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Published on 02/18/2021

COVID-19 Genomics and Precision Public Health Weekly Update Content

Pathogen and Human Genomics Studies

  • Longitudinal Metabolomics of Human Plasma Reveals Robust Prognostic Markers of COVID-19 Disease Severity.
    Sindelar Miriam et al. medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 2021 Feb
    To aid in the prognostic classification of disease severity, we performed untargeted metabolomics profiling of 341 patients with plasma samples collected at six longitudinal time points. Using the temporal metabolic profiles and machine learning, we then built a predictive model of disease severity. We determined that the levels of 25 metabolites measured at the time of hospital admission successfully predict future disease severity.
  • Inclusion of cycle threshold (CT) values when reporting SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR results improves clinical Interpretation in suspected and confirmed COVID-19
    P Coyle et al, MEDRXIX, February 12, 2021
    The Cycle Threshold (CT) value in Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is where a target specific amplification signal becomes detectable and can infer viral load, risk of transmission and recovery in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Adoption into routine practice is however uncommon.
  • Screening for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR: saliva or nasopharyngeal swab? Systematic review and meta-analysis.
    N Ibrahimi et al, MEDRXIV, February 12, 2021
    A total of 318 studies were retrieved, of which 49 were eligible, reporting on 16,272 pairs of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal and saliva samples. Meta-analysis showed high concordance, 92.6% (95%CI: 89.6-94.8), across studies and pooled sensitivities of 86.7% (95%CI: 83.5-89.3) and 92.2 (95%CI: 89.4-94.4) from saliva and nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs.
  • Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California.
    Zhang Wenjuan et al. JAMA 2021 Feb
    A spike in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has occurred in Southern California since October 2020. Analysis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Southern California prior to October indicated most isolates originated from clade 20C that likely emerged from New York via Europe early in the pandemic.
  • The origin and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe.
    Nadeau Sarah A et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2021 Mar (9)
    Based on SARS-CoV-2 genomes, we reconstruct a partial transmission tree of the early pandemic and coinfer the geographic location of ancestral lineages as well as the number of migration events into and between European regions. We find that the predominant lineage spreading in Europe during this time has a most recent common ancestor in Italy and was probably seeded by a transmission event in either Hubei, China or Germany.
  • Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among healthcare workers and patients in a teaching hospital in the Netherlands confirmed by whole genome sequencing.
    Paltansing S et al. The Journal of hospital infection 2021 Feb
    Whole genome sequences were obtained for 30 HCWs and 20 patients. We found 7 sequence types in HCW and 11 in patients. Sequence Cluster A was the most predominant sequence type detected in 23 (77%) HCW, of whom 14 (74%) had direct patient contact and 9 (90%) with indirect patient contact. In addition, seven patients outside of the COVID-19 cohort isolation ward who became positive during their admission were infected with SARS-CoV-2 cluster A.
  • Reports of Anaphylaxis After Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in the US-December 14, 2020-January 18, 2021.
    Shimabukuro Tom T et al. JAMA 2021 Feb
    A total of 9?943?247 doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and 7?581?429 doses of the Moderna vaccine were reported in the US. CDC identified 66 case reports received by VAERS that met Brighton Collaboration case definition criteria for anaphylaxis (levels 1, 2 or 3): 47 following Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, for a reporting rate of 4.7 cases/million doses administered, and 19 following Moderna vaccine, for a rate of 2.5 cases/million doses administered.
  • Emergence in late 2020 of multiple lineages of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein variants affecting amino acid position 677
    EB Hodcroft et al, MEDRXIV, February 14, 2021
    Independent genomic surveillance programs based in New Mexico and Louisiana contemporaneously detected the rapid rise of numerous clade 20G (lineage B.1.2) infections carrying a Q677P substitution in S. The variant was first detected in the US on October 23, 2020.
  • Comparison of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Screening Using Reverse Transcriptase-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction or CRISPR-Based Assays in Asymptomatic College Students.
    Rauch Jennifer N et al. JAMA network open 2021 Feb (2) e2037129
    For this cohort study, a total of 1808 asymptomatic participants were screened for SARS-CoV-2 using a CRISPR-based assay and a point-of-reference reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The concordance between CRISPR-based and RT-qPCR testing suggests that CRISPR-based assays are reliable and offer alternative options for surveillance testing and detection of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, as is required to resume operations in higher-education institutions.
  • Simpler and faster Covid-19 testing: Strategies to streamline SARS-CoV-2 molecular assays.
    Panpradist Nuttada et al. EBioMedicine 2021 Feb 103236
    Alow-cost RT-PCR based "kit" was developed for faster turnaround than the CDC developed protocol. We demonstrated three detection workflows: two that can be deployed in laboratories conducting assays of variable complexity, and one that could be simple enough for point-of-care.
  • Detection of B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 Variant Strain — Zambia, December 2020
    M Mwenda et al, MMWR, February 17, 2021
    Among the 23 specimens collected during December 16–23, 22 (96%) were the B.1.351 variant. None of the 245 previously sequenced genomes was from this lineage. Among the 22 specimens containing the variant strain, 21 (95%) contained all nine B.1.351 lineage-defining mutations. Thirteen (57%) were from males, and the median patient age was 32 years.
  • First Identified Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.1.7 in Minnesota — December 2020–January 2021
    MJ Firestone et al, MMWR, February 17, 2021
    The SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 was identified in eight specimens from Minnesota residents, including six (19%) of the 31 specimens sequenced by MDH-PHL and two specimens sequenced through CDC’s national SARS-CoV-2 surveillance system.¶ The eight specimens were collected during December 18, 2020–January 11, 2021, from eight Minnesota residents in five counties.
  • Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
    DM Shoronski et al, NEJM, February 17,2021
    We used documents submitted to the Food and Drug Administration2 to derive the vaccine efficacy beginning from 2 weeks after the first dose to before the second dose (Table 1). Even before the second dose, BNT162b2 was highly efficacious, with a vaccine efficacy of 92.6%

Non-Genomics Precision Health Studies

  • Longitudinal Metabolomics of Human Plasma Reveals Robust Prognostic Markers of COVID-19 Disease Severity.
    Sindelar Miriam et al. medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 2021 Feb
    To aid in the prognostic classification of disease severity, we performed untargeted metabolomics profiling of 341 patients with plasma samples collected at six longitudinal time points. Using the temporal metabolic profiles and machine learning, we then built a predictive model of disease severity. We determined that the levels of 25 metabolites measured at the time of hospital admission successfully predict future disease severity.
  • Inclusion of cycle threshold (CT) values when reporting SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR results improves clinical Interpretation in suspected and confirmed COVID-19
    P Coyle et al, MEDRXIX, February 12, 2021
    The Cycle Threshold (CT) value in Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is where a target specific amplification signal becomes detectable and can infer viral load, risk of transmission and recovery in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Adoption into routine practice is however uncommon.
  • Screening for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR: saliva or nasopharyngeal swab? Systematic review and meta-analysis.
    N Ibrahimi et al, MEDRXIV, February 12, 2021
    A total of 318 studies were retrieved, of which 49 were eligible, reporting on 16,272 pairs of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal and saliva samples. Meta-analysis showed high concordance, 92.6% (95%CI: 89.6-94.8), across studies and pooled sensitivities of 86.7% (95%CI: 83.5-89.3) and 92.2 (95%CI: 89.4-94.4) from saliva and nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs.
  • Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California.
    Zhang Wenjuan et al. JAMA 2021 Feb
    A spike in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has occurred in Southern California since October 2020. Analysis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Southern California prior to October indicated most isolates originated from clade 20C that likely emerged from New York via Europe early in the pandemic.
  • The origin and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe.
    Nadeau Sarah A et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2021 Mar (9)
    Based on SARS-CoV-2 genomes, we reconstruct a partial transmission tree of the early pandemic and coinfer the geographic location of ancestral lineages as well as the number of migration events into and between European regions. We find that the predominant lineage spreading in Europe during this time has a most recent common ancestor in Italy and was probably seeded by a transmission event in either Hubei, China or Germany.
  • Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among healthcare workers and patients in a teaching hospital in the Netherlands confirmed by whole genome sequencing.
    Paltansing S et al. The Journal of hospital infection 2021 Feb
    Whole genome sequences were obtained for 30 HCWs and 20 patients. We found 7 sequence types in HCW and 11 in patients. Sequence Cluster A was the most predominant sequence type detected in 23 (77%) HCW, of whom 14 (74%) had direct patient contact and 9 (90%) with indirect patient contact. In addition, seven patients outside of the COVID-19 cohort isolation ward who became positive during their admission were infected with SARS-CoV-2 cluster A.
  • Reports of Anaphylaxis After Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in the US-December 14, 2020-January 18, 2021.
    Shimabukuro Tom T et al. JAMA 2021 Feb
    A total of 9?943?247 doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and 7?581?429 doses of the Moderna vaccine were reported in the US. CDC identified 66 case reports received by VAERS that met Brighton Collaboration case definition criteria for anaphylaxis (levels 1, 2 or 3): 47 following Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, for a reporting rate of 4.7 cases/million doses administered, and 19 following Moderna vaccine, for a rate of 2.5 cases/million doses administered.
  • Emergence in late 2020 of multiple lineages of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein variants affecting amino acid position 677
    EB Hodcroft et al, MEDRXIV, February 14, 2021
    Independent genomic surveillance programs based in New Mexico and Louisiana contemporaneously detected the rapid rise of numerous clade 20G (lineage B.1.2) infections carrying a Q677P substitution in S. The variant was first detected in the US on October 23, 2020.
  • Comparison of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Screening Using Reverse Transcriptase-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction or CRISPR-Based Assays in Asymptomatic College Students.
    Rauch Jennifer N et al. JAMA network open 2021 Feb (2) e2037129
    For this cohort study, a total of 1808 asymptomatic participants were screened for SARS-CoV-2 using a CRISPR-based assay and a point-of-reference reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The concordance between CRISPR-based and RT-qPCR testing suggests that CRISPR-based assays are reliable and offer alternative options for surveillance testing and detection of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, as is required to resume operations in higher-education institutions.
  • Simpler and faster Covid-19 testing: Strategies to streamline SARS-CoV-2 molecular assays.
    Panpradist Nuttada et al. EBioMedicine 2021 Feb 103236
    Alow-cost RT-PCR based "kit" was developed for faster turnaround than the CDC developed protocol. We demonstrated three detection workflows: two that can be deployed in laboratories conducting assays of variable complexity, and one that could be simple enough for point-of-care.
  • Detection of B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 Variant Strain — Zambia, December 2020
    M Mwenda et al, MMWR, February 17, 2021
    Among the 23 specimens collected during December 16–23, 22 (96%) were the B.1.351 variant. None of the 245 previously sequenced genomes was from this lineage. Among the 22 specimens containing the variant strain, 21 (95%) contained all nine B.1.351 lineage-defining mutations. Thirteen (57%) were from males, and the median patient age was 32 years.
  • First Identified Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.1.7 in Minnesota — December 2020–January 2021
    MJ Firestone et al, MMWR, February 17, 2021
    The SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 was identified in eight specimens from Minnesota residents, including six (19%) of the 31 specimens sequenced by MDH-PHL and two specimens sequenced through CDC’s national SARS-CoV-2 surveillance system.¶ The eight specimens were collected during December 18, 2020–January 11, 2021, from eight Minnesota residents in five counties.
  • Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
    DM Shoronski et al, NEJM, February 17,2021
    We used documents submitted to the Food and Drug Administration2 to derive the vaccine efficacy beginning from 2 weeks after the first dose to before the second dose (Table 1). Even before the second dose, BNT162b2 was highly efficacious, with a vaccine efficacy of 92.6%

News, Reviews and Commentaries

  • Longitudinal Metabolomics of Human Plasma Reveals Robust Prognostic Markers of COVID-19 Disease Severity.
    Sindelar Miriam et al. medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 2021 Feb
    To aid in the prognostic classification of disease severity, we performed untargeted metabolomics profiling of 341 patients with plasma samples collected at six longitudinal time points. Using the temporal metabolic profiles and machine learning, we then built a predictive model of disease severity. We determined that the levels of 25 metabolites measured at the time of hospital admission successfully predict future disease severity.
  • Inclusion of cycle threshold (CT) values when reporting SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR results improves clinical Interpretation in suspected and confirmed COVID-19
    P Coyle et al, MEDRXIX, February 12, 2021
    The Cycle Threshold (CT) value in Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is where a target specific amplification signal becomes detectable and can infer viral load, risk of transmission and recovery in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Adoption into routine practice is however uncommon.
  • Screening for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR: saliva or nasopharyngeal swab? Systematic review and meta-analysis.
    N Ibrahimi et al, MEDRXIV, February 12, 2021
    A total of 318 studies were retrieved, of which 49 were eligible, reporting on 16,272 pairs of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal and saliva samples. Meta-analysis showed high concordance, 92.6% (95%CI: 89.6-94.8), across studies and pooled sensitivities of 86.7% (95%CI: 83.5-89.3) and 92.2 (95%CI: 89.4-94.4) from saliva and nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs.
  • Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California.
    Zhang Wenjuan et al. JAMA 2021 Feb
    A spike in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has occurred in Southern California since October 2020. Analysis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Southern California prior to October indicated most isolates originated from clade 20C that likely emerged from New York via Europe early in the pandemic.
  • The origin and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe.
    Nadeau Sarah A et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2021 Mar (9)
    Based on SARS-CoV-2 genomes, we reconstruct a partial transmission tree of the early pandemic and coinfer the geographic location of ancestral lineages as well as the number of migration events into and between European regions. We find that the predominant lineage spreading in Europe during this time has a most recent common ancestor in Italy and was probably seeded by a transmission event in either Hubei, China or Germany.
  • Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among healthcare workers and patients in a teaching hospital in the Netherlands confirmed by whole genome sequencing.
    Paltansing S et al. The Journal of hospital infection 2021 Feb
    Whole genome sequences were obtained for 30 HCWs and 20 patients. We found 7 sequence types in HCW and 11 in patients. Sequence Cluster A was the most predominant sequence type detected in 23 (77%) HCW, of whom 14 (74%) had direct patient contact and 9 (90%) with indirect patient contact. In addition, seven patients outside of the COVID-19 cohort isolation ward who became positive during their admission were infected with SARS-CoV-2 cluster A.
  • Reports of Anaphylaxis After Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in the US-December 14, 2020-January 18, 2021.
    Shimabukuro Tom T et al. JAMA 2021 Feb
    A total of 9?943?247 doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and 7?581?429 doses of the Moderna vaccine were reported in the US. CDC identified 66 case reports received by VAERS that met Brighton Collaboration case definition criteria for anaphylaxis (levels 1, 2 or 3): 47 following Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, for a reporting rate of 4.7 cases/million doses administered, and 19 following Moderna vaccine, for a rate of 2.5 cases/million doses administered.
  • Emergence in late 2020 of multiple lineages of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein variants affecting amino acid position 677
    EB Hodcroft et al, MEDRXIV, February 14, 2021
    Independent genomic surveillance programs based in New Mexico and Louisiana contemporaneously detected the rapid rise of numerous clade 20G (lineage B.1.2) infections carrying a Q677P substitution in S. The variant was first detected in the US on October 23, 2020.
  • Comparison of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Screening Using Reverse Transcriptase-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction or CRISPR-Based Assays in Asymptomatic College Students.
    Rauch Jennifer N et al. JAMA network open 2021 Feb (2) e2037129
    For this cohort study, a total of 1808 asymptomatic participants were screened for SARS-CoV-2 using a CRISPR-based assay and a point-of-reference reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The concordance between CRISPR-based and RT-qPCR testing suggests that CRISPR-based assays are reliable and offer alternative options for surveillance testing and detection of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, as is required to resume operations in higher-education institutions.
  • Simpler and faster Covid-19 testing: Strategies to streamline SARS-CoV-2 molecular assays.
    Panpradist Nuttada et al. EBioMedicine 2021 Feb 103236
    Alow-cost RT-PCR based "kit" was developed for faster turnaround than the CDC developed protocol. We demonstrated three detection workflows: two that can be deployed in laboratories conducting assays of variable complexity, and one that could be simple enough for point-of-care.
  • Detection of B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 Variant Strain — Zambia, December 2020
    M Mwenda et al, MMWR, February 17, 2021
    Among the 23 specimens collected during December 16–23, 22 (96%) were the B.1.351 variant. None of the 245 previously sequenced genomes was from this lineage. Among the 22 specimens containing the variant strain, 21 (95%) contained all nine B.1.351 lineage-defining mutations. Thirteen (57%) were from males, and the median patient age was 32 years.
  • First Identified Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.1.7 in Minnesota — December 2020–January 2021
    MJ Firestone et al, MMWR, February 17, 2021
    The SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 was identified in eight specimens from Minnesota residents, including six (19%) of the 31 specimens sequenced by MDH-PHL and two specimens sequenced through CDC’s national SARS-CoV-2 surveillance system.¶ The eight specimens were collected during December 18, 2020–January 11, 2021, from eight Minnesota residents in five counties.
  • Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
    DM Shoronski et al, NEJM, February 17,2021
    We used documents submitted to the Food and Drug Administration2 to derive the vaccine efficacy beginning from 2 weeks after the first dose to before the second dose (Table 1). Even before the second dose, BNT162b2 was highly efficacious, with a vaccine efficacy of 92.6%
Disclaimer: Articles listed in COVID-19 Genomics and Precision Public Health Weekly Update are selected by Public Health Genomics Branch to provide current awareness of the scientific literature and news. Inclusion in the update does not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nor does it imply endorsement of the article's methods or findings. CDC and DHHS assume no responsibility for the factual accuracy of the items presented. The selection, omission, or content of items does not imply any endorsement or other position taken by CDC or DHHS. Opinion, findings and conclusions expressed by the original authors of items included in the Clips, or persons quoted therein, are strictly their own and are in no way meant to represent the opinion or views of CDC or DHHS. References to publications, news sources, and non-CDC Websites are provided solely for informational purposes and do not imply endorsement by CDC or DHHS.
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