Last data update: Jun 03, 2024. (Total: 46935 publications since 2009)
Records 1-8 (of 8 Records) |
Query Trace: Abernathy ES [original query] |
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Etiological analysis of discarded measles in the context of a measles outbreak among a highly immunized population
Torner N , Mercader S , Dominguez A , Martinez A , Costa J , Sowers SB , Abernathy ES , Bellini WJ , Hickman CJ . Pediatr Int 2022 65 (1) e15430 BACKGROUND: Measles can lead to serious complications and remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We aimed to assess the etiological diagnosis of discarded measles cases in the context of an outbreak among a highly immunized population. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study of discarded measles cases from an outbreak that occurred from October 2006 to July 2007 in Catalonia. A confirmed case was defined as having a positive measles serum IgM result and/or a positive result by RT-PCR in urine and/or nasopharyngeal swab; or an epidemiological link to a confirmed case. Serum specimens were tested by a commercially available indirect-format and by an in-house capture-format measles IgM enzyme immunoassays. RESULTS: Testing of 89 samples discarded for measles determined the etiologies for 10 (11.2%), including 1 rubella, 3 human herpes virus 6, and 6 measles infections. Of 381 confirmed cases in the outbreak, 10% had received at least one dose of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine versus 54% of the discarded for measles (OR=0.09: 95%CI 0.06, 0.14; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Highly sensitive surveillance systems are critical to identifying cases, responding to outbreaks and verifying progress towards measles elimination. Molecular tools for measles detection and differential diagnosis, and collection of appropriate specimens for molecular and serologic testing are essential to correctly diagnose suspected measles infection. |
Epidemiology of rubella infection and genotyping of rubella virus in Cote d'Ivoire, 2012-2016.
Kadjo HA , Waku-Kouomou D , Adagba M , Abernathy ES , Abdoulaye O , Adjogoua DE , Coulibaly-Traore F , Aboubacar S , Daniel E , Icenogle J , Dosso M . J Med Virol 2018 90 (11) 1687-1694 BACKGROUND: Rubella is a contagious disease cause by the rubella virus (RuV) that can lead to serious birth defects when women are infected in early pregnancy. This work aimed to describe the epidemiology and genetic diversity of rubella viruses in Cote d'Ivoire (CIV). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Blood or oral fluid samples collected from suspected measles cases were first tested for the presence of measles specific IgM antibodies by ELISA. All measles IgM negative or indeterminate samples were tested for rubella IgM antibody using ELISA. Rubella- IgM positive samples were tested by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for the presence of rubella virus RNA. Real-time RT-PCR positive RNA samples were used as template to amplify the 739-nt region used for rubella genotyping. PCR positive samples were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis performed. RESULTS: Between 2012 and 2016, 4121 serums and 126 oral fluids were collected through the measles surveillance system. Of these, 3823 and 108 respectively were measles IgM negative or indeterminate. Subsequent testing for rubella found that 690/3823 (18%) serum samples and 25/108 (23%) oral fluid samples were rubella IgM positive. The 739-nt segment of the E1 glycoprotein gene was amplified and sequenced for 2 serums and 7 oral fluids samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the rubella viruses from CIV belonged to genotypes 1G (8 samples) and 2B (1 sample). CONCLUSION: Rubella virus genotype 2B was found in CIV for the first time. These data contribute to baseline information on rubella virus strains found in CIV prior to the introduction of rubella vaccine This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. |
Congenital rubella syndrome in child of woman without known risk factors, New Jersey, USA
Pitts SI , Wallace GS , Montana B , Handschur EF , Meislich D , Sampson AC , Canuso S , Horner J , Barskey AE , Abernathy ES , Icenogle JP . Emerg Infect Dis 2014 20 (2) 307-9 We report a case of congenital rubella syndrome in a child born to a vaccinated New Jersey woman who had not traveled internationally. Although rubella and congenital rubella syndrome have been eliminated from the United States, clinicians should remain vigilant and immediately notify public health authorities when either is suspected. |
Elimination of endemic measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome from the Western hemisphere: the US experience.
Papania MJ , Wallace GS , Rota PA , Icenogle JP , Fiebelkorn AP , Armstrong GL , Reef SE , Redd SB , Abernathy ES , Barskey AE , Hao L , McLean HQ , Rota JS , Bellini WJ , Seward JF . JAMA Pediatr 2013 168 (2) 148-55 IMPORTANCE: To verify the elimination of endemic measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) from the Western hemisphere, the Pan American Health Organization requested each member country to compile a national elimination report. The United States documented the elimination of endemic measles in 2000 and of endemic rubella and CRS in 2004. In December 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened an external expert panel to review the evidence and determine whether elimination of endemic measles, rubella, and CRS had been sustained. OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence for sustained elimination of endemic measles, rubella, and CRS from the United States through 2011. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Review of data for measles from 2001 to 2011 and for rubella and CRS from 2004 to 2011 covering the US resident population and international visitors, including disease epidemiology, importation status of cases, molecular epidemiology, adequacy of surveillance, and population immunity as estimated by national vaccination coverage and serologic surveys. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Annual numbers of measles, rubella, and CRS cases, by importation status, outbreak size, and distribution; proportions of US population seropositive for measles and rubella; and measles-mumps-rubella vaccination coverage levels. RESULTS: Since 2001, US reported measles incidence has remained below 1 case per 1 000 000 population. Since 2004, rubella incidence has been below 1 case per 10 000 000 population, and CRS incidence has been below 1 case per 5 000 000 births. Eighty-eight percent of measles cases and 54% of rubella cases were internationally imported or epidemiologically or virologically linked to importation. The few cases not linked to importation were insufficient to represent endemic transmission. Molecular epidemiology indicated no endemic genotypes. The US surveillance system is adequate to detect endemic measles or rubella. Seroprevalence and vaccination coverage data indicate high levels of population immunity to measles and rubella. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The external expert panel concluded that the elimination of endemic measles, rubella, and CRS from the United States was sustained through 2011. However, international importation continues, and health care providers should suspect measles or rubella in patients with febrile rash illness, especially when associated with international travel or international visitors, and should report suspected cases to the local health department. |
Genotyping of rubella virus RNA in sera and dried blood spots collected during routine surveillance and in archival sera.
Zheng Q , Abernathy ES , Sun H , Zhu Z , de Filippis A , Akoua-Koffi C , Ahmed H , Morris-Glasgow V , Quist-Therson M , Icenogle JP . J Virol Methods 2012 187 (2) 284-7 Information on the molecular epidemiology of rubella has been valuable in supporting efforts to control and eliminate rubella in several countries. The preferred samples for virus isolation or RNA detection, such as throat swabs, are often not available making it difficult to obtain a robust database of rubella virus sequences. A method for obtaining rubella virus genotypes from more commonly collected samples such as sera or dried blood spots using real-time RT-PCR to screen samples followed by nested set amplification is described. Rubella genotypes were obtained from dried blood spots and recent and archival sera collections. Eighteen percent of the RNAs extracted from the archival sera were real-time RT-PCR positive, and 44% of these RNAs were amplified successfully by nested RT-PCR and sequenced. Implementation of this technique could provide another tool to improve global rubella molecular surveillance. |
Virologic surveillance for wild-type rubella viruses in the Americas
Icenogle JP , Siqueira MM , Abernathy ES , Lemos XR , Fasce RA , Torres G , Reef SE . J Infect Dis 2011 204 Suppl 2 S647-51 The goal of eliminating rubella from the Americas by 2010 was established in 2003. Subsequently, a systematic nomenclature for wild-type rubella viruses (wtRVs) was established, wtRVs circulating in the region were catalogued, and importations of wtRVs into a number of countries were documented. The geographic distribution of wtRVs of various genotypes in the Americas, interpreted in the context of the global distribution of these viruses, contributed to the documentation of rubella elimination from some countries. Data from virologic surveillance also contributed to the conclusion that viruses of genotype 2B began circulating endemically in the Americas during 2006-2007. Viruses of one genotype (1C), which are restricted to the Americas, will likely disappear completely from the world as they are eliminated from the Americas. Efforts to expand virologic surveillance for wtRVs in the Americas will also provide additional data aiding the elimination of rubella from the region. For example, identification of vaccine virus in specimens from rash and fever cases found during elimination can identify such cases as vaccine associated. |
Status of global virologic surveillance for rubella viruses
Abernathy ES , Hubschen JM , Muller CP , Jin L , Brown D , Komase K , Mori Y , Xu W , Zhu Z , Siqueira MM , Shulga S , Tikhonova N , Pattamadilok S , Incomserb P , Smit SB , Akoua-Koffi C , Bwogi J , Lim WW , Woo GK , Triki H , Jee Y , Mulders MN , de Filippis AM , Ahmed H , Ramamurty N , Featherstone D , Icenogle JP . J Infect Dis 2011 204 Suppl 1 S524-32 The suspected measles case definition captures rubella cases. Therefore, measles surveillance will be improved in the course of the control and eventual elimination of rubella transmission. One aspect of rubella control, virologic surveillance, is reviewed here. A systematic nomenclature for rubella viruses (RVs) based on 13 genotypes has been established and is updated when warranted by increases in information about RVs. From 2005 through 2010, the genotypes of RVs most frequently reported were 1E, 1G, and 2B, and genotypes 1a, 1B, 1C, 1h, 1j, and 2C were less frequently reported. Virologic surveillance can support rubella control and elimination. Synopses of rubella virologic surveillance in various countries, regions, and globally are given, including characterization of viruses from imported cases in a country that has eliminated rubella and studies of endemic viruses circulating in countries without rubella control objectives. Current challenges are discussed. |
Phylogenetic analysis of rubella viruses involved in congenital rubella infections in France between 1995 and 2009
Vauloup-Fellous C , Hubschen JM , Abernathy ES , Icenogle J , Gaidot N , Dubreuil P , Parent-du-Chatelet I , Grangeot-Keros L , Muller CP . J Clin Microbiol 2010 48 (7) 2530-5 BACKGROUND: Rubella is an acute infectious disease with normally a mild clinical course. However, infections during pregnancy, especially before week 12 of gestation (WG), can cause severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to perform genotyping and a molecular characterization of rubella viruses involved in congenital infections in France during the past fifteen years (1995 - 2009). STUDY DESIGN: Amniotic fluid (AF) (N= 80) of pregnant women with a congenital rubella infection (CRI) before week 20 of gestation and a few other samples available from children/newborns with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) (N = 26), were analysed. The rubella virus E1 gene coding region was amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction directly from clinical specimens, and the resulting DNA fragments were sequenced. Sequences were assigned to genotypes by phylogenetic analysis with rubella virus reference sequences. RESULTS: A sufficient E1 gene sequence was obtained from 56 cases. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences showed that at least five different genotypes (1E, 1G, 1B, 2B, and 1h) were present in France and involved in congenital infections, with a strong predominance of genotype 1E (87%). CONCLUSION: This is one of the very few comprehensive studies of rubella viruses involved in CRI. The results indicated that during the past 15 years multiple introductions of the dominant genotype E caused most of the CRI cases in France. A few sporadic cases were due to other genotypes (1B, 1G, 1h, 2B). |
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