We used a multiresidue, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-based method to measure seven pyrethroid, five organophosphorus (OP), and six organochlorine pesticides in soil collected from 11 Atlanta homes in 2006. Our objective was to collect preliminary data for a larger study of pesticide exposures among Atlanta children. The pyrethroid insecticides (cis- and trans-permethrin, bioallethrin) were the most commonly detected analytes, giving evidence of widespread outdoor use among our study homes. Our pyrethroid insecticide detection frequencies were higher than those reported in a recent study of Ohio and North Carolina homes; however, our maximum values were approximately half of those reported. We detected the target OP pesticides in only a few samples, but we found two restricted-use OP pesticides--methyl parathion and terbufos--and thus possible evidence of illegal residential use or environmental persistence in soil. We also detected dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDE) in samples from six homes. Although our small sample size limits comparison to other studies, our results provide evidence that residential soil is a potential source of human exposure to both current and historically used pesticides.

Dialkylphosphates (DAPs) are urinary metabolites and breakdown products of organophosphorous (OP) pesticides. Urinary DAPs are widely used to assess exposure to OP pesticides in epidemiologic studies. Recent evidence suggests that preformed DAPs are present in food and that they may also be present in other parts of the environment. Thus, DAP concentrations observed in urine may reflect a person's exposure to both parent OP pesticides and preformed DAPs in food and other environmental media. The presence of preformed DAPs in multiple media may indicate that previous studies have overestimated exposure to OP pesticides and that the use of urinary DAPs as biomarkers of exposure for OP pesticides may not accurately characterize exposure in non-acute settings. To establish the presence of DAPs in environmental and food media, we developed analytical methods to measure six DAPs in dust and orange juice. The limits of detection (LOD) for the dimethyl phosphates (dimethylphosphate (DMP), dimethylthiophosphate, and dimethyldithiophosphate) ranged from 2.8-9.9 ng g-1 and 0.2-0.4 ng mL-1 in dust and juice, respectively. The LODs for the diethyl phosphates (diethylphosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate, diethyldithiophosphate) ranged from 5.2-10.4 ng g -1 and 0.5-3.0 ng mL-1 in dust and juice, respectively. The extraction efficiencies for the analytes ranged from 23% to 91% and from 41% to 85% in dust and orange juice, respectively. DMP was detected in about half of the dust samples whereas DEP was detected in 80% of the dust samples tested. Other DAPs were less frequently detected in dust. Less than 3% of intact pesticide present in the matrices was converted to their respective DAPs during the pre-analytic and analytic process. Evaluation of the conversion of intact pesticides in the samples to DAPs will help us to better understand the contribution of preformed DAPs to urinary DAP concentrations. copyright 2009 The Royal Society of Chemistry.