System’s (NWSS) Centers of Excellence (California; Colorado; Houston, Texas; and Wisconsin) to guide public health action during the 2022–23 respiratory disease season. This activity was reviewed by CDC, deemed not research, and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.* |
Using interpretive question evaluation methods to assess race and ethnicity items
Smith Z , Ryan V , Willson S . Surv Pract 2023 16 (1) 1-6 In 2021, we conducted a survey about an energy efficiency program sponsored by the city of Fort Collins. We implemented a novel, hybrid push-to-web door hanger method that we hoped would combine the attractive qualities of drop-off/pick-up and push-to-web. However, this strategy proved ineffective in survey recruitment. |
The association between safety climate and noncombat injury events among United States Air Force workers
Socias-Morales CM , Haas EJ , Gwilliam M , Yorio PL , Delaney NB , Falcon RG , Stallings HA , Burnham BR , Stuever DM , Stouder SM , Ewing GL , Collins JW , Chaumont Menendez CK . J Saf Res null [Epub ahead of print] Introduction: Work-related injuries are a common lagging safety indicator whereas safety climate assessments can help identify constructs serving as leading indicators. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) partnered with the U.S. Department of the Air Force (DAF) Safety Center to examine the association between perceptions of safety climate survey constructs and the number of injury events within the DAF workforce. Methods: The DAF administers voluntary, anonymous, occupation-specific safety climate surveys to DAF workers using the internal Air Force Combined Mishap Reduction System (AFCMRS). Survey responses from 2014 to 2018 provided by DAF workers and injury events in maintenance, support, and operations occupations were shared with NIOSH. Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed five constructs: Leadership and Communication; Organizational Safety Priority; Error Management; Resource Adequacy; and Deployment/Official Travel Impact. Squadron-level analysis included bivariate correlations and estimated Rate Ratios (RRs). Results: 1,547 squadrons administered the survey, averaging 144 workers and 15.8 reportable injuries per squadron. Higher (more favorable) squadron-level construct scores were consistently correlated with fewer reported injuries (p < 0.001). Controlling for the number of workers, RRs revealed significant reductions in injury rates with each one-unit increase in responses: Leadership and Communication RR = 0.40 (95 %CI: 0.32-0.48); Organizational Safety Priority RR = 0.50 (95 %CI: 0.40-0.64); Error Management RR = 0.37 (95 %CI: 0.30-0.47); Deployment/Official Travel Impact RR = 0.36 (95 %CI: 0.29-0.45). Resource Adequacy revealed a non-significant lower injury rate RR = 0.87 (95 %CI: 0.73-1.04). Conclusions: This unique study quantified safety climate and the association with injuries across a multi-year period. While safety climate measurements may be limited by frequent turnover and the self-reported, voluntary, anonymous nature of AFCMRS, the strength of this study is in the census of injuries. Practical Applications: Future research should include longitudinal analyses to examine the impact on injuries when squadron leaders are provided feedback on safety climate survey results. |
HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B virus infection and male circumcision in five Sub-Saharan African countries: Findings from the Population-based HIV Impact Assessment Surveys, 2015-2019
Peck ME , Bronson M , Djomand G , Basile I , Collins K , Kankindi I , Kayirangwa E , Malamba SS , Mugisha V , Nsanzimana S , Remera E , Kazaura KJ , Amuri M , Mmbando S , Mgomella GS , Simbeye D , Colletar Awor A , Biraro S , Kabuye G , Kirungi W , Chituwo O , Hanunka B , Kamboyi R , Mulenga L , Musonda B , Muyunda B , Nkumbula T , Malaba R , Mandisarisa J , Musuka G , Peterson AE , Toledo C . PLOS Glob Public Health 2023 3 (9) e0002326 Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) has primarily been promoted for HIV prevention. Evidence also supports that male circumcision offers protection against other sexually transmitted infections. This analysis assessed the effect of circumcision on syphilis, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and HIV. Data from the 2015 to 2019 Population-based HIV Impact Assessments (PHIAs) surveys from Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe were used for the analysis. The PHIA surveys are cross-sectional, nationally representative household surveys that include biomarking testing for HIV, syphilis and HBV infection. This is a secondary data analysis using publicly available PHIA data. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were created using pooled PHIA data across the five countries to assess the effect of male circumcision on HIV, active and ever syphilis, and HBV infection among sexually active males aged 15-59 years. Circumcised men had lower odds of syphilis infection, ever or active infection, and HIV, compared to uncircumcised men, after adjusting for covariates (active syphilis infection = 0.67 adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.52-0.87, ever having had a syphilis infection = 0.85 aOR, 95% CI, 0.73-0.98, and HIV = 0.53 aOR, 95% CI, 0.47-0.61). No difference between circumcised and uncircumcised men was identified for HBV infection (P = 0.75). Circumcised men have a reduced likelihood for syphilis and HIV compared to uncircumcised men. However, we found no statistically significant difference between circumcised and uncircumcised men for HBV infection. |
Medicaid coverage of guidelines-based asthma care across 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2021-2022
Link J , Green H , Kaplan B , Collins P , Welch P , Johnson C . Prev Chronic Dis 2023 20 E79 INTRODUCTION: Asthma affects more than 25 million Americans, including 4.2 million children. The burden of asthma disproportionately affects people enrolled in Medicaid, among other disparate groups. Improved availability and accessibility of guidelines-based treatments and services may ensure positive health outcomes for people with asthma. In this article, we provide an update to the American Lung Association's Asthma Guidelines-Based Care Coverage Project (the Project) to determine the extent of asthma care coverage and associated barriers in Medicaid programs for all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and examine improvements in coverage since 2017. METHODS: Findings from the Project, representing coverage from 2016-2017, were first published in Preventing Chronic Disease in 2018. The Project was updated in 2021 to reflect the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines 2020 Expert Panel Report-3 updates, which were finalized in December 2020. It now tracks coverage for 8 areas of guidelines-based care and 7 barriers to care in Medicaid programs by reviewing publicly available plan documents and engaging with Medicaid programs to review and confirm findings. RESULTS: Results from the Project, which reflect coverage in 2021-2022, show an increase in comprehensive coverage in Medicaid programs over the last 5 years. However, coverage remains inconsistent across programs, and barriers to accessing asthma care still exist. CONCLUSION: Although substantial improvement has been made to coverage, certain gaps and barriers to care must be addressed for patients to fully benefit from guidelines-based care to manage their asthma and improve health outcomes. |
Pregnancy-related deaths by Hispanic origin, United States, 2009-2018
Parker-Collins W , Njie F , Goodman DA , Cox S , Chang J , Petersen EE , Beauregard JL . J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2023 32 (12) 1320-1327 Objective: To describe pregnancy-related mortality among Hispanic people by place of origin (country or region of Hispanic ancestry), 2009-2018. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of pregnancy-related deaths among Hispanic people, stratified by place of origin (Central or South America, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Other and Unknown Hispanic), using Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System data, 2009-2018. We describe distributions of pregnancy-related deaths and pregnancy-related mortality ratios (number of pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births) overall and by place of origin for select demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: For 2009-2018, the overall pregnancy-related mortality ratio among Hispanic people was 11.5 pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 10.8-12.2). In general, pregnancy-related mortality ratios were higher among older age groups (i.e., 35 years and older) and lower among those with higher educational attainment (i.e., college degree or higher). Approximately two in five pregnancy-related deaths among Hispanic people occurred on the day of delivery through 6 days postpartum. Place of origin-specific pregnancy-related mortality ratios ranged from 9.6 (95% CI: 5.8-15.0) among people of Cuban origin to 15.3 (95% CI: 12.4-18.3) among people of Puerto Rican origin. Hemorrhage and infection were the most frequent causes of pregnancy-related deaths overall among Hispanic people. People of Puerto Rican origin had a higher proportion of deaths because of cardiomyopathy. Conclusions: We identified differences in pregnancy-related mortality by place of origin among Hispanic people that can help inform prevention of pregnancy-related deaths. |
The role of level of play in concussions in high school athletes
Waltzman D , DePadilla L , Breiding M , Pierpoint L , Collins C . J Public Health Manag Pract 2023 30 (1) 99-110 OBJECTIVES: To examine level of play (LOP) as a risk factor for concussion severity and recovery-related outcomes among high school athletes, stratified by sex, and among boys, by sport (football, non-football male sports). DESIGN/SETTING: Secondary analysis of data collected through the High School Reporting Information Online surveillance system for academic years 2007-2008 through 2018-2019. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 9916 concussions were reported between the academic years 2007-2008 and 2018-2019 from 9 sports (5189 from football; 2096 from non-football male sports; 2631 from female sports). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Examined the association between LOP (Freshman, Junior Varsity [JV], and Varsity teams) and concussion outcomes (number of concussion symptoms, symptom resolution time [SRT], and time to return to play [RTP]). RESULTS: Compared with Varsity football athletes, concussed JV football athletes had on average 0.19 fewer concussion symptoms, longer SRT (>1 week vs <1 week: odds ratio [OR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.5), and longer RTP (1-3 weeks vs <1 week: OR = 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-1.9; >3 weeks vs <1 week: OR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3). Compared with Varsity football athletes, Freshman football athletes had on average 0.48 fewer concussion symptoms, longer SRT (OR = 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.5), and longer RTP (1-3 weeks vs <1 week: OR = 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.0; >3 weeks vs <1 week: OR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-3.0). Similarly, compared with female athletes on Varsity teams, concussed JV female athletes had longer RTP (1-3 weeks vs <1 week: OR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7). Trend analyses revealed an increase in the number of concussion symptoms between 2015-2016 and 2018-2019, a decrease between 2009-2010 and 2018-2019 for SRT of less than 1 week, and an increase between 2014-2015 and 2018-2019 for RTP of less than 1 week among Varsity football athletes. Among Varsity female athletes, there was a linear decrease during the study period for RTP of less than 1 week. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a higher number of symptoms overall and in recent years, Varsity football players had shorter RTP than Freshman and JV athletes. |
A randomized controlled trial of antibody response to 2019-20 cell-based inactivated and egg-based live attenuated influenza vaccines in children and young adults (preprint)
Williams KV , Zhai B , Alcorn JF , Patricia Nowalk M , Levine MZ , Kim SS , Flannery B , Moehling Geffel K , Jaber Merranko A , Nagg JP , Collins M , Susick M , Clarke KS , Zimmerman RK , Martin JM . medRxiv 2021 2021.09.02.21263043 Background Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers to the live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) are typically lower than its counterpart egg-based inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV). Similar comparisons have not been made between LAIV4 and the 4-strain, cell-culture inactivated influenza vaccine (ccIIV4). We compared healthy children and young adult HAI titers against the 2019-2020 LAIV4 and ccIIV4.Methods Participants aged 4-21 years were randomized 1:1 to receive ccIIV4 (n =100) or LAIV4 (n=98). Blood was drawn prevaccination and on day 28 (21-35) post vaccination. HAI assays against egg-grown A/H1N1, A/H3N2, both vaccine B strains and cell-grown A/H3N2 antigens were conducted. Outcomes were geometric mean titers (GMT) and geometric mean fold rise (GMFR) in titers.Results GMTs to A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B/Victoria increased following both ccIIV and LAIV and to B/Yamagata following ccIIV (p<0.05). The GMFR range was 2.4-3.0 times higher for ccIIV4 than for LAIV4 (p<0.001). Within vaccine types, egg-grown A/H3N2 GMTs were higher (p<0.05) than cell-grown GMTs [ccIIV4 day 28: egg=205 (95% CI: 178-237); cell=136 (95% CI:113-165); LAIV4 day 28: egg=96 (95% CI: 83-112); cell=63 (95% CI: 58-74)]. The GMFR to A/H3N2 cell-grown and egg-grown antigens were similar. Pre-vaccination titers inversely predicted GMFR.Conclusion The HAI response to ccIIV4 was greater than LAIV4 in this study of mostly older children, and day 0 HAI titers inversely predicted GMFR for both vaccines. For both vaccines, the A/H3N2 cell-grown antigen levels were lower than egg-grown, but the GMFR for cell-grown and egg-grown did not differ significantly within vaccine type.Clinical Trials No NCT03982069Competing Interest StatementConflict of Interest: RKZ has received funding by Sanofi for an unrelated study. MPN has research funding from Merck & Co., Inc. for an unrelated study. JMM has received funding from Merck, Sharp and Dohme for an unrelated study.Clinical TrialClinical Trials No.: NCT03982069Funding StatementThis work was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [5U01IP001035] and by National Institutes of Health (NIH) [UL1TR001857], [KL2 TR001856], and/or [TL1 TR001858]. This work represents the views of the authors and not the CDC or NIH. Pennsylvania Statewide Immunization Information System (PA-SIIS) vaccine registry was used to verify vaccination status. These data were supplied in part by the Bureau of Health Statistics & Registries, Pennsylvania Department of Health, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Department of Health specifically disclaims responsibility for any analyses, interpretations, or conclusions. REDCap and the Department of Biomedical Informatics grant support (Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute at the University of Pittsburgh Grant Number UL1-TR-001857). Study data were collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at the University of Pittsburgh. Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The Institutional Review Boards at the University of Pittsburgh and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) approved this study. Written informed consent and assent, where appropriate, were obtained from all participants and/or their parents/legal guardians prior to beginning study procedures.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field expla ning why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData can be made available upon request.HAIhemagglutination inhibition assayIIVinactivated influenza vaccineccIIV4cell-culture-based inactivated influenza vaccine quadrivalentLAIV4Egg-based live attenuated influenza vaccine quadrivalentEMRElectronic medical recordRDEReceptor-destroying enzymePBSPhosphate-buffered salineCDCCenters for Disease Control and PreventionFDAFood and Drug AdministrationGMTGeometric mean titersGMFRGeometric mean fold riseACIPAdvisory Committee on Immunization PracticePA-SIISPennsylvania Statewide Immunization Information System |
Pragmatic selection of larval mosquito diets for insectary rearing of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti (preprint)
Benedict MQ , Hunt CM , Vella MG , Gonzalez KM , Dotson EM , Collins CM . bioRxiv 2019 740142 Larval mosquitoes are aquatic omnivorous scavengers which scrape food from submerged surfaces and collect suspended food particles with their mouth brushes. The composition of diets that have been used in insectaries varies widely though necessarily provides sufficient nutrition to allow colonies to be maintained. Issues such as cost, availability and experience influence which diet is selected. One component of larval diets, essential fatty acids, appears to be necessary for normal flight though deficiencies may not be evident in laboratory cages and are likely more important when mosquitoes are reared for release into the field in e.g. mark-release-recapture and genetic control activities.In this study, four diets were compared for rearing Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti, all of which provide these essential fatty acids. Two diets were custom formulations specifically designed for mosquitoes (Damiens) and two were commercially available fish foods: Doctors Foster and Smith Koi Staple Diet and TetraMin Plus Flakes. Development rate, survival, dry weight and adult longevity of mosquitoes reared with these four diets were measured. The method of presentation of one diet, Koi pellets, was additionally fed in two forms, pellets or a slurry, to determine any effect of food presentation on survival and development rate.While various criteria might be selected to choose ‘the best’ food, the readily-available Koi pellets resulted in development rates and adult longevity equal to the other diets, high survival to the adult stage and, additionally, this is available at low cost. |
Investigating the relationship between insecticide resistance, underlying molecular mechanisms and malaria prevalence in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Guinea (preprint)
Collins E , Vaselli NM , Sylla M , Beavogui AH , Orsborne J , Walker T , Messenger LA . bioRxiv 2018 434688 The threat of insecticide resistance across sub-Saharan Africa is anticipated to severely impact the continued effectiveness of malaria vector control. We investigated the effect of carbamate and pyrethroid resistance on Anopheles gambiae s.l age, Plasmodium falciparum infection and characterized molecular resistance mechanisms in Guinea. Pyrethroid resistance was intense, with survivors of ten times the insecticidal concentration required to kill susceptible individuals. The L1014F kdr allele was significantly associated with mosquito survival following deltamethrin or permethrin treatment (p=0.003 and p=0.04, respectively). N1575Y and I1527T mutations were identified in 13% and 10% of individuals, respectively, but neither conferred increased pyrethroid tolerance. Partial restoration of pyrethroid susceptibility following synergist pre-exposure suggest a role for mixed-function oxidases. Carbamate resistance was lower and significantly associated with the G119S Ace-1 mutation (p=0.001). Oocyst rates were 6.8% and 4.2% among resistant and susceptible mosquitoes, respectively; survivors of bendiocarb exposure were significantly more likely to be infected (p=0.03). Resistant mosquitoes had significantly lower parity rates; however, a subset of intensely pyrethroid-resistant vectors were more likely to be parous (p=0.042 and p=0.045, for survivors of five and ten times the diagnostic dose of insecticides, respectively). Our findings emphasize the need for additional studies directly assessing the influence of insecticide resistance on mosquito fitness. |
Memory CD4 T cell subset organization in the female reproductive tract is regulated via the menstrual cycle through CCR5 signaling (preprint)
Swaims-Kohlmeier A , Wein AN , Hardnett FP , Sheth AN , Li ZRT , Williams ME , Radzio-Basu J , Zheng H , Dinh C , Haddad LB , Collins EMB , Lobby JL , Kost K , Hayward SL , Ofotokun I , Antia R , Scharer CD , Lowen AC , Garcia-Lerma JG , Kohlmeier JE . bioRxiv 2022 03 Despite their importance for immunity against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the composition of the female reproductive tract (FRT) memory CD4 T cell population in response to changes in the local tissue environment during the menstrual cycle remains poorly defined. Here we show that across humans, non-human primates (NHP), and mice, FRT CD4 T cells comprise distinct subsets corresponding to migratory memory (TMM) and resident memory (TRM) cells. TMM display tissue-itinerant trafficking characteristics, restricted FRT tissue distribution, with distinct transcriptional properties and effector responses to infection. CD4 T cell subset fluctuations synchronized with cycle-driven proinflammatory changes within the local tissue environment and oral administration of a CCR5 antagonist inhibited cycle phase-specific migratory T cell surveillance. This study provides novel insights into the dynamic nature of FRT memory CD4 T cells and identifies the menstrual cycle as a key regulator of memory T cell defense at the site of STI exposure. Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. |
A randomized controlled trial to compare immunogenicity to cell-based versus live-attenuated influenza vaccines in children
Williams KV , Li ZN , Zhai B , Alcorn JF , Nowalk MP , Levine MZ , Kim SS , Flannery B , Moehling Geffel K , Merranko AJ , Collins M , Susick M , Clarke KS , Zimmerman RK , Martin JM . J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2023 12 (6) 342-352 BACKGROUND: Few studies have focused on the immune response to more recent influenza vaccine formulations such as cell-cultured inactivated influenza vaccine (ccIIV4) or live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) in older children and young adults, or differences in immunoglobulin response using newer antibody landscape technology. METHODS: Participants ages 4-21 were randomized to receive ccIIV4 (n = 112) or LAIV4 (n = 118). A novel high-throughput multiplex influenza antibody detection assay was used to provide detailed IgG, IgA, and IgM antibody isotypes, along with hemagglutination inhibition levels (HAI), measured pre- and 28 days post-vaccination. RESULTS: The HAI and immunoglobulin isotype response to ccIIV4 was greater than LAIV4, with significant increases in IgG but not IgA or IgM. The youngest participants had the highest LAIV4 response. Prior LAIV4 vaccination was associated with a higher response to current season ccIIV4. Cross-reactive A/Delaware/55/2019(H1N1)pdm09 antibodies were present pre-vaccination and increased in response to ccIIV4, but not LAIV4. Immunoglobulin assays strongly correlated with and confirmed the findings of HAI titers to measure immune response. CONCLUSIONS: Age and prior season vaccination may play a role in the immune response in children and young adults to ccIIV4 and LAIV4. While immunoglobulin isotypes provide high-level antigen-specific information, HAI titers alone can provide a meaningful representation of day 28 post-vaccination response. CLINICAL TRIALS NO: NCT03982069. |
Predicted reduction in transmission from deployment of ivermectin-treated birdfeeders for local control of West Nile virus
Holcomb KM , Nguyen C , Komar N , Foy BD , Panella NA , Baskett ML , Barker CM . Epidemics 2023 44 100697 Ivermectin (IVM)-treated birds provide the potential for targeted control of Culex mosquitoes to reduce West Nile virus (WNV) transmission. Ingestion of IVM increases mosquito mortality, which could reduce WNV transmission from birds to humans and in enzootic maintenance cycles affecting predominantly bird-feeding mosquitoes and from birds to humans. This strategy might also provide an alternative method for WNV control that is less hampered by insecticide resistance and the logistics of large-scale pesticide applications. Through a combination of field studies and modeling, we assessed the feasibility and impact of deploying IVM-treated birdfeed in residential neighborhoods to reduce WNV transmission. We first tracked 105 birds using radio telemetry and radio frequency identification to monitor their feeder usage and locations of nocturnal roosts in relation to five feeder sites in a neighborhood in Fort Collins, Colorado. Using these results, we then modified a compartmental model of WNV transmission to account for the impact of IVM on mosquito mortality and spatial movement of birds and mosquitoes on the neighborhood level. We found that, while the number of treated lots in a neighborhood strongly influenced the total transmission potential, the arrangement of treated lots in a neighborhood had little effect. Increasing the proportion of treated birds, regardless of the WNV competency status, resulted in a larger reduction in infection dynamics than only treating competent birds. Taken together, model results indicate that deployment of IVM-treated feeders could reduce local transmission throughout the WNV season, including reducing the enzootic transmission prior to the onset of human infections, with high spatial coverage and rates of IVM-induced mortality in mosquitoes. To improve predictions, more work is needed to refine estimates of daily mosquito movement in urban areas and rates of IVM-induced mortality. Our results can guide future field trials of this control strategy. |
Time series, seasonality and trend evaluation of 7years (20152021) of OSHA severe injury data
Gomes H , Parasram V , Collins J , Socias-Morales C . J Saf Res 2023 [Epub ahead of print] Problem: Employers are required to report severe work-related injuries (e.g., amputation, inpatient hospitalization, or loss of an eye), to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). This study examined the OSHA severe injury reports (SIRs) public microdata to understand time-related trends and patterns. Methods: This study included all SIRs from January 2015 to December 2021 (84 months). We employed time series decomposition models (classical additive and multiplicative, X-11, and X-13ARIMA-SEATS) to evaluate monthly seasonal effect and seasonally adjusted trend of SIRs. We developed data visuals to display trends from different models with the original data series. We compared number of daily SIRs by day of the week, and yearly trends by 2-digit NAICS and separately by 1-digit OIICS injury event. Results: There were a total of 70,241 SIRs in this 7 year period; ranging from 8,704 to 11,156 per year, and 600 to 1,100 per month. Seasonally adjusted trend indicated a gradual increase of SIRs over time until October 2018, then a steeper decrease until August 2020, and staying somewhat flat for the rest of the months. Seasonality indicated more SIRs were reported in the summer months (June, July, August). Daily SIRs indicated a weekday average of 34 (SD = 9) and weekend average of 11 (SD = 5). The Manufacturing and Construction industries reported the highest yearly SIRs. Contact with objects and equipment, and falls, slips, trips were the most numerous injury events associated with SIRs. Discussion: Although Federal OSHA SIR data do not include SIRs from state-plan jurisdictions, the data provide a timely national trend of SIR. This is the first known time series analysis of SIRs. Practical Applications: The findings of this study highlight the ability of researchers to use the SIRs as a timely indicator to understand occupational injury trends by specific industries and injury events. |
Time series, seasonality and trend evaluation of 7 years (2015–2021) of OSHA severe injury data
Gomes H , Parasram V , Collins J , Socias-Morales C . J Safety Res 2023 86 [Epub ahead of print] Problem: Employers are required to report severe work-related injuries (e.g., amputation, inpatient hospitalization, or loss of an eye), to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). This study examined the OSHA severe injury reports (SIRs) public microdata to understand time-related trends and patterns. Methods: This study included all SIRs from January 2015 to December 2021 (84 months). We employed time series decomposition models (classical additive and multiplicative, X-11, and X-13ARIMA-SEATS) to evaluate monthly seasonal effect and seasonally adjusted trend of SIRs. We developed data visuals to display trends from different models with the original data series. We compared number of daily SIRs by day of the week, and yearly trends by 2-digit NAICS and separately by 1-digit OIICS injury event. Results: There were a total of 70,241 SIRs in this 7 year period; ranging from 8,704 to 11,156 per year, and 600 to 1,100 per month. Seasonally adjusted trend indicated a gradual increase of SIRs over time until October 2018, then a steeper decrease until August 2020, and staying somewhat flat for the rest of the months. Seasonality indicated more SIRs were reported in the summer months (June, July, August). Daily SIRs indicated a weekday average of 34 (SD = 9) and weekend average of 11 (SD = 5). The Manufacturing and Construction industries reported the highest yearly SIRs. Contact with objects and equipment, and falls, slips, trips were the most numerous injury events associated with SIRs. Discussion: Although Federal OSHA SIR data do not include SIRs from state-plan jurisdictions, the data provide a timely national trend of SIR. This is the first known time series analysis of SIRs. Practical Applications: The findings of this study highlight the ability of researchers to use the SIRs as a timely indicator to understand occupational injury trends by specific industries and injury events. |
Systematic review of alternative HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care delivery models to improve PrEP services
Kamitani E , Mizuno Y , DeLuca JB , Collins CB . AIDS 2023 37 (10) 1593-1602 OBJECTIVES: To identify types, evidence, and study gaps of alternative HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care delivery models in the published literature. DESIGN: Systematic review and narrative synthesis. METHODS: We searched in the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Prevention Research Synthesis (PRS) database through December 2022 (PROSPERO CRD42022311747). We included studies published in English that reported implementation of alternative PrEP care delivery models. Two reviewers independently reviewed the full text and extracted data by using standard forms. Risk of bias was assessed using the adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Those that met our study criteria were evaluated for efficacy against CDC Evidence-Based Intervention (EBI) or Evidence-Informed Intervention (EI) criteria or Health Resources and Services Administration Emergency Strategy (ES) criteria, or for applicability by using an assessment based on the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework. RESULTS: This review identified 16 studies published between 2018-2022 that implemented alternative prescriber (n = 8), alternative setting for care (n = 4), alternative setting for laboratory screening (n = 1), or a combination of the above (n = 3) . The majority of studies were US-based (n = 12) with low risk of bias (n = 11). None of the identified studies met EBI, EI, or ES criteria. Promising applicability was found for pharmacists prescribers, telePrEP , and mail-in testing. CONCLUSIONS: Delivery of PrEP services outside of the traditional care system by expanding providers of PrEP care (e.g., pharmacist prescribers), as well as the settings of PrEP care (i.e., telePrEP) and laboratory screening (i.e., mail-in testing) may increase PrEP access and care delivery. |
Initial public health response and interim clinical guidance for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak - United States, December 31, 2019-February 4, 2020.
Patel A , Jernigan DB , 2019-nCOV CDC Response Team , Abdirizak Fatuma , Abedi Glen , Aggarwal Sharad , Albina Denise , Allen Elizabeth , Andersen Lauren , Anderson Jade , Anderson Megan , Anderson Tara , Anderson Kayla , Bardossy Ana Cecilia , Barry Vaughn , Beer Karlyn , Bell Michael , Berger Sherri , Bertulfo Joseph , Biggs Holly , Bornemann Jennifer , Bornstein Josh , Bower Willie , Bresee Joseph , Brown Clive , Budd Alicia , Buigut Jennifer , Burke Stephen , Burke Rachel , Burns Erin , Butler Jay , Cantrell Russell , Cardemil Cristina , Cates Jordan , Cetron Marty , Chatham-Stephens Kevin , Chatham-Stevens Kevin , Chea Nora , Christensen Bryan , Chu Victoria , Clarke Kevin , Cleveland Angela , Cohen Nicole , Cohen Max , Cohn Amanda , Collins Jennifer , Conners Erin , Curns Aaron , Dahl Rebecca , Daley Walter , Dasari Vishal , Davlantes Elizabeth , Dawson Patrick , Delaney Lisa , Donahue Matthew , Dowell Chad , Dyal Jonathan , Edens William , Eidex Rachel , Epstein Lauren , Evans Mary , Fagan Ryan , Farris Kevin , Feldstein Leora , Fox LeAnne , Frank Mark , Freeman Brandi , Fry Alicia , Fuller James , Galang Romeo , Gerber Sue , Gokhale Runa , Goldstein Sue , Gorman Sue , Gregg William , Greim William , Grube Steven , Hall Aron , Haynes Amber , Hill Sherrasa , Hornsby-Myers Jennifer , Hunter Jennifer , Ionta Christopher , Isenhour Cheryl , Jacobs Max , Jacobs Slifka Kara , Jernigan Daniel , Jhung Michael , Jones-Wormley Jamie , Kambhampati Anita , Kamili Shifaq , Kennedy Pamela , Kent Charlotte , Killerby Marie , Kim Lindsay , Kirking Hannah , Koonin Lisa , Koppaka Ram , Kosmos Christine , Kuhar David , Kuhnert-Tallman Wendi , Kujawski Stephanie , Kumar Archana , Landon Alexander , Lee Leslie , Leung Jessica , Lindstrom Stephen , Link-Gelles Ruth , Lively Joana , Lu Xiaoyan , Lynch Brian , Malapati Lakshmi , Mandel Samantha , Manns Brian , Marano Nina , Marlow Mariel , Marston Barbara , McClung Nancy , McClure Liz , McDonald Emily , McGovern Oliva , Messonnier Nancy , Midgley Claire , Moulia Danielle , Murray Janna , Noelte Kate , Noonan-Smith Michelle , Nordlund Kristen , Norton Emily , Oliver Sara , Pallansch Mark , Parashar Umesh , Patel Anita , Patel Manisha , Pettrone Kristen , Pierce Taran , Pietz Harald , Pillai Satish , Radonovich Lewis , Reagan-Steiner Sarah , Reel Amy , Reese Heather , Rha Brian , Ricks Philip , Rolfes Melissa , Roohi Shahrokh , Roper Lauren , Rotz Lisa , Routh Janell , Sakthivel Senthil Kumar Sarmiento Luisa , Schindelar Jessica , Schneider Eileen , Schuchat Anne , Scott Sarah , Shetty Varun , Shockey Caitlin , Shugart Jill , Stenger Mark , Stuckey Matthew , Sunshine Brittany , Sykes Tamara , Trapp Jonathan , Uyeki Timothy , Vahey Grace , Valderrama Amy , Villanueva Julie , Walker Tunicia , Wallace Megan , Wang Lijuan , Watson John , Weber Angie , Weinbaum Cindy , Weldon William , Westnedge Caroline , Whitaker Brett , Whitaker Michael , Williams Alcia , Williams Holly , Willams Ian , Wong Karen , Xie Amy , Yousef Anna . Am J Transplant 2020 20 (3) 889-895 This article summarizes what is currently known about the 2019 novel coronavirus and offers interim guidance. |
Brief youth self-report screener for tics: Can a subscale of the Motor Tic, Obsession And Compulsion, And Vocal Tic Evaluation Survey (MOVES) identify tic disorders in youth
Lewin AB , Murphy TK , Mink JW , Small BJ , Adams HR , Brennan E , Augustine EF , Vermilion J , Vierhile A , Collins A , Kudryk K , Dickinson S , Danielson ML , Bitsko RH . Evid Based Pract Child Adolesc Mental Heal 2023 Tics are unwanted, repetitive movements and sounds that frequently present during childhood. They are typically brief and purposeless, but can create significant distress for individuals, and often co-occur with other neuropsychiatric conditions. Thus, early identification of tics is warranted. Unfortunately, tics are often misdiagnosed, and because tics may wax and wane, identification can be difficult, especially in the context of routine clinical visits. There are limited tools that can be used to reliably identify tics in clinical practice, especially in non-specialty settings. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the performance of the Motor tic, Obsession and compulsion, and Vocal tic Evaluation Survey (MOVES), a self-report scale with some support as a screening tool. In addition, the performance of a subset of questions (the MOVES-6) was evaluated for rapid screening. Participants were recruited across two study sites and included children and adolescents diagnosed with Tourette syndrome (n = 151) or another persistent tic disorder (n = 10) and community controls (n = 74). Results suggest that both MOVES and the MOVES-6 have high sensitivity (90% and 88%, respectively) and at least acceptable specificity (77% and 86%, respectively) compared with expert assessment of tic disorders, suggesting that both versions can identify tic disorders without high proportions of false negatives. Both versions were highly sensitive with acceptable specificity regardless of sex, race/ethnicity, and age. The MOVES and MOVES-6 show promise as a screener for tics or tic disorders, but additional research is needed, particularly in a general population setting. 2023 Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. |
Epidemiologic and clinical features of Mpox-associated deaths - United States, May 10, 2022-March 7, 2023
Riser AP , Hanley A , Cima M , Lewis L , Saadeh K , Alarcón J , Finn L , Kim M , Adams J , Holt D , Feldpausch A , Pavlick J , English A , Smith M , Rehman T , Lubelchek R , Black S , Collins M , Mounsey L , Blythe D , Avalos MH , Lee EH , Samson O , Wong M , Stokich BD , Salehi E , Denny L , Waller K , Talley P , Schuman J , Fischer M , White S , Davis K , Caeser Cuyler A , Sabzwari R , Anderson RN , Byrd K , Gold JAW , Kindilien S , Lee JT , O'Connor S , O'Shea J , Salmon-Trejo LAT , Velazquez-Kronen R , Zelaya C , Bower W , Ellington S , Gundlapalli AV , McCollum AM , Zilversmit Pao L , Rao AK , Wong KK , Guagliardo SAJ . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023 72 (15) 404-410 As of March 7, 2023, a total of 30,235 confirmed and probable monkeypox (mpox) cases were reported in the United States,(†) predominantly among cisgender men(§) who reported recent sexual contact with another man (1). Although most mpox cases during the current outbreak have been self-limited, cases of severe illness and death have been reported (2-4). During May 10, 2022-March 7, 2023, 38 deaths among persons with probable or confirmed mpox(¶) (1.3 per 1,000 mpox cases) were reported to CDC and classified as mpox-associated (i.e., mpox was listed as a contributing or causal factor). Among the 38 mpox-associated deaths, 94.7% occurred in cisgender men (median age = 34 years); 86.8% occurred in non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black) persons. The median interval from symptom onset to death was 68 days (IQR = 50-86 days). Among 33 decedents with available information, 93.9% were immunocompromised because of HIV. Public health actions to prevent mpox deaths include integrated testing, diagnosis, and early treatment for mpox and HIV, and ensuring equitable access to both mpox and HIV prevention and treatment, such as antiretroviral therapy (ART) (5). |
Brief youth self-report screener for tics: Can a subscale of the Motor Tic, Obsession And Compulsion, And Vocal Tic Evaluation Survey (MOVES) identify tic disorders in youth?
Lewin AB , Murphy TK , Mink JW , Small BJ , Adams HR , Brennan E , Augustine EF , Vermilion J , Vierhile A , Collins A , Kudryk K , Dickinson S , Danielson ML , Bitsko RH . Evid Based Pract Child Adolesc Ment Health 2023 8 (2) 1-11 Tics are unwanted, repetitive movements and sounds that frequently present during childhood. They are typically brief and purposeless, but can create significant distress for individuals, and often co-occur with other neuropsychiatric conditions. Thus, early identification of tics is warranted. Unfortunately, tics are often misdiagnosed, and because tics may wax and wane, identification can be difficult, especially in the context of routine clinical visits. There are limited tools that can be used to reliably identify tics in clinical practice, especially in non-specialty settings. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the performance of the Motor tic, Obsession and compulsion, and Vocal tic Evaluation Survey (MOVES), a self-report scale with some support as a screening tool. In addition, the performance of a subset of questions (the MOVES-6) was evaluated for rapid screening. Participants were recruited across two study sites and included children and adolescents diagnosed with Tourette syndrome (n = 151) or another persistent tic disorder (n = 10) and community controls (n = 74). Results suggest that both MOVES and the MOVES-6 have high sensitivity (90% and 88%, respectively) and at least acceptable specificity (77% and 86%, respectively) compared with expert assessment of tic disorders, suggesting that both versions can identify tic disorders without high proportions of false negatives. Both versions were highly sensitive with acceptable specificity regardless of sex, race/ethnicity, and age. The MOVES and MOVES-6 show promise as a screener for tics or tic disorders, but additional research is needed, particularly in a general population setting. © 2023 Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. |
Evaluation of new instruments for screening and diagnosis of tics and tic disorders in a well-characterized sample of youth with tics and recruited controls
Adams HR , Augustine EF , Bonifacio K , Collins AE , Danielson ML , Mink JW , Morrison P , van Wijngaarden E , Vermilion J , Vierhile A , Bitsko RH . Evid Based Pract Child Adolesc Mental Heal 2023 Tics and tic disorders can significantly impact children, but limited screening tools and diagnostic challenges may delay access to care. The current study attempted to address these gaps by evaluating sensitivity and specificity of the Motor or Vocal Inventory of Tics (MOVeIT), a tic symptom screener, and the Description of Tic Symptoms (DoTS), a brief diagnostic assessment for tic disorders. Children (n = 100, age 6–17 years old) with tic disorders attending a Tourette specialty clinic and a community-recruited sample without tics completed a gold-standard assessment by a tic expert; these evaluations were compared to child self-report and parent and teacher report versions of the MOVeIT, and child and parent versions of the DoTS. The parent and child MOVeIT met or exceeded pre-specified 85% sensitivity and specificity criteria for detecting the presence of tics when compared to a gold-standard tic expert diagnosis. The Teacher MOVeIT had lower sensitivity (71.4%) but good specificity (95.7%) for identifying any tic symptoms compared to gold standard. For determination of the presence or absence of any tic disorder, sensitivity of both parent and child DoTS was 100%; specificity of the parent DoTS was 92.7% and child DoTS specificity was 75.9%. More work may be needed to refine the teacher MOVeIT, but it is also recognized that tic expression may vary by setting. While the MOVeIT and DoTS parent and child questionnaires demonstrated adequate sensitivity and specificity for determining the presence of tics and tic disorders in this well-defined sample, additional testing in a general population is warranted. © 2023 Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. |
Case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis associated with surfing at an artificial surf venue: Environmental investigation
Miko S , Cope JR , Hlavsa MC , Ali IKM , Brown TW , Collins JP , Greeley RD , Kahler AM , Moore KO , Roundtree AV , Roy S , Sanders LL , Shah V , Stuteville HD , Mattioli MC . ACS ES T Water 2022 Naegleria fowleri is a thermophilic ameba found in freshwater that causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) when it enters the nose and migrates to the brain. In September 2018, a 29-year-old man died of PAM after traveling to Texas. We conducted an epidemiologic and environmental investigation to identify the water exposure associated with this PAM case. The patients most probable water exposure occurred while surfing in an artificial surf venue. The surf venue water was not filtered or recirculated; water disinfection and water quality testing were not documented. N. fowleri and thermophilic amebae were detected in recreational water and sediment samples throughout the facility. Codes and standards for treated recreational water venues open to the public could be developed to address these novel venues. Clinicians and public health officials should also consider novel recreational water venues as a potential exposure for this rare amebic infection. Not subject to U.S. Copyright. Published 2023 by American Chemical Society. |
Notes From the Field: First evidence of locally acquired dengue virus infection - Maricopa County, Arizona, November 2022
Kretschmer M , Collins J , Dale AP , Garrett B , Koski L , Zabel K , Staab RN , Turnbow K , Nativio J , Andrews K , Smith WE , Townsend J , Busser N , Will J , Burr K , Jones FK , Santiago GA , Fitzpatrick KA , Ruberto I , Fitzpatrick K , White JR , Adams L , Sunenshine RH . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023 72 (11) 290-291 On November 7, 2022, dengue virus (DENV), which is not endemic in the continental United States (1), was identified in a Maricopa County, Arizona resident by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing at Arizona State Public Health Laboratory (ASPHL). The patient (patient A) was admitted to a hospital on October 19 for a dengue-like illness, 7 days after traveling to and remaining in Mexicali, Mexico for <4 hours. Patient A was hospitalized for 3 days and subsequently recovered. Maricopa County Environmental Services Department (MCESD) conducted retrospective testing for DENV in samples collected from 21 mosquito pools located within 5 miles (8 km) of patient A’s residence during October 1–November 3. A sample collected from one mosquito pool (pool A) on October 5 was positive for DENV. Whole genome sequencing by CDC’s Dengue Branch later revealed that closely related DENV-3 strains not known to be circulating in the patient’s travel region were identified in both patient A and pool A, suggesting local DENV transmission. |
Automating case reporting of chlamydia and gonorrhea to public health authorities in Illinois clinics: Implementation and evaluation of findings
Mishra N , Grant R , Patel MT , Guntupalli S , Hamilton A , Carr J , McKnight E , Wise W , deRoode D , Jellison J , Collins NV , Pérez A , Karki S . JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023 9 e38868 BACKGROUND: Chlamydia and gonorrhea cases continue to rise in Illinois, increasing by 16.4% and 70.9% in 2019, respectively, compared with 2015. Providers are required to report both chlamydia and gonorrhea, as mandated by public health laws. Manual reporting remains a huge burden; 90%-93% of cases were reported to Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) via electronic laboratory reporting (ELR), and the remaining were reported through web-based data entry platforms, faxes, and phone calls. However, cases reported via ELRs only contain information available to a laboratory facility and do not contain additional data needed for public health. Such data are typically found in an electronic health record (EHR). Electronic case reports (eCRs) were developed and automated the generation of case reports from EHRs to be reported to public health agencies. OBJECTIVE: Prior studies consolidated trigger criteria for eCRs, and compared with manual reporting, found it to be more complete. The goal of this project is to pilot standards-based eCR for chlamydia and gonorrhea. We evaluated the throughput, completeness, and timeliness of eCR compared to ELR, as well as the implementation experience at a large health center-controlled network in Illinois. METHODS: For this study, we selected 8 clinics located on the north, west, and south sides of Chicago to implement the eCRs; these cases were reported to IDPH. The study period was 52 days. The centralized EHR used by these clinics leveraged 2 of the 3 case detection scenarios, which were previously defined as the trigger, to generate an eCR. These messages were successfully transmitted via Health Level 7 electronic initial case report standard. Upon receipt by IDPH, these eCRs were parsed and housed in a staging database. RESULTS: During the study period, 183 eCRs representing 135 unique patients were received by IDPH. eCR reported 95% (n=113 cases) of all the chlamydia cases and 97% (n=70 cases) of all the gonorrhea cases reported from the participating clinical sites. eCR found an additional 14 (19%) cases of gonorrhea that were not reported via ELR. However, ELR reported an additional 6 cases of chlamydia and 2 cases of gonorrhea, which were not reported via eCR. ELR reported 100% of chlamydia cases but only 81% of gonorrhea cases. While key elements such as patient and provider names were complete in both eCR and ELR, eCR was found to report additional clinical data, including history of present illness, reason for visit, symptoms, diagnosis, and medications. CONCLUSIONS: eCR successfully identified and created automated reports for chlamydia and gonorrhea cases in the implementing clinics in Illinois. eCR demonstrated a more complete case report and represents a promising future of reducing provider burden for reporting cases while achieving greater semantic interoperability between health care systems and public health. |
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