Background: In August 2023, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended nirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody, for all U.S. infants aged <8 months entering or born during their first respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) season. Our aim was to estimate nirsevimab effectiveness against RSV-associated emergency department (ED) encounters and hospitalisation among U.S. infants during the 2023–2024 RSV season. Methods: We conducted a test-negative analysis using electronic health record (EHR) data from 6 healthcare systems, including ED encounters and hospitalizations with a diagnosis of RSV-like illness (RLI) during October 8, 2023–March 31, 2024, among infants aged <8 months as of October 1, 2023, or born during the study period. Nirsevimab effectiveness was estimated by comparing children who received nirsevimab with those who did not among RSV-positive and RSV-negative encounters, adjusting for age, race and ethnicity, sex, calendar day, and geographic region and excluding infants whose mother received RSV vaccination during pregnancy. Findings: Among 5039 ED encounters with RLI among infants in their first RSV season, 2045 (41%) were RSV-positive and 446 (9%) received nirsevimab, with a median time since dose of 52 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 27–84 days). Among 1025 hospitalizations with RLI among infants in their first RSV season, 605 (59%) were RSV-positive and 95 (9%) received nirsevimab, with a median time since dose of 48 days (IQR: 24–82 days). Nirsevimab effectiveness was 77% (95% CI: 69%–83%) against RSV-associated ED encounters and 98% (95% CI: 95%–99%) against RSV-associated hospitalisation. Interpretation: Nirsevimab was effective in preventing RSV-associated ED encounters and hospitalisation among infants in their first RSV season, with greatest protection against hospitalisation. However, these estimates reflect a short interval from nirsevimab administration to RLI onset. Since nirsevimab is a passive immunization and concentration is expected to wane over time, it is important to continue monitoring effectiveness to assess effectiveness with increased time since dose. Funding: This work was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (contracts 75D30121D12779 to Westat and 75D30123C18039 to Kaiser Foundation Hospitals). © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND: Parental job loss has been associated with adverse mental health outcomes and child abuse. This study examines associations between student and parental/household adult (referred to as "parent" for brevity) job loss and these outcomes among US high school students during a period of high job loss-early in the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey (ABES) data from January to June 2021 were analyzed to obtain prevalence and adjusted prevalence ratios for select adverse mental health outcomes, short sleep, and emotional and physical abuse by a parent associated with student and parental employment status before and during the pandemic. The sample was composed of 7705 US high school students. RESULTS: Over half of students (55.1%, 95% CI: 52.4%-57.8%) reported emotional abuse by a parent. Parental and student job loss were associated with adverse mental health outcomes and emotional abuse by a parent. However, only parental job loss was associated with physical abuse by a parent, which was reported by 15.3% of students (95% CI: 13.3-17.3). Students who lost a job during the pandemic reported a high prevalence of persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness (54.9%; 95% CI: 48.5-61.3) and poor mental health during the past 30 days (43.7%; 95% CI: 37.6-49.8). DISCUSSION: The high levels of adverse mental health outcomes and child abuse associated with parental and student job loss highlight the need for better supports in this area. Identification of the causes and potential interventions related to child maltreatment in the context of household economic stress could help reduce the burden of negative outcomes.

IMPORTANCE: The mandatory service of essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with high job stress, increased SARS-CoV-2 exposure, and limited time for recovery following infection. Understanding outcomes for frontline workers can inform planning for future pandemics. OBJECTIVE: To compare patient-reported outcomes by employment type and SARS-CoV-2 status. DESIGN: Data from the INSPIRE registry, which enrolled COVID-positive and COVID-negative adults between 12/7/2020-8/29/2022 was analyzed. Patient-reported outcomes were collected quarterly over 18 months. SETTING: Participants were recruited across eight US sites. PARTICIPANTS: Employed INSPIRE participants who completed a short (3-month) and long-term (12-18 month) survey. EXPOSURE: SARS-CoV-2 index status and employment type (essential healthcare worker [HCW], essential non-HCW, and non-essential worker ["general worker"]). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: PROMIS-29 (mental and physical health summary) and PROMIS Cognitive SF-CF 8a (cognitive function) scores were assessed at baseline, short-term (3-months), and long-term (12-18 months) timepoints using GEE modeling. RESULTS: Of the 1,463 participants: 53.5% were essential workers (51.4% HCWs, 48.6% non-HCWs) and 46.5% were general workers. Most associations between outcomes and employment type became non-significant after adjusting for sociodemographics, comorbidities, COVID-19 vaccination, and SARS-CoV-2 variant period. However, among COVID-negative participants, essential HCWs had higher cognitive scores at baseline (β: 3.91, 95% CI [1.32, 6.50]), short term: (β: 3.49, 95% CI: [0.80, 6.18]) and long-term: (β: 3.72, 95% CI: [0.98, 6.46]) compared to general workers. Among COVID-positive participants, essential non-HCWs had significantly worse long-term physical health summary scores (β:-1.22, 95% CI: [-2.35, -0.09]) compared to general workers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Differences in outcomes by worker status were largely explained by baseline characteristics. However, compared to general workers, essential HCW status had higher cognitive function in the absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at all timepoints, while essential non-HCWs were most vulnerable to poor recovery in long-term physical health following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Preparation efforts for future pandemics may consider enhanced protection and post-infection resources for frontline workers.

The 38(th) International Conference on Antiviral Research (ICAR), sponsored by the International Society for Antiviral Research (ISAR), took place March 17-21, 2025 in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. The annual meeting brought together leading scientists from across academia, industry, and government to present the latest advances in antiviral research. Topics included discovery and development of novel antiviral agents, innovative therapeutic approaches, vaccine technologies, host-targeted strategies, and responses to emerging and re-emerging viral threats. ICAR 2025 featured keynote talks, short oral presentations, poster sessions and special sessions to encourage discussions between attendees and foster interdisciplinary collaboration. Several events were held to support the next generation of antiviral researchers, including dedicated sessions and networking opportunities focused on mentorship and career development for students, postdoctoral fellows, and early-career scientists. Importantly, ISAR continues to serve as a cornerstone for international collaboration and innovation in antiviral science, and the society is eager to continue these efforts at the 39th ICAR, to be held in Prague, Czech Republic, from April 27-May 1, 2026.

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants, many of which exhibit low in vivo clearance rates. The long-chain PFAS (≥6 perfluorinated carbons), due to low clearance rates, are often perceived to exert a higher toll on human health than short-chain PFAS. However, a comprehensive toxicological and epidemiological comparison of long- and short-chain PFAS is overdue, leaving significant data gaps and limitations. For the first time, this study investigated the quantitative relationship between overall PFAS fluorine structure (C-F bond), which includes the alkyl chain length as one component, and PFAS doses that trigger changes in rat blood-based clinical markers. Fifteen markers published by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) after 28-day exposure to 7 PFAS with both long- and short-chain perfluorinated alkyl structures were examined. The aim of this study was to (1) determine PFAS doses that trigger changes in the marker levels for hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, and metabolic systems and (2) use these doses in multiple linear regression models to examine relationship to variables describing PFAS chemical structures. Our findings showed a log-linear dependence of alterations in marker levels on PFAS fluorine structure, as measured in the number of alkyl carbon-fluorine (C-F) bonds. Each C-F bond affected the marker effect levels by 0.45 ± 0.01 mmol/kg-day. The variety of studied clinical markers suggests that PFAS exposures led to deviations in multiple biological pathways in the rat animal model, which may inform future research and regulatory decisions. | Perfluorinated carboxylic or sulfonic acids with linear chains of 4 to 10 carbons, known as perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA)s, are types of PFAS commonly found in the environment.In a 28-day study by NTP, these PFAAs had dose-response effects in a panel of blood-based clinical markers in rats at specific doses.In regression models for individual clinical markers or a joint regression for all markers, these doses were strongly correlated with the number of carbon-fluorine bonds in the PFAAs.The resulting multiple linear regression (MLR) models provide a simple estimation tool for PFAAs’ exposure levels on blood-based clinical marker responses in rats. | eng

Illumina MiSeq and iSeq are widely used short-read next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. The MiSeq instrument is specialized for mid-range throughput, while the iSeq instrument has lower throughput but is less expensive and simpler to operate. Several studies have compared Illumina platforms for sequencing of a variety of specimen types, but very few have quantified differences in sequencing quality, particularly for viruses. This study compared read quality, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calling, and assembly metrics for SARS-CoV-2, norovirus, and poliovirus samples sequenced on both platforms. MiSeq and iSeq trimmed reads exhibited equivalent percentage of bases ≥ Q30 (% ≥ Q30) and equivalent reference mapping percentages. SNP concordance rates between the two platforms were 41 out of 43 (95.3%) for SARS-CoV-2, 1,628 out of 1,633 (99.7%) for norovirus, and 9 out of 11 (81.8%) for poliovirus. Within each of the three virus groups, MiSeq and iSeq assemblies had equivalent N50 and maximum contig lengths. Despite platform-specific differences in the sequencing chemistry and flow cell design, MiSeq and iSeq offered comparable data quality, indicating that using either platform should produce concordant results for viral genomic sequencing.

Jurisdictional health departments use public health information systems (PHIS) to maintain and transmit their surveillance data for national surveillance. We investigated if changes to a PHIS had an impact on sexually transmitted infection case-based surveillance data and document short-term issues that resulted in decreased data quality.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the potential contributions of routine opt-out testing (ROOT) in clinical settings and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) on achieving Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U.S. (EHE) incidence reduction goals in the South. DESIGN: Simulation Study. METHODS: An agent-based epidemic projection model simulated adherence to the CDC's ROOT guidelines. Simulations were informed by literature reviews, the National Survey of Family Growth and ARTnet. Interventions included ROOT in Community Health Center (CHC) and Emergency Departments (ED) alone and in combination. PrEP was modeled as either persistent at 2019 levels or expanding consistent with historical trends. RESULTS: ROOT in CHCs and EDs averted 13.9% (95%SI: -15.5, 42.4) of infections and increased the proportion of persons with HIV (PWH) who were aware of their status from 84.8% to 94.4% (95%SI: 92.8, 95.4). In conjunction with the ongoing expansion of PrEP the proportion diagnosed increased from 84.8% at baseline to 95.1% (95% SI: 93.9, 96.4) and 23.3% (95% SI: -7.9, 50.6) of infections were averted, reducing the annual incidence rate by 42.4% compared to the baseline scenario. CONCLUSIONS: In our analysis, ROOT coupled with the ongoing expansion of PrEP averted almost a quarter of new infections over the 8 years from 2022 to 2030. While short of the overall EHE goal of 90%, it represents substantial potential progress for a low-cost and low-barrier intervention. ROOT also provides a method for identifying PWH who are undiagnosed both in and out of priority populations, those out of care, and individuals reluctant to seek screening.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases, significantly contributing to morbidity and mortality. The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened concerns about the impact of hypertension on severe COVID-19 outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed 2020-2021 data from the MarketScan Commercial and Health and Productivity Management databases, focusing on adults aged 18-64 years with continuous employer-sponsored private insurance, excluding pregnancy or capitated plans. We compared medical costs, healthcare utilization (emergency department [ED] visits, inpatient admissions, outpatient visits, and outpatient prescription drugs), and productivity losses (sick absences, short-term disability [STD], and long-term disability [LTD]) between individuals with and without hypertension, stratified by COVID-19 diagnosis. We used multivariable regression models, including an interaction term for hypertension and COVID-19 diagnosis, to estimate differences in outcomes, adjusting for demographics and comorbidities. RESULTS: Among 1,296,596 adults, 21% had hypertension. Those with hypertension were older, less likely female, less likely urban residents, and had more comorbidities. Excess medical costs associated with hypertension were $8,572 per patient over the two-year period (95% CI $8,182-$8,962). Patients with versus without hypertension had 0.200 (95% CI, 0.195-0.205) more ED visits, 0.081 (95% CI, 0.077-0.085) more inpatient admissions, 5.984 (95% CI, 5.892-6.075) more outpatient visits, and 20.25 (95% CI, 20.09-20.41) more prescriptions per patient over the two-year period. They also had more sick absences (1.13 days; 95% CI 0.93-1.34) and STD occurrences (3.88 days; 95% CI 3.56-4.20) per patient. Among those with hypertension, individuals with versus without COVID-19 had $3,495 (95% CI, $2,135-$4,856) higher medical costs and 2.588 (95% CI, 1.112-4.065) more STD days per patient over the two-year period. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension was associated with higher medical costs, healthcare utilization, and productivity losses, exacerbated by COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Nursing homes (NHs) were disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known regarding the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 shedding in NH residents and staff, which could inform treatment and infection prevention. METHODS: We enrolled NH residents and staff in eight US states from April to November 2023 and analyzed the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 using serial antigen and molecular (RT-PCR) tests, whole genome sequencing, and viral culture (VC). Symptoms, vaccination, and treatment were collected via interviews and chart review. Viral load trajectories were modeled with gamma distribution functional forms. Antigen and VC test positivity over time were assessed using a Chi-squared test. RESULTS: Of the 587 enrolled participants, 86 tested positive and 73 underwent testing for ≥ 10 days; most residents (78%) and staff (87%) had ≥ 3 COVID-19 vaccine doses. The modeled SARS-CoV-2 proliferation period (period prior to reaching peak viral load) had ended for 48% (14/29) of residents and 56% (9/16) of staff when they took the initial RT-PCR test. Both antigen and VC showed higher positivity rates early in the course of disease (Days 0-5 vs. Days ≥ 6) (antigen: p < 0·001, VC: p < 0·001). VC positivity was 15% after Day 5 (14/96); two participants were VC positive after Day 10. CONCLUSIONS: Peak viral load occurs early in the disease, suggesting asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmission may be a significant driver of transmission. Only two participants had a positive VC after Day 10, supporting current isolation and return to work recommendations.

Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for detecting emerging variants and informing public health responses. Various sequencing technologies are used for whole genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2. This cross-platform benchmark study applied established bioinformatics tools to assess and improve the performance of Illumina NovaSeq, Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION, and Pacific Biosciences Sequel II sequencing platforms in identifying SARS-CoV-2 variants and lineage assignment. NovaSeq produced the highest number of reads and bases, depth of coverage, completeness of consensus genomes, stable mapping coverage across open reading frames in the genome, and consistent lineage assignments. The long-read sequencing platforms had lower yields, sequencing depth, and mapping coverage, limiting the number of qualified sequences for lineage assignment and variant identification. However, implementing proper quality controls on sequence data overcame these limitations and achieved consistent SARS-CoV-2 lineage assignments across all three sequencing platforms. The advancements in library preparation and technology for long-read sequencing are likely to enhance sequence quality and expand genome coverage, effectively addressing current limitations in genome analysis. By merging the unique advantages of both short- and long-read methods, we can significantly improve SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance and provide insights into sequencing strategies for other RNA viruses, pending further validation. This may lead to precise tracking of viral evolution and support public health policy decisions.

BACKGROUND: Nursing home residents experience a large burden of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Data are limited regarding nursing home characteristics associated with differences in facility-level invasive MRSA rates. METHODS: We analyzed 2011-2015 data from CDC's Emerging Infections Program (EIP) active population- and laboratory-based surveillance for invasive MRSA cases within seven states. A nursing home-onset case was defined as MRSA cultured from a normally sterile site in a person living in a nursing home 3 days before culture collection. Facility rates were calculated as nursing home-onset cases per 100,000 resident-days. Nursing home resident-day denominators and facility characteristics were obtained from four Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) datasets. A general estimating equations model with a logit link assessed characteristics of the facilities with highest rates comprising 50% of nursing home MRSA cases ("high rates"). RESULTS: The 626 nursing homes in the surveillance area had 2824 invasive MRSA cases; 82% of facilities had at ≥1 case. The 20% of facilities with highest rates (≥3.84 cases/100,000 resident-days) had 50% of nursing home-onset cases. In multivariable regression, facilities with high rates were more likely to have CMS-derived characteristics of presence of a resident with a multidrug-resistant organism; or greater proportions of residents who were male, were short stay (in the facility <100 days), had a nasogastric or percutaneous gastrostomy tube, or require extensive assistance with bed repositioning; and more likely to be in an EIP area with higher hospital-onset MRSA rates. Higher registered nurses staffing levels (hours/resident/day) and higher proportions of White residents were associated with lower rates. CONCLUSIONS: Facilities with higher invasive MRSA rates served residents with more clinical and functional care needs. Increasing registered nurse staffing in high-risk facilities might assist with reduction of invasive MRSA rates. These findings could help prioritize nursing homes for future MRSA prevention work.

A recent article published in Science urges mandatory indoor air quality (IAQ) standards in public spaces, focusing on protecting public health, especially against diseases such as COVID-19, but also IAQ in general (1). Given the significance of this topic to our society, this short communication aims to provide commentary on the article and further discuss the importance of establishing IAQ standards. Citing a lack of legislated standards globally, the authors (1) propose numerical limits for four IAQ parameters: particulate matter (PM(2.5)), carbon dioxide (CO(2)), carbon monoxide (CO), and ventilation rate (VR). While recognizing that most of the countries do not have any mandatory IAQ standards, it is also noteworthy that IAQ regulations or guidelines exist in more than 40 countries. We like to emphasize that successful IAQ management requires recognizing, sharing, and reviewing openly available, existing regulations and guidelines, while adapting them to regional characteristics.

OBJECTIVES: To identify associations between perceived neighborhood walkability and sleep across racial and ethnic groups of US adults. METHODS: Data from the 2020 National Health Interview Survey (N=27,521) were used to assess self-reported measures of walkability (pedestrian access, accessible amenities, unsafe walking conditions) and sleep (short and long duration; frequency of waking up unrested, trouble falling and staying asleep, sleep medication use). Stratified by racial and ethnic group, we calculated the age-adjusted prevalence of neighborhood walkability features and sleep measures and estimated prevalence ratios assessing associations between neighborhood walkability and sleep while adjusting for sociodemographic and health covariates. RESULTS: The prevalence of unsafe walking conditions due to crime was lowest among non-Hispanic White adults (6.9%), and access to places to relax was lowest among non-Hispanic Black adults (72.5%). The prevalence of short sleep duration was highest among non-Hispanic Black adults (37.9%). Neighborhood environment features had differential associations with sleep when stratified by race and ethnicity. For example, walking path access was related to lower sleep medication use among non-Hispanic Asian adults (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19-0.91) but greater use among non-Hispanic White adults (aPR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.05-1.46). More associations were observed among non-Hispanic White adults than other groups; and the strongest magnitude of association was observed among non-Hispanic Asian adults (traffic and sleep medication aPR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.12-0.84). CONCLUSIONS: Associations between the neighborhood environment and sleep vary and may be inconsistent by race and ethnicity. Future research may help identify determinants.

Background: Although short-term outcomes of Long COVID have been described, longer-term physical and mental health outcomes of Long COVID are less well-established. This study sought to assess differences in long-term physical and mental health outcomes extending up to three years among those with current, resolved, and no Long COVID, as well as duration of Long COVID and vaccination status. Methods: This was a prospective, multisite, study of participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection from 12/7/2020-8/29/2022, with data collected through 4/2/2024. Surveys included validated tools for physical and mental health. Data were analyzed by Long COVID status (never-had, resolved, current), Long COVID duration and vaccination status. Findings: Of 3663 participants, 2604 (71.1%) never had Long COVID, 994 (27.1%) reported current Long COVID, and 65 (1.8%) reported resolved Long COVID. Compared to never having Long COVID, current Long COVID had lower/worse scores for Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) version 29 Physical (7.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.3–8.3) and Mental Health (9.4; 95% CI 8.8–10.1) and higher likelihood of moderate-to-high stress (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.0; 95% CI 1.6–2.4), moderate-to-high loneliness (aOR: 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–2.0), moderate-to-severe fatigue (aOR: 3.0; 95% CI 2.5–3.7), insufficient activity (aOR for Speedy Nutrition and Physical Activity Assessment ≤4: 0.6; 95% CI 0.5–0.7; aOR for Exercise Vital Sign ≤150 min/week: 0.7, 95% CI 0.6–1.0), and worse dyspnea (aOR: 5.0; 95% CI 4.3–5.8). Resolved Long COVID had lower scores for PROMIS Physical by 2.0 (95% CI 0.2–3.8) and Mental Health by 2.3 (95% CI 0.2–4.4) than the never-had-Long COVID cohort. Number of COVID-19 vaccinations was associated with better outcomes across all measures. Interpretation: Among participants followed up to 3 years after initial infection, those with current Long COVID had worse physical and mental health outcomes. The majority of those with Long COVID did not resolve, with less than 2% having resolved Long COVID. The resolved Long COVID cohort had moderately worse physical and mental health compared with those never-having-Long COVID. COVID-19 vaccination was associated with better outcomes. Funding: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. © 2025 The Author(s)

We present a feasible kernel-based interior point method (IPM) to solve the monotone linear complementarity problem (LCP) which is based on an eligible kernel function with a new logarithmic barrier term. This kernel function defines the new search direction and the neighborhood of the central path. We show the global convergence of the algorithm and derive the iteration bounds for short- and long-step versions of the algorithm. We applied the method to solve a continuous Control Tabular Adjustment (CTA) problem which is an important Statistical Disclosure Limitation (SDL) model for protection of tabular data. Numerical results on a test example show that this algorithm is a viable option to the existing methods for solving continuous CTA problems. We also apply the algorithm to the set of randomly generated monotone LCPs showing that the initial implementation performs well on these instances of LCPs. However, this limited numerical testing is done for illustration purposes; an extensive numerical study is necessary to draw more definite conclusions on the behavior of the algorithm. © (2025), (International Academic Press). All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between asthma and coccidioidomycosis has not been fully described. We have hypothesised that Coccidioides could trigger inflammatory airway responses, similar to other fungi. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the frequency of new-onset asthma-related symptoms after coccidioidomycosis and identify potentially associated factors. PATIENTS/METHODS: We used a large health insurance claims database to identify patients with coccidiomycosis with and without an asthma diagnosis code or a short-acting β(2) agonist prescription in the year after diagnosis. RESULTS: Thirteen per cent of 1657 patients with an asthma diagnosis code or a short-acting β(2) agonist prescription (median 2.5 months later). CONCLUSIONS: Increased healthcare provider awareness of asthma as a potential coccidioidomycosis complication could benefit patients, especially female patients and patients with severe pulmonary infection.

The organophosphate pesticide coumaphos is used to control Cattle Tick Fever carried by multiple species of ticks and is a known hazard for workers treating livestock. The USDA Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program requires regular blood draws to measure depressed cholinesterase levels as biomarkers of effect of long-term coumaphos exposure, however, the gap between blood draws may miss intermittent high exposures. Urine biomonitoring can supplement blood draws, offering personnel a sensitive and cost-effective method to monitor short-term exposures. Our objective was to improve and validate a previously published method to analyze the coumaphos metabolite 3‑chloro-7‑hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (CHMC). Urine samples were hydrolyzed with glucuronidase and then extracted prior to analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. Calibration curves were linear over a wide CHMC range (0.49 – 250.07 ng/mL) with a method detection limit of 0.06 ng/mL. This research will help establish an accessible urine biomonitoring method for assessing coumaphos exposures. • The modified bioanalytical method maintained high sensitivity and specificity while reducing duration of the sample treatment steps and the chromatographic program. • Method validation tests followed the acceptance criteria guidelines in the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. • CHMC levels were measured in workers exposed to coumaphos during livestock treatment. © 2025

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is common, and almost half of all IPV takes place in relationships with children in the home. We inventoried laws in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in the United States of America (USA) focused on addressing IPV committed in the presence of children, as these laws could help prevent or remediate this critical health and social issue. Using WestLaw, a web-based legal research service, we identified over 1,200 statutes and 500 regulations. We documented the laws' key attributes and heterogeneities and coded 557 laws from 31 states. We determined that the most commonly prescribed penalty was stricter sentencing, followed by mandates to pay for counseling for any child witnesses, separate additional criminal charges, mandated receipt of counseling or intervention services, and a period of supervised parenting. Future research could assess the possible impacts of these laws on children's short- and long-term wellbeing.

OBJECTIVES: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) poses an occupational risk for poultry workers, responders, and others in contact with infected birds. The objective of this analysis was to describe HPAI surveillance methods and outcomes, and highlight the challenges, successes, and lessons learned during the Minnesota Department of Health's (MDH's) public health response to HPAI outbreaks in Minnesota poultry flocks in the years 2015 and 2022-2023. METHODS: During both outbreaks, MDH staff attempted to contact all potentially exposed people and conduct a standardized interview. People were considered exposed and at risk if they had entered a barn with poultry on any HPAI test-positive premises. With their consent, exposed persons were entered into illness monitoring until 10 days from their last exposure. In 2015, MDH monitored the health of poultry workers only. In the 2022-2023 response, MDH monitored the health of poultry workers, backyard flock owners, responders, and private contract workers. In 2022-2023, interview responses were entered into a REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) database in real time, which automatically entered the person into monitoring if they consented. Through REDCap, they received an automated email with a unique link to a short survey asking about any symptom development. Where appropriate, interview responses from poultry workers collected in 2015 were compared to interview responses from poultry workers collected in 2022-2023. RESULTS: From March 3 to June 5, 2015, MDH epidemiologists interviewed and evaluated 375 (86%) of 435 poultry workers from 110 HPAI-infected flocks. From March 25, 2022 through December 31, 2023, MDH epidemiologists interviewed and evaluated 649 (65%) of 992 poultry workers, responders, contractors, and backyard flock owners associated with 151 HPAI-infected flocks. Among poultry workers, self-reported personal protective equipment (PPE) usage declined significantly from 2015 to 2022-2023 (full PPE usage 51.8% vs. 23.9%, p < .01). CONCLUSION: MDH's long standing relationships with animal health officials and the poultry industry resulted in strong poultry worker participation rates in surveillance efforts during HPAI outbreaks in 2015 and 2022-2023. Self-reported PPE usage was low, particularly in 2022-2023. Improvements in PPE accessibility and technology are needed to protect workers and responders in the on-going HPAI outbreak.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among U.S. adults with and without disabilities, overall and by subgroups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used data on adults aged ≥18 years from the cross-sectional 2021-2022 National Health Interview Survey to report the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes by functional disability status and for each disability type (hearing, seeing, mobility, cognition, self-care, and communication) separately. With use of the Washington Group Short Set on Functioning indicator, disability was defined according to the categories of milder (reporting some difficulty), moderate (reporting a lot of difficulty), and severe (cannot do at all) by disability type. Crude prevalence and age-standardized prevalence of diabetes were also calculated for adults with any difficulty with any disability by age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, insurance, and poverty-to-income ratio. RESULTS: Diabetes prevalence increased with number of disability types, was lower among adults with no disability (5.8%) than among those with milder (9.5%) or moderate to more severe (18.3%) disability, and was 4.0-10.3 percentage points higher among those with moderate to more severe disability than among those with milder disability for vision, hearing, mobility, and cognitive disabilities. Diabetes prevalence was similar for adults with milder and moderate to more severe self-care and communication disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of diabetes was higher among adults with any functional disability than without and increased with increasing number of disability types. Adults with multiple disability types, or those who have difficulty with self-care or communication or other moderate to more severe disabilities, may benefit from diabetes prevention programs.

BACKGROUND: Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have caused widespread infections in dairy cows and poultry in the United States, with sporadic human cases. We describe characteristics of human A(H5N1) cases identified from March through October 2024 in the United States. METHODS: We analyzed data from persons with laboratory-confirmed A(H5N1) virus infection using a standardized case-report form linked to laboratory results from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention influenza A/H5 subtyping kit. RESULTS: Of 46 case patients, 20 were exposed to infected poultry, 25 were exposed to infected or presumably infected dairy cows, and 1 had no identified exposure; that patient was hospitalized with nonrespiratory symptoms, and A(H5N1) virus infection was detected through routine surveillance. Among the 45 case patients with animal exposures, the median age was 34 years, and all had mild A(H5N1) illness; none were hospitalized, and none died. A total of 42 patients (93%) had conjunctivitis, 22 (49%) had fever, and 16 (36%) had respiratory symptoms; 15 (33%) had conjunctivitis only. The median duration of illness among 16 patients with available data was 4 days (range, 1 to 8). Most patients (87%) received oseltamivir; oseltamivir was started a median of 2 days after symptom onset. No additional cases were identified among the 97 household contacts of case patients with animal exposures. The types of personal protective equipment (PPE) that were most commonly used by workers exposed to infected animals were gloves (71%), eye protection (60%), and face masks (47%). CONCLUSIONS: In the cases identified to date, A(H5N1) viruses generally caused mild illness, mostly conjunctivitis, of short duration, predominantly in U.S. adults exposed to infected animals; most patients received prompt antiviral treatment. No evidence of human-to-human A(H5N1) transmission was identified. PPE use among occupationally exposed persons was suboptimal, which suggests that additional strategies are needed to reduce exposure risk. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).

In the Global Polio Laboratory Network (GPLN), poliovirus (PV) screening results from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance is based on virus isolation (VI) through cell culture, entailing long turnaround times and the amplification of live poliovirus. An alternative Direct Detection strategy (DD-ITD) for screening viral nucleic acid from stools, bypassing the need for virus culture, has been developed and extensively validated by GPLN partners. A multi-laboratory demonstration project was conceived to field-test the DD-ITD method by GPLN laboratories from the WHO African, Western Pacific, and Eastern Mediterranean regions, where wild serotype 1 or vaccine-derived polioviruses still circulate. Strategically selected laboratories were tasked to simultaneously process stool suspensions with the current gold-standard VI method and the new DD-ITD strategy. Results from 12 laboratories were compiled and analyzed to assess the quality of each RNA extraction and rRT-PCR run. Matched results for both methods of over 10,500 specimens showed an overall method agreement of 91%. All laboratories detected more PV presumptive positive samples with the DD-ITD strategy than with VI, but a large proportion of DD-ITD positive results (72%) were inconclusive or non-typeable, requiring confirmation through sequencing. A total of 298 (2.8%) samples were PV positive using both methods, 828 (7.9%) positive only for DD-ITD, and 62 (0.6%) positive only with VI. The DD-ITD overall performance, quality of results, and agreement between method results varied significantly across participating laboratories. DD-ITD implementation would entail building proficiency in advanced molecular laboratory techniques and data analysis, and increased demand for confirmatory sequencing. IMPORTANCE: Surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and sensitive poliovirus detection are key components of the WHO Global Polio Eradication Strategy. This work summarizes the results of a multi-laboratory evaluation designed to field-test the performance and applicability of a molecular Direct Detection strategy (DD-ITD) that does not require amplification of live poliovirus. AFP samples were processed in parallel with both the DD-ITD and the current gold-standard PV detection methodology, based on virus isolation (VI) through cell culture. All participating laboratories detected more PV presumptive positive samples using the DD-ITD strategy than with virus isolation methodology, although a higher proportion of DD-ITD results required confirmatory sequencing. Significant variability among laboratories was observed in the quality of the results and overall DD-ITD performance. Implementing DD-ITD would entail building proficiency in advanced molecular laboratory techniques and strengthening data analysis skills.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence of rapidly growing resistance to antibiotics across Africa. We aimed to establish whether blood culture and sensitivity (BCS) testing is a feasible component of the response to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in large Kenyan hospitals. METHODS: We used a qualitative study design and conducted key informant interviews (KIIs) using iteratively developed, semi-structured interviews with purposively sampled health-care workers (HCWs) within a network of facilities in Kenya called the Clinical Information Network. Only hospital laboratories that either reported fewer than 50 BCS tests in the previous 6 months or had not recorded use of BCS tests for the past 6 months were included in this study. This selection was further limited by considerations of timing, logistics, and data saturation. Our purposive selection of interviewees was guided by the level of expertise, profession, the number of key informants per hospital, and existing relations with the hospital staff. Each interview took an average of 45 min. Our thematic analysis used inductive coding to identify key themes, and we used causal loop diagrams (CLDs) to explain interactions between themes. The CLDs illustrate how health system issues relate to each other and influence the use of BCS testing in these study settings. FINDINGS: We conducted 72 KIIs across eight tertiary-level Kenyan hospitals between Oct 27 and Dec 2, 2021. Of the 72 HCWs interviewed, 33 (46%) were women and 39 (54%) were men. The participants consisted of 24 clinicians, 26 laboratory staff, and 22 pharmacists with a median age of 36 years (IQR 31-40). We found that the main issues that led to insufficient use of BCS testing in these hospitals related to demand and supply. A host of issues influence clinician demand for BCS testing, including: the use and uptake of BCS, normalisation of clinical diagnosis, unaffordability of the BCS test, turnaround time of the BCS test, preferential use of alternative biochemistry and haematology tests by clinicians, diagnosis by malaria confirmation, and negative results discouraging clinicians from ordering this test. Similarly, health system logistics or supply issues, including laboratory capacity, support and goodwill from hospital management, and scarcity of refresher training opportunities, hinder the availability and sustenance of BCS testing. The CLDs show that these multiple factors can create mutually reinforcing feedback loops that undermine efforts to provide BCS testing in hospitals. INTERPRETATION: The findings suggest that sustainable and routine provision of BCS testing would require many issues to be targeted simultaneously and continuously at the health system level, which is unlikely to be feasible in the short term for Kenyan hospitals. Therefore, in these settings, alternatives to routine BCS testing-such as the adoption of a targeted or vertical approach and the use of survey-informed antimicrobial stewardship to inform local treatment guidelines-should be considered for the control of AMR. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust.

OBJECTIVE: Recent research has explored frailty in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using multiple measures. We examined the agreement among frailty measures and the association of each with cross-sectional and longitudinal health outcomes. METHODS: We used data from the California Lupus Epidemiology Study (CLUES) to examine the following measures of frailty: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) Frailty Index (SLICC-FI), Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illness, and Loss of Weight (FRAIL) scale questionnaire. PROMIS Physical Function 10a (PF) was tested as a proxy measure of frailty. Agreement between frailty classifications by each measure was assessed. Cross-sectional associations of frailty classifications with hospitalization, valued life activities disability, cognitive impairment, 6-minute walk test distance, self-reported disease damage, fatigue, and depressive symptoms were assessed with logistic and linear regression analyses. Associations with hospitalization, disease damage increase, and disability increase over the subsequent 3 years were assessed Cox proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS: Percentages of participants identified as frail varied among the measures, from 10.8% to 45.9%. Agreement among classifications ranged from slight to substantial (κ from 0.17 to 0.63). Most of the frailty measures were associated with both cross-sectional and longitudinal health outcomes, with the notable exception of the SPPB. SLICC-FI had the most consistent association with outcomes, followed by FRAIL and PF. CONCLUSION: Multiple measures of frailty appear to identify the risk of poor health outcomes. The intended use, as well as the simplicity and practicality of implementing the measure, may be the most important considerations in choosing a frailty measure.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) can include emotional, physical, or sexual violence. IPV during pregnancy is a preventable cause of injury and death with negative short- and long-term impacts for pregnant women, infants, and families. Using data from the 2016-2022 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System in nine U.S. jurisdictions, CDC examined associations between IPV during pregnancy among women with a recent live birth and the following outcomes: prenatal care initiation, health conditions during pregnancy (gestational diabetes, pregnancy-related hypertension, and depression), substance use during pregnancy, and infant birth outcomes. Overall, 5.4% of women reported IPV during pregnancy. Emotional IPV was most prevalent (5.2%), followed by physical (1.5%) and sexual (1.0%) IPV. All types were associated with delayed or no prenatal care; depression during pregnancy; cigarette smoking, alcohol use, marijuana or illicit substance use during pregnancy; and having an infant with low birth weight. Physical, sexual, and any IPV were associated with having a preterm birth. Physical IPV was associated with pregnancy-related hypertension. Evidence-based prevention and intervention strategies that address multiple types of IPV are important for supporting healthy parents and families because they might reduce pregnancy complications, depression and substance use during pregnancy, and adverse infant outcomes.

Timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains a major challenge in the effort to treat children living with HIV ("CLH") and little is known regarding the dynamics of immune normalization following ART in CLH with varying times to and durations of ART. Here, we leveraged two cohorts of virally-suppressed CLH from Nairobi, Kenya to examine differences in the peripheral immune systems between two cohorts of age-matched children (to control for immune changes with age): one group which initiated ART during early HIV infection and had been on ART for 5-6 years at evaluation (early, long-term treated; "ELT" cohort), and one group which initiated ART later and had been on ART for approximately 9 months at evaluation (delayed, short-term treated; "DST" cohort). We profiled PBMC and purified NK cells from these two cohorts by mass cytometry time-of-flight (CyTOF). Although both groups of CLH had undetectable viral RNA load at evaluation, there were marked differences in both immune composition and immune phenotype between the ELT cohort and the DST cohort. DST donors had reduced CD4 T cell percentages, decreased naive to effector memory T cell ratios, and markedly higher expression of stress-induced markers. Conversely, ELT donors had higher naive to effector memory T cell ratios, low expression of stress-induced markers, and increased expression of markers associated with an effective antiviral response and resolution of inflammation. Collectively, our results demonstrate key differences in the immune systems of virally-suppressed CLH with different ages at ART initiation and durations of treatment and provide further rationale for emphasizing early onset of ART.

Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick-borne virus that causes severe meningoencephalitis in the United States, Canada, and Russia. Serology is generally the preferred diagnostic modality, but PCR on cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or urine has an important role, particularly in immunocompromised patients who are unable to mount a serologic response. Although the perceived poor sensitivity of PCR in the general population may be due to the biology of infection and health-seeking behavior (with short viremic periods that end before hospital presentation), limitations in assay design may also contribute. Genome sequences from clinical POWV cases are extremely scarce; PCR assay design has been informed by those available, but the numbers are limited. Larger numbers of genome sequences from tick-derived POWV are available, but it is not known if POWV genomes from human infections broadly mirror genomes from tick hosts, or if human infections are caused by a subset of more virulent strains. We obtained viral genomic data from 10 previously unpublished POWV human infections and showed that they broadly mirror the diversity of genome sequences seen in ticks, including all three major clades (lineage I, lineage II Northeast, and lineage II Midwest). These newly published clinical POWV genome sequences include the first confirmed lineage I infection in the United States, highlighting the relevance of all clades in human disease. An in silico analysis of published POWV PCR assays shows that many assays were optimized against a single clade and have mismatches that may affect their sensitivity when applied across clades. This analysis serves as a launching point for improved PCR design for clinical diagnostics and environmental surveillance.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged exposure to hyperoxia can lead to hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI) in preterm neonates. Vitamin D (VitD) stimulates lung maturation and acts as an anti-inflammatory agent. Our objective was to determine if VitD provides a dose-dependent protective effect against HALI by reducing inflammatory cytokine expression and improving alveolarization and lung function in neonatal mice. METHODS: C57BL/6 mouse neonates were randomized and placed in room air or hyperoxic (85% O(2)) conditions for 6 days. Control, low (5 ng/neonate) and high (25 ng/neonate) doses of VitD were administered daily beginning at day 2 via oral gavage. Lung tissue was analyzed for edema, changes in pulmonary structure and function, and inflammatory cytokine expression. RESULTS: Neonatal mice treated with VitD in hyperoxic conditions had improved weight gain, reduced pulmonary edema and increased alveolar surface area compared to untreated pups in hyperoxia. No significant changes in cytokine expression were observed between untreated and VitD neonates. While changes in surfactant protein mRNA expression were impacted by hyperoxia and VitD administration, no significant changes in alveolar type II cell percentages were observed. At 3 weeks, mice in hyperoxia treated with VitD had greater lung compliance, diminished airway reactivity and improved weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: High dose VitD significantly limited harmful effects of HALI. These results suggest that supplementation of VitD to neonatal mice during hyperoxia exposure provides both short-term and long-term protective benefits against HALI.

Studies consistently demonstrate that physical activity is inversely associated with postmenopausal breast cancer. Whether this association is stronger among non-hormone users or former users of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) is of interest given the marked decline in HT use since 2002. The Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study, a population-based case-control study of invasive breast cancer, recruited white women and black women ages 35-64 years and collected histories of lifetime recreational physical activity and HT use including estrogen-alone therapy (ET) and estrogen plus progestin therapy (EPT). Among postmenopausal women (1,908 cases, 2,013 control participants), breast cancer risk declined with increasing levels of lifetime physical activity among never HT users; among short-term HT users (fewer than 5 years); and among current ET users; P (trend) values ranged from 0.004 to 0.016. In contrast, physical activity had no significant association with risk among long-term and past HT users and among current EPT users. No statistical evidence of heterogeneity was demonstrated for duration or currency of HT use. Breast cancer risk decreases with increasing lifetime physical activity levels among postmenopausal women who have not used HT, have used HT for less than 5 years, or are current ET users, yet this study was unable to demonstrate statistically that HT use modifies the relationship between physical activity and breast cancer. With profound changes in HT use occurring since 2002, it will be important in future studies to learn whether or not any association between physical activity and breast cancer among former HT users is a function of time since last HT use.