Last data update: Jan 27, 2025. (Total: 48650 publications since 2009)
Records 1-30 (of 47 Records) |
Query Trace: Winston CA[original query] |
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Updates on the treatment of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis an official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA clinical practice guideline
Duarte R , Munsiff SS , Nahid P , Saukkonen JJ , Winston CA , Abubakar I , Acuña-Villaorduña C , Barry PM , Bastos ML , Carr W , Chami H , Chen LL , Chorba T , Daley CL , Garcia-Prats AJ , Holland K , Konstantinidis I , Lipman M , Mammen MJ , Migliori GB , Parvez FM , Shapiro AE , Sotgiu G , Starke JR , Starks AM , Thakore S , Wang SH , Wortham JM . Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2025 211 (1) 15-33 Background: On the basis of recent clinical trial data for the treatment of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), the American Thoracic Society, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, European Respiratory Society, and Infectious Diseases Society of America have updated clinical practice guidelines for TB treatment in children and adults in settings in which mycobacterial cultures, molecular and phenotypic drug susceptibility tests, and radiographic studies, among other diagnostic tools, are available on a routine basis. Methods: A Joint Panel representing multiple interdisciplinary perspectives convened with American Thoracic Society methodologists to review evidence and make recommendations using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) and GRADE-ADOLOPMENT (adoption, adaptation, and, as needed, de novo development of recommendations) methodology. Results: New drug-susceptible TB recommendations include the use of a novel 4-month regimen for people with pulmonary TB and a shortened 4-month regimen for children with nonsevere TB. Drug-resistant TB recommendation updates include the use of novel regimens containing bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid with or without moxifloxacin. Conclusions: All-oral, shorter treatment regimens for TB are now recommended for use in eligible individuals. Copyright © 2025 by the American Thoracic Society. |
Risk factors underlying racial and ethnic disparities in tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment outcomes, 2011-19: a multiple mediation analysis of national surveillance data
Regan M , Barham T , Li Y , Swartwood NA , Beeler Asay GR , Cohen T , Horsburgh CR Jr , Khan A , Marks SM , Myles RL , Salomon JA , Self JL , Winston CA , Menzies NA . Lancet Public Health 2024 9 (8) e564-e572 BACKGROUND: Despite an overall decline in tuberculosis incidence and mortality in the USA in the past two decades, racial and ethnic disparities in tuberculosis outcomes persist. We aimed to examine the extent to which inequalities in health and neighbourhood-level social vulnerability mediate these disparities. METHODS: We extracted data from the US National Tuberculosis Surveillance System on individuals with tuberculosis during 2011-19. Individuals with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis or missing data on race and ethnicity were excluded. We examined potential disparities in tuberculosis outcomes among US-born and non-US-born individuals and conducted a mediation analysis for groups with a higher risk of treatment incompletion (a summary outcome comprising diagnosis after death, treatment discontinuation, or death during treatment). We used sequential multiple mediation to evaluate eight potential mediators: three comorbid conditions (HIV, end-stage renal disease, and diabetes), homelessness, and four census tract-level measures (poverty, unemployment, insurance coverage, and racialised economic segregation [measured by Index of Concentration at the Extremes(Race-Income)]). We estimated the marginal contribution of each mediator using Shapley values. FINDINGS: During 2011-19, 27 788 US-born individuals and 57 225 non-US-born individuals were diagnosed with active tuberculosis, of whom 27 605 and 56 253 individuals, respectively, met eligibility criteria for our analyses. We did not observe evidence of disparities in tuberculosis outcomes for non-US-born individuals by race and ethnicity. Therefore, subsequent analyses were restricted to US-born individuals. Relative to White individuals, Black and Hispanic individuals had a higher risk of not completing tuberculosis treatment (adjusted relative risk 1·27, 95% CI 1·19-1·35; 1·22, 1·11-1·33, respectively). In multiple mediator analysis, the eight measured mediators explained 67% of the disparity for Black individuals and 65% for Hispanic individuals. The biggest contributors to these disparities for Black individuals and Hispanic individuals were concomitant end-stage renal disease, concomitant HIV, census tract-level racialised economic segregation, and census tract-level poverty. INTERPRETATION: Our findings underscore the need for initiatives to reduce disparities in tuberculosis outcomes among US-born individuals, particularly in highly racially and economically polarised neighbourhoods. Mitigating the structural and environmental factors that lead to disparities in the prevalence of comorbidities and their case management should be a priority. FUNDING: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and Tuberculosis Prevention Epidemiologic and Economic Modeling Agreement. |
Estimated treatment costs for multidrug-resistant TB in the United States
Marks SM , Winston CA . Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2024 28 (4) 214-215 |
Estimated costs of 4-month pulmonary tuberculosis treatment regimen, United States
Winston CA , Marks SM , Carr W . Emerg Infect Dis 2023 29 (10) 2102-2104 We estimated direct costs of a 4-month or 6-month regimen for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis treatment in the United States. Costs were $23,000 per person treated. Actual treatment costs will vary depending on examination and medication charges, as well as expenses associated with directly observed therapy. |
Recommendations for use of video directly observed therapy during tuberculosis treatment - United States, 2023
Mangan JM , Woodruff RS , Winston CA , Nabity SA , Haddad MB , Dixon MG , Parvez FM , Sera-Josef C , Salmon-Trejo LAT , Lam CK . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023 72 (12) 313-316 U.S. clinical practice guidelines recommend directly observed therapy (DOT) as the standard of care for tuberculosis (TB) treatment (1). DOT, during which a health care worker observes a patient ingesting the TB medications, has typically been conducted in person. Video DOT (vDOT) uses video-enabled devices to facilitate remote interactions between patients and health care workers to promote medication adherence and clinical monitoring. Published systematic reviews, a published meta-analysis, and a literature search through 2022 demonstrate that vDOT is associated with a higher proportion of medication doses being observed and similar proportions of cases with treatment completion and microbiologic resolution when compared with in-person DOT (2-5). Based on this evidence, CDC has updated the recommendation for DOT during TB treatment to include vDOT as an equivalent alternative to in-person DOT. vDOT can assist health department TB programs meet the U.S. standard of care for patients undergoing TB treatment, while using resources efficiently. |
Self-reported engagement in care among U.S. residents with latent tuberculosis infection - 2011-2012
Mancuso JD , Miramontes R , Winston CA , Horsburgh CR Jr , Hill AN . Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021 18 (10) 1669-1676 RATIONALE: A central strategy of tuberculosis (TB) control in the United States is reducing the burden of latent TB infection (LTBI) through targeted testing and treatment of persons with untreated LTBI. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to provide estimates of and risk factors for engagement in LTBI care in the overall U.S. population and among specific risk groups. METHODS: We used nationally representative data from 7,080 participants in the 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Engagement in LTBI care was assessed by estimating the proportion with a history of testing, diagnosis, treatment initiation and treatment completion. Weighted methods were used to account for the complex survey design and to derive national estimates. RESULTS: Only 1.4 million (10%) of an estimated 14.0 million individuals with LTBI had previously completed treatment. Of the 12.6 million who did not complete LTBI treatment, 3.7 million (29%) had never been tested and 7.2 million (57%) received testing but had no history of diagnosis. High-risk groups showed low levels of engagement, including TB contacts and persons born outside the United States. CONCLUSIONS: There is a reservoir of more than 12 million individuals in the U.S. who may be at risk for progression to TB disease and potential transmission. TB control programs and community providers should consider focused efforts to increase testing, diagnosis, and treatment for LTBI. |
Guidelines for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2020
Sterling TR , Njie G , Zenner D , Cohn DL , Reves R , Ahmed A , Menzies D , Horsburgh CRJr , Crane CM , Burgos M , LoBue P , Winston CA , Belknap R . MMWR Recomm Rep 2020 69 (1) 1-11 Comprehensive guidelines for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among persons living in the United States were last published in 2000 (American Thoracic Society. CDC targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:S221-47). Since then, several new regimens have been evaluated in clinical trials. To update previous guidelines, the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association (NTCA) and CDC convened a committee to conduct a systematic literature review and make new recommendations for the most effective and least toxic regimens for treatment of LTBI among persons who live in the United States.The systematic literature review included clinical trials of regimens to treat LTBI. Quality of evidence (high, moderate, low, or very low) from clinical trial comparisons was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. In addition, a network meta-analysis evaluated regimens that had not been compared directly in clinical trials. The effectiveness outcome was tuberculosis disease; the toxicity outcome was hepatotoxicity. Strong GRADE recommendations required at least moderate evidence of effectiveness and that the desirable consequences outweighed the undesirable consequences in the majority of patients. Conditional GRADE recommendations were made when determination of whether desirable consequences outweighed undesirable consequences was uncertain (e.g., with low-quality evidence).These updated 2020 LTBI treatment guidelines include the NTCA- and CDC-recommended treatment regimens that comprise three preferred rifamycin-based regimens and two alternative monotherapy regimens with daily isoniazid. All recommended treatment regimens are intended for persons infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is presumed to be susceptible to isoniazid or rifampin. These updated guidelines do not apply when evidence is available that the infecting M. tuberculosis strain is resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin; recommendations for treating contacts exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis were published in 2019 (Nahid P, Mase SR Migliori GB, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. An official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019;200:e93-e142). The three rifamycin-based preferred regimens are 3 months of once-weekly isoniazid plus rifapentine, 4 months of daily rifampin, or 3 months of daily isoniazid plus rifampin. Prescribing providers or pharmacists who are unfamiliar with rifampin and rifapentine might confuse the two drugs. They are not interchangeable, and caution should be taken to ensure that patients receive the correct medication for the intended regimen. Preference for these rifamycin-based regimens was made on the basis of effectiveness, safety, and high treatment completion rates. The two alternative treatment regimens are daily isoniazid for 6 or 9 months; isoniazid monotherapy is efficacious but has higher toxicity risk and lower treatment completion rates than shorter rifamycin-based regimens.In summary, short-course (3- to 4-month) rifamycin-based treatment regimens are preferred over longer-course (6-9 month) isoniazid monotherapy for treatment of LTBI. These updated guidelines can be used by clinicians, public health officials, policymakers, health care organizations, and other state and local stakeholders who might need to adapt them to fit individual clinical circumstances. |
Robustness of NHANES estimates of the U.S. prevalence of a positive tuberculin skin test
Haddad MB , Lash TL , Hill AN , Navin TR , Castro KG , Gandhi NR , Winston CA . Epidemiology 2019 31 (2) 248-258 BACKGROUND: A single 2-year National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycle is designed to provide accurate and stable estimates of conditions with prevalence of at least 10%. Recent NHANES-based estimates of a tuberculin skin test >/=10 mm in the noninstitutionalized U.S. civilian population are at most 6.3%. METHODS: NHANES included a tuberculin skin test in 1971-1972, 1999-2000, and 2011-2012. We examined the robustness of NHANES-based estimates of the U.S. population prevalence of a skin test >/=10 mm with a bias analysis that considered the influence of non-U.S. birth distributions and within-household skin test results, reclassified borderline-positive results, and adjusted for tuberculin skin test item nonresponse. RESULTS: The weighted non-U.S. birth distribution among NHANES participants was similar to that in the overall U.S. population; further adjustment was unnecessary. We found no evidence of bias due to sampling multiple participants per household. Prevalence estimates changed 0.3% with reclassification of borderline-positive tuberculin skin test results and 0.2%-0.3% with adjustment for item nonresponse. CONCLUSIONS: For estimating the national prevalence of a tuberculin skin test >/=10 mm during these three survey cycles, a conventional NHANES analysis using the standard participant weights and masked design parameters that are provided in the public-use datasets appears robust. |
Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States
Langer AJ , Navin TR , Winston CA , LoBue P . Clin Chest Med 2019 40 (4) 693-702 Although considerable progress has been made in reducing US tuberculosis incidence, the goal of eliminating the disease from the United States remains elusive. A continued focus on preventing new tuberculosis infections while also identifying and treating persons with existing tuberculosis infection is needed. Continued vigilance to ensure ongoing control of tuberculosis transmission remains key. |
Comparative modelling of tuberculosis epidemiology and policy outcomes in California
Menzies NA , Parriott A , Shrestha S , Dowdy DW , Cohen T , Salomon JA , Marks SM , Hill AN , Winston CA , Asay G , Barry P , Readhead A , Flood J , Kahn JG , Shete PB . Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019 201 (3) 356-365 Rationale Mathematical modelling is used to understand disease dynamics, forecast trends, and inform public health prioritization. We conducted a comparative analysis of tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology and potential intervention effects in California, using three previously developed epidemiologic models of TB. Measurements and Methods We compared model results between 2005 and 2050 under a base case scenario representing current TB services, and alternative scenarios including: (i) sustained interruption of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) transmission, (ii) sustained resolution of latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB prior to entry of new residents, and (iii) one-time targeted testing and treatment of LTBI among 25% of non-US-born individuals residing in California. Results Model estimates of TB cases and deaths in California were in close agreement over the historical period but diverged for LTBI prevalence and new Mtb infections-outcomes for which definitive data are unavailable. Between 2018 and 2050, models projected average annual declines of 0.58-1.42% in TB cases, without additional interventions. A one-time LTBI testing and treatment intervention among non-US-born residents was projected to produce sustained reductions in TB incidence. Models found prevalent Mtb infection and migration to be more significant drivers of future TB incidence than local transmission. Conclusions All models projected a stagnation in the decline of TB incidence, highlighting the need for additional interventions including greater access to LTBI diagnosis and treatment for non-US-born individuals. Differences in model results reflect gaps in historical data and uncertainty in the trends of key parameters, demonstrating the need for high-quality, up-to-date TB determinant and outcome data. |
Changes in tuberculosis epidemiology, United States, 1993-2017
Armstrong LR , Winston CA , Stewart B , Tsang CA , Langer AJ , Navin TR . Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2019 23 (7) 797-804 BACKGROUND: After 20 years of steady decline, the pace of decline of tuberculosis (TB) incidence in the United States has slowed.METHODS: Trends in TB incidence rates and case counts since 1993 were assessed using national US surveillance data. Patient characteristics reported during 2014-2017 were compared with those for 2010-2013.RESULTS: TB rates and case counts slowed to an annual decline of respectively 2.2% (95%CI -3.4 to -1.0) and 1.5% (95%CI -2.7 to -0.3) since 2012, with decreases among US-born persons and no change among non-US-born persons. Overall, persons with TB diagnosed during 2014-2017 were older, more likely to have combined pulmonary and extra-pulmonary disease than extra-pulmonary disease alone, more likely to be of non-White race, and less likely to have human immunodeficiency virus infection, or cavitary pulmonary disease. During 2014-2017, non-US-born persons with TB were more likely to have diabetes mellitus, while the US-born were more likely to have smear-positive TB and use non-injecting drugs.CONCLUSION: Changes in epidemiologic trends are likely to affect TB incidence in the coming decades. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has called for increased attention to TB prevention through the detection and treatment of latent tuberculous infection. |
Tuberculosis among healthcare personnel, United States, 2010-2016
Mongkolrattanothai T , Lambert LA , Winston CA . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2019 40 (6) 1-4 We describe characteristics of US healthcare personnel (HCP) diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB). Among 64,770 adults with TB during 2010-2016, 2,460 (4%) were HCP. HCP with TB were more likely to be born outside of the United States, and less likely to have TB attributed to recent transmission, than non-HCP. |
Influence of county sampling on past estimates of latent tuberculosis infection prevalence
Haddad MB , Raz KM , Hill AN , Navin TR , Castro KG , Winston CA , Gandhi NR , Lash TL . Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019 16 (8) 1069-1071 The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) has tested for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection three times: in 1971–1972, 1999–2000, and 2011–2012. Based on tuberculin skin test results, the estimated national prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among adults was 11–18% in 1971–1972 but has remained less than or equal to 6% in subsequent NHANES cycles (1–4). A single 2-year NHANES cycle is designed to produce accurate and stable estimates for conditions with at least 10% prevalence in the noninstitutionalized civilian U.S. population (5–7), suggesting that NHANES might no longer be as nationally representative for LTBI as it is for more common health conditions. Approximately 30 counties were selected for each 2-year cycle (5). We wished to examine whether persons in selected counties might have been systematically more or less likely to have a positive tuberculin skin test result than their counterparts in the approximately 3,100 counties that were not selected for NHANES participation. |
Number and cost of hospitalizations with principal and secondary diagnoses of tuberculosis, United States
Aslam MV , Owusu-Edusei K , Marks SM , Asay GRB , Miramontes R , Kolasa M , Winston CA , Dietz PM . Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018 22 (12) 1495-1504 OBJECTIVE: To estimate the number and cost of hospitalizations with a diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB) disease in the United States. METHODS: We analyzed the 2014 National In-Patient Sample using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9) codes to identify hospitalizations with a principal (TB-PD) or any secondary discharge (TB-SD) TB diagnosis. We used a generalized linear model with log link and gamma distribution to estimate the cost per TB-PD and TB-SD episode adjusted for patient demographics, insurer, clinical elements, and hospital characteristics. RESULTS: We estimated 4985 TB-PD and 6080 TB-SD hospitalizations nationwide. TB-PD adjusted averaged $16 695 per episode (95%CI $16 168-$17 221). The average for miliary/disseminated TB ($22 498, 95%CI $21 067-$23 929) or TB of the central nervous system ($28 338, 95%CI $25 836-$30 840) was significantly greater than for pulmonary TB ($14 819, 95%CI $14 284-$15 354). The most common principal diagnoses for TB-SD were septicemia (n = 965 hospitalizations), human immunodeficiency virus infection (n = 610), pneumonia (n = 565), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis (COPD-B, n = 150). The adjusted average cost per TB-SD episode was $15 909 (95%CI $15 337-$16 481), varying between $8687 (95%CI $8337-$9036) for COPD-B and $23 335 (95%CI $21 979-$24 690) for septicemia. TB-PD cost the US health care system $123.4 million (95%CI $106.3-$140.5) and TB-SD cost $141.9 million ($128.4-$155.5), of which Medicaid/Medicare covered respectively 67.2% and 69.7%. CONCLUSIONS: TB hospitalizations result in substantial costs within the US health care system. |
Prevalence of tuberculosis disease among adult US-bound refugees with chronic kidney disease
Bardenheier BH , Pavkov ME , Winston CA , Klosovsky A , Yen C , Benoit S , Gravenstein S , Posey DL , Phares CR . J Immigr Minor Health 2019 21 (6) 1275-1281 The association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and tuberculosis disease (TB) has been recognized for decades. Recently CKD prevalence is increasing in low- to middle-income countries with high TB burden. Using data from the required overseas medical exam and the recommended US follow-up exam for 444,356 US-bound refugees aged >/= 18 during 2009-2017, we ran Poisson regression to assess the prevalence of TB among refugees with and without CKD, controlling for sex, age, diabetes, tobacco use, body mass index ( kg/m(2)), prior residence in camp or non-camp setting, and region of birth country. Of the 1117 (0.3%) with CKD, 21 (1.9%) had TB disease; of the 443,239 who did not have CKD, 3380 (0.8%) had TB. In adjusted analyses, TB was significantly higher among those with than without CKD (prevalence ratio 1.93, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.98, p < 0.01). Healthcare providers attending to refugees need to be aware of this association. |
Age-period-cohort analyses of tuberculosis incidence rates by nativity, United States, 1996-2016
Iqbal SA , Winston CA , Bardenheier BH , Armstrong LR , Navin TR . Am J Public Health 2018 108 S315-s320 OBJECTIVES: To assess changes in US tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates by age, period, and cohort effects, stratified according to race/ethnicity and nativity. METHODS: We used US National Tuberculosis Surveillance System data for 1996 to 2016 to estimate trends through age-period-cohort models. RESULTS: Controlling for cohort and period effects indicated that the highest rates of TB incidence occurred among those 0 to 5 and 20 to 30 years of age. The incidence decreased by age for successive birth cohorts. There were greater estimated annual percentage decreases among US-born individuals (-7.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -7.5, -7.1) than among non-US-born individuals (-4.3%; 95% CI = -4.5, -4.1). US-born individuals older than 25 years exhibited the largest decreases, a pattern that was not reflected among non-US-born adults. In the case of race/ethnicity, the greatest decreases by nativity were among US-born Blacks (-9.3%; 95% CI = -9.6, -9.1) and non-US-born Hispanics (-5.7%; 95% CI = -6.0, -5.5). CONCLUSIONS: TB has been decreasing among all ages, races and ethnicities, and consecutive cohorts, although these decreases are less pronounced among non-US-born individuals. |
Simple estimates for local prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection, United States, 2011-2015
Haddad MB , Raz KM , Lash TL , Hill AN , Kammerer JS , Winston CA , Castro KG , Gandhi NR , Navin TR . Emerg Infect Dis 2018 24 (10) 1930-1933 We used tuberculosis genotyping results to derive estimates of prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in the United States. We estimated <1% prevalence in 1,981 US counties, 1%-<3% in 785 counties, and >3% in 377 counties. This method for estimating prevalence could be applied in any jurisdiction with an established tuberculosis surveillance system. |
Defining a migrant-inclusive tuberculosis research agenda to end TB
Shete PB , Boccia D , Dhavan P , Gebreselassie N , Lonnroth K , Marks S , Matteelli A , Posey DL , van der Werf MJ , Winston CA , Lienhardt C . Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018 22 (8) 835-843 BACKGROUND: Pillar 3 of the End TB Strategy calls for the promotion of research and innovation at the country level to facilitate improved implementation of existing and novel interventions to end tuberculosis (TB). In an era of increasing cross-border migration, there is a specific need to integrate migration-related issues into national TB research agendas. The objective of the present review is to provide a conceptual framework to guide countries in the development and operationalization of a migrant-inclusive TB research agenda. METHODS: We conducted a literature review, complemented by expert opinion and the previous articles in this State of the Art series, to identify important themes central to migration-related TB. We categorized these themes into a framework for a migration-inclusive global TB research agenda across a comprehensive spectrum of research. We developed this conceptual framework taking into account: 1) the biomedical, social and structural determinants of TB; 2) the epidemiologic impact of the migration pathway; and 3) the feasibility of various types of research based on a country's capacity. DISCUSSION: The conceptual framework presented here is based on the key principle that migrants are not inherently different from other populations in terms of susceptibility to known TB determinants, but that they often have exacerbated or additional risks related to their country of origin and the migration process, which must be accounted for in developing comprehensive TB prevention and care strategies. A migrant-inclusive research agenda should systematically consider this wider context to have the highest impact. |
Update of recommendations for use of once-weekly isoniazid-rifapentine regimen to treat latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Borisov AS , Bamrah Morris S , Njie GJ , Winston CA , Burton D , Goldberg S , Yelk Woodruff R , Allen L , LoBue P , Vernon A . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018 67 (25) 723-726 Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is critical to the control and elimination of tuberculosis disease (TB) in the United States. In 2011, CDC recommended a short-course combination regimen of once-weekly isoniazid and rifapentine for 12 weeks (3HP) by directly observed therapy (DOT) for treatment of LTBI, with limitations for use in children aged <12 years and persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1). CDC identified the use of 3HP in those populations, as well as self-administration of the 3HP regimen, as areas to address in updated recommendations. In 2017, a CDC Work Group conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of the 3HP regimen using methods adapted from the Guide to Community Preventive Services. In total, 19 articles representing 15 unique studies were included in the meta-analysis, which determined that 3HP is as safe and effective as other recommended LTBI regimens and achieves substantially higher treatment completion rates. In July 2017, the Work Group presented the meta-analysis findings to a group of TB experts, and in December 2017, CDC solicited input from the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET) and members of the public for incorporation into the final recommendations. CDC continues to recommend 3HP for treatment of LTBI in adults and now recommends use of 3HP 1) in persons with LTBI aged 2-17 years; 2) in persons with LTBI who have HIV infection, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and are taking antiretroviral medications with acceptable drug-drug interactions with rifapentine; and 3) by DOT or self-administered therapy (SAT) in persons aged >/=2 years. |
Tuberculosis test usage and medical expenditures from outpatient insurance claims data, 2013
Owusu-Edusei K Jr , Winston CA , Marks SM , Langer AJ , Miramontes R . Tuberc Res Treat 2017 2017 3816432 Objective: To evaluate TB test usage and associated direct medical expenditures from 2013 private insurance claims data in the United States (US). Methods: We extracted outpatient claims for TB-specific and nonspecific tests from the 2013 MarketScan(R) commercial database. We estimated average expenditures (adjusted for claim and patient characteristics) using semilog regression analyses and compared them to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) national reimbursement limits. Results: Among the TB-specific tests, 1.4% of the enrollees had at least one claim, of which the tuberculin skin test was most common (86%) and least expensive ($9). The T-SPOT(R) was the most expensive among the TB-specific tests ($106). Among nonspecific TB tests, the chest radiograph was the most used test (78%), while chest computerized tomography was the most expensive ($251). Adjusted average expenditures for the majority of tests ( approximately 74%) were above CMS limits. We estimated that total United States medical expenditures for the employer-based privately insured population for TB-specific tests were $53.0 million in 2013, of which enrollees paid 17% ($9 million). Conclusions: We found substantial differences in TB test usage and expenditures. Additionally, employer-based private insurers and enrollees paid more than CMS limits for most TB tests. |
In reply
Castro KG , Marks SM , Hill AN , Chen MP , Miramontes R , Winston CA , LoBue PA . Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2017 21 (1) 120-121 We agree with the excellent summary provided by Reves and Benjamin of the important, but insufficient, progress toward tuberculosis (TB) elimination (<1 case per million population) in the United States over the past two decades. Furthermore, we concur with the need to advance the argument in favor of additional investments required to eliminate TB by providing an estimate of future expected benefits. | | While we did not model future projected savings in our report,1 we have undertaken relatively simple retrospective modeling to estimate the reduction in TB cases and societal benefits had TB elimination been achieved in 1995 and sustained through 2014. From this we estimate that during 1995–2014 from 430 397 to 604 494 TB cases would have been averted (Figure 1), at estimated benefits of US $19.9 billion to $27.7 billion, including the value of deaths prevented and the costs to treat drug-resistant TB disease (Figure 2). Projected cases averted and cost savings for two decades into the future would also be anticipated to be substantial, although somewhat less, because even with a flat case rate the projected case counts for the next two decades would be less than those that actually occurred between 1995 and 2014. |
Tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assay use among privately insured persons in the United States
Owusu-Edusei K Jr , Stockbridge EL , Winston CA , Kolasa M , Miramontes R . Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2017 21 (6) 684-689 OBJECTIVE: To describe tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) (i.e., QuantiFERON-TB and T-SPOT.TB [T-SPOT]) use among privately insured persons in the United States over a 15-year period. METHODS: We used current procedural terminology (CPT) codes for the TST and IGRAs to extract out-patient claims (2000-2014) and determined usage (claims/100,000). The chi2 test for trend in proportions was used to describe usage trends for select periods. RESULTS: The TST was the dominant (>80%) test in each year. Publication of guidelines preceded the assignment of QFT and T-SPOT CPT codes by 1 year (2006 for QFT; 2011 for T-SPOT). QFT usage was higher (P < 0.01) than T-SPOT in each year. The average annual increase in the use of QFT was higher than that of T-SPOT (35 vs. 3.8/100,000), and more so when the analytic period was 2011-2014 (65 vs. 38/100,000). However, during that 4-year period (2011-2014), TST use trended downward, with an average annual decrease of 28/100,000. The annual proportion of enrollees tested ranged from 1.1% to 1.5%. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a gradual shift from the use of the TST to the newer IGRAs. Future studies can assess the extent, if any, to which the shift from the use of the TST to IGRAs evolved over time. |
Detect to prevent: Evaluating testing and treatment practices for latent tuberculosis infection in long-term care facilities
Winston CA , Stone ND . J Am Geriatr Soc 2017 65 (6) 1139-1140 Approximately 15,500 nursing homes provide a mixture of short-term skilled nursing and long-term custodial care to millions of frail and older persons each year in the United States. While on a given day, there are an estimated 1.4 million U.S. nursing home residents, over the course of a year, more than 2 million individuals enter nursing homes for short-term, skilled nursing and rehabilitation services. The prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among frail and older adults in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) is unknown, and likely varies greatly, depending on the patient population. Because the majority of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the United States are the result of remote infection (i.e., infection in the distant past), persons with LTBI represent a reservoir of persons in whom TB can be prevented. Among older adults, an estimated 90% of TB cases result from reactivation of LTBI acquired earlier in life, rather than as a result of recent transmission.[1, 2] Older adults are at highest risk because they are more likely to have been exposed to TB at some point during their lifetime. This increased risk results from more years during which exposure might have occurred and having lived through a time when TB was more common. Even as TB disease incidence rates have declined, the population with LTBI continues to grow.[3–5] In 2014, 2.2% of cases of TB disease were among persons diagnosed in LTCFs.[6] As the proportion of U.S. adults aged ≥65 years continues to expand, populations residing in long term care settings will include disproportionate numbers of persons both at risk for TB and for progression to active TB disease if LTBI is untreated. | Despite state and federal guidelines recommending LTBI testing for populations with a high risk for LTBI and TB transmission, including those living in LTCFs, Reddy and colleagues report that only 63% of residents in three inner-city LTCFs in the Boston area received LTBI testing despite those facilities serving a population at high risk (e.g., 48% with diabetes, 38% foreign-born, and 33% with chronic kidney disease).[7] Upon closer examination, one facility apparently accounted for the greatest proportion of missed testing opportunities, with only 28% of eligible residents tested; however, none of the three facilities had 100% testing for eligible residents, even among residents staying 3 months or longer as recommended by Massachusetts TB guidance in effect at the time of that study.[7] This potential gap in LTBI detection is of particular concern, given that among persons with tuberculin skin test (TST) results, the prevalence of LTBI was 20%, including 8% with a new positive TST result documented during the current LTCF stay.[7] An additional 8% had documentation of a TST being performed, but no result was documented.[7] The variation in LTBI testing practices observed in this limited study should prompt providers and public health officials to evaluate LTBI testing practices in their own communities. |
Tuberculosis hospitalization expenditures per patient from private health insurance claims data, 2010-2014
Owusu-Edusei K , Marks SM , Miramontes R , Stockbridge EL , Winston CA . Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2017 21 (4) 398-404 OBJECTIVE: To determine hospitalization expenditures for tuberculosis (TB) disease among privately insured patients in the United States. METHODS: We extracted TB hospital admissions data from the 2010-2014 MarketScan(R) commercial database using International Classification of Diseases version 9 codes for TB (011.0-018.96) as the principal diagnosis. We estimated adjusted average expenditures (in 2014 USD) using regression analyses controlling for patient and claim characteristics. We also estimated the total expenditure paid by enrollee and insurance, and extrapolated it to the entire US employer-based privately insured population. RESULTS: We found 892 TB hospitalizations representing 825 unique enrollees over the 5-year period. The average hospitalization expenditure per person (including multiple hospitalizations) was US$33 085 (95%CI US$31 606- US$34 565). Expenditures for central nervous system TB (US$73 065, 95%CI US$59 572-US$86 558), bone and joint TB (US$56 842, 95%CI US$39 301-US$74 383), and miliary/disseminated TB (US$55 487, 95%CI US$46 101-US$64 873) were significantly higher than those for pulmonary TB (US$28 058, 95%CI US$26 632-US$29 484). The overall total expenditure for hospitalizations for TB disease over the period (2010-2014) was US$38.4 million; it was US$154 million when extrapolated to the entire employer-based privately insured population in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization expenditures for some forms of extra-pulmonary TB were substantially higher than for pulmonary TB. |
Estimating tuberculosis cases and their economic costs averted in the United States over the past two decades
Castro KG , Marks SM , Chen MP , Hill AN , Becerra JE , Miramontes R , Winston CA , Navin TR , Pratt RH , Young KH , LoBue PA . Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2016 20 (7) 926-33 BACKGROUND: Following a concerted public health response to the resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) in the United States in the late 1980s, annual TB incidence decreased substantially. However, no estimates exist of the number and cost savings of TB cases averted. METHODS: TB cases averted in the United States during 1995-2014 were estimated: Scenario 1 used a static 1992 case rate; Scenario 2 applied the 1992 rate to foreign-born cases, and a pre-resurgence 5.1% annual decline to US-born cases; and a statistical model assessed human immunodeficiency virus and TB program indices. We applied the cost of illness to estimate the societal benefits (costs averted) in 2014 dollars. RESULTS: During 1992-2014, 368 184 incident TB cases were reported, and cases decreased by two thirds during that period. In the scenarios and statistical model, TB cases averted during 1995-2014 ranged from approximately 145 000 to 319 000. The societal benefits of averted TB cases ranged from US$3.1 to US$6.7 billion, excluding deaths, and from US$6.7 to US$14.5 billion, including deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Coordinated efforts in TB control and prevention in the United States yielded a remarkable number of TB cases averted and societal economic benefits. We illustrate the value of concerted action and targeted public health funding. |
Abrupt decline in tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States
Baker BJ , Winston CA , Liu Y , France AM , Cain KP . PLoS One 2016 11 (2) e0147353 While the number of reported tuberculosis (TB) cases in the United States has declined over the past two decades, TB morbidity among foreign-born persons has remained persistently elevated. A recent unexpected decline in reported TB cases among foreign-born persons beginning in 2007 provided an opportunity to examine contributing factors and inform future TB control strategies. We investigated the relative influence of three factors on the decline: 1) changes in the size of the foreign-born population through immigration and emigration, 2) changes in distribution of country of origin among foreign-born persons, and 3) changes in the TB case rates among foreign-born subpopulations. Using data from the U.S. National Tuberculosis Surveillance System and the American Community Survey, we examined TB case counts, TB case rates, and population estimates, stratified by years since U.S. entry and country of origin. Regression modeling was used to assess statistically significant changes in trend. Among foreign-born recent entrants (<3 years since U.S. entry), we found a 39.5% decline (-1,013 cases) beginning in 2007 (P<0.05 compared to 2000-2007) and ending in 2011 (P<0.05 compared to 2011-2014). Among recent entrants from Mexico, 80.7% of the decline was attributable to a decrease in population, while the declines among recent entrants from the Philippines, India, Vietnam, and China were almost exclusively (95.5%-100%) the result of decreases in TB case rates. Among foreign-born non-recent entrants (≥3 years since U.S. entry), we found an 8.9% decline (-443 cases) that resulted entirely (100%) from a decrease in the TB case rate. Both recent and non-recent entrants contributed to the decline in TB cases; factors contributing to the decline among recent entrants varied by country of origin. Strategies that impact both recent and non-recent entrants (e.g., investment in overseas TB control) as well as those that focus on non-recent entrants (e.g., expanded targeted testing of high-risk subgroups among non-recent entrants) will be necessary to achieve further declines in TB morbidity among foreign-born persons. |
Estimated rate of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in the United States, overall and by population subgroup
Shea KM , Kammerer JS , Winston CA , Navin TR , Horsburgh CR Jr . Am J Epidemiol 2014 179 (2) 216-25 We estimated the rate of reactivation tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, overall and by population subgroup, using data on TB cases and Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate genotyping reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during 2006-2008. The rate of reactivation TB was defined as the number of non-genotypically clustered TB cases divided by the number of person-years at risk for reactivation due to prevalent latent TB infection (LTBI). LTBI was ascertained from tuberculin skin tests given during the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Clustering of TB cases was determined using TB genotyping data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and analyzed via spatial scan statistic. Of the 39,920 TB cases reported during 2006-2008, 79.7% were attributed to reactivation. The overall rate of reactivation TB among persons with LTBI was estimated as 0.084 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.083, 0.085) cases per 100 person-years. Rates among persons with and without human immunodeficiency virus coinfection were 1.82 (95% CI: 1.74, 1.89) and 0.073 (95% CI: 0.070, 0.075) cases per 100 person-years, respectively. The rate of reactivation TB among persons with LTBI was higher among foreign-born persons (0.098 cases/100 person-years; 95% CI: 0.096, 0.10) than among persons born in the United States (0.082 cases/100 person-years; 95% CI: 0.080, 0.083). Differences in rates of TB reactivation across subgroups support current recommendations for targeted testing and treatment of LTBI. |
Predicting U.S. tuberculosis case counts through 2020
Woodruff RS , Winston CA , Miramontes R . PLoS One 2013 8 (6) e65276 In 2010, foreign-born persons accounted for 60% of all tuberculosis (TB) cases in the United States. Understanding which national groups make up the highest proportion of TB cases will assist TB control programs in concentrating limited resources where they can provide the greatest impact on preventing transmission of TB disease. The objective of our study was to predict through 2020 the numbers of U.S. TB cases among U.S.-born, foreign-born and foreign-born persons from selected countries of birth. TB case counts reported through the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System from 2000-2010 were log-transformed, and linear regression was performed to calculate predicted annual case counts and 95% prediction intervals for 2011-2020. Data were analyzed in 2011 before 2011 case counts were known. Decreases were predicted between 2010 observed and 2020 predicted counts for total TB cases (11,182 to 8,117 [95% prediction interval 7,262-9,073]) as well as TB cases among foreign-born persons from Mexico (1,541 to 1,420 [1,066-1,892]), the Philippines (740 to 724 [569-922]), India (578 to 553 [455-672]), Vietnam (532 to 429 [367-502]) and China (364 to 328 [249-433]). TB cases among persons who are U.S.-born and foreign-born were predicted to decline 47% (4,393 to 2,338 [2,113-2,586]) and 6% (6,720 to 6,343 [5,382-7,476]), respectively. Assuming rates of declines observed from 2000-2010 continue until 2020, a widening gap between the numbers of U.S.-born and foreign-born TB cases was predicted. TB case count predictions will help TB control programs identify needs for cultural competency, such as languages and interpreters needed for translating materials or engaging in appropriate community outreach. |
First use of multiple imputation with the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System
Vinnard C , Wileyto EP , Bisson GP , Winston CA . Epidemiol Res Int 2013 2013 (875234) AIMS: The purpose of this study was to compare methods for handling missing data in analysis of the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Because of the high rate of missing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection status in this dataset, we used multiple imputation methods to minimize the bias that may result from less sophisticated methods. METHODS: We compared analysis based on multiple imputation methods with analysis based on deleting subjects with missing covariate data from regression analysis (case exclusion), and determined whether the use of increasing numbers of imputed datasets would lead to changes in the estimated association between isoniazid resistance and death. RESULTS: Following multiple imputation, the odds ratio for initial isoniazid resistance and death was 2.07 (95% CI 1.30, 3.29); with case exclusion, this odds ratio decreased to 1.53 (95% CI 0.83, 2.83). The use of more than 5 imputed datasets did not substantively change the results. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience with the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System dataset supports the use of multiple imputation methods in epidemiologic analysis, but also demonstrates that close attention should be paid to the potential impact of missing covariates at each step of the analysis. (2013 Christopher Vinnard et al.) |
Pediatric and adolescent tuberculosis in the United States, 2008-2010
Winston CA , Menzies HJ . Pediatrics 2012 130 (6) e1425-32 ![]() OBJECTIVE: We examined heterogeneity among children and adolescents diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, and we investigated potential international TB exposure risk. METHODS: We analyzed demographic and clinical characteristics by origin of birth for persons <18 years with verified case of incident TB disease reported to National TB Surveillance System from 2008 to 2010. We describe newly available data on parent or guardian countries of origin and history of having lived internationally for pediatric patients with TB (<15 years of age). RESULTS: Of 2660 children and adolescents diagnosed with TB during 2008-2010, 822 (31%) were foreign-born; Mexico was the most frequently reported country of foreign birth. Over half (52%) of foreign-born patients diagnosed with TB were adolescents aged 13 to 17 years who had lived in the United States on average >3 years before TB diagnosis. Foreign-born pediatric patients with foreign-born parents were older (mean, 7.8 years) than foreign-born patients with US-born parents (4.2 years) or US-born patients (3.6 years). Among US-born pediatric patients, 66% had at least 1 foreign-born parent, which is >3 times the proportion in the general population. Only 25% of pediatric patients with TB diagnosed in the United States had no known international connection through family or residence history. CONCLUSIONS: Three-quarters of pediatric patients with TB in the United States have potential TB exposures through foreign-born parents or residence outside the United States. Missed opportunities to prevent TB disease may occur if clinicians fail to assess all potential TB exposures during routine clinic visits. |
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