Last data update: Sep 16, 2024. (Total: 47680 publications since 2009)
Records 1-5 (of 5 Records) |
Query Trace: Shaw KD [original query] |
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The first outbreak of eastern equine encephalitis in Vermont: outbreak description and phylogenetic relationships of the virus isolate
Saxton-Shaw KD , Ledermann JP , Kenney JL , Berl E , Graham AC , Russo JM , Powers AM , Mutebi JP . PLoS One 2015 10 (6) e0128712 The first known outbreak of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) in Vermont occurred on an emu farm in Rutland County in 2011. The first isolation of EEE virus (EEEV) in Vermont (VT11) was during this outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VT11 was most closely related to FL01, a strain from Florida isolated in 2001, which is both geographically and temporally distinct from VT11. EEEV RNA was not detected in any of the 3,905 mosquito specimens tested, and the specific vectors associated with this outbreak are undetermined. |
O'nyong nyong virus molecular determinants of unique vector specificity reside in non-structural protein 3
Saxton-Shaw KD , Ledermann JP , Borland EM , Stovall JL , Mossel EC , Singh AJ , Wilusz J , Powers AM . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013 7 (1) e1931 O'nyong nyong virus (ONNV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are two closely related alphaviruses with very different infection patterns in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. ONNV is the only alphavirus transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes, but specific molecular determinants of infection of this unique vector specificity remain unidentified. Fifteen distinct chimeric viruses were constructed to evaluate both structural and non-structural regions of the genome and infection patterns were determined through artificial infectious feeds in An. gambiae with each of these chimeras. Only one region, non-structural protein 3 (nsP3), was sufficient to up-regulate infection to rates similar to those seen with parental ONNV. When ONNV non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) replaced nsP3 from CHIKV virus in one of the chimeric viruses, infection rates in An. gambiae went from 0% to 63.5%. No other single gene or viral region addition was able to restore infection rates. Thus, we have shown that a non-structural genome element involved in viral replication is a major element involved in ONNV's unique vector specificity. |
Serological evidence for Eastern equine encephalitis virus activity in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in Vermont, 2010
Berl E , Eisen RJ , Macmillan K , Swope BN , Saxton-Shaw KD , Graham AC , Turmel JP , Mutebi JP . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 88 (1) 103-7 Serum samples from 489 free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were screened for antibodies against the Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) using plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs). EEEV antibodies were detected in 10.2% of serum samples. This evidence is the first evidence that EEEV is present in Vermont. Serum was collected from deer in all 14 counties in the state, and positive EEEV sera were found in 12 (85%) of 14 counties, suggesting statewide EEEV activity in Vermont. Analysis of the spatial distribution of PRNT-positive samples revealed a random distribution of EEEV throughout the state. Results indicate widespread EEEV activity in Vermont, and they suggest that EEEV is not a recent introduction in the state but that EEEV activity has not been detected until now. |
Eastern equine encephalitis in moose (Alces americanus) in northeastern Vermont
Mutebi JP , Swope BN , Saxton-Shaw KD , Graham AC , Turmel JP , Berl E . J Wildl Dis 2012 48 (4) 1109-12 During fall 2010, 21 moose (Alces americanus) sera collected in northeastern Vermont were screened for eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) antibodies using plaque reduction neutralization tests. Six (29%) were antibody positive. This is the first evidence of EEEV activity in Vermont, and the second report of EEEV antibodies in moose. |
The evaluation of widely used diagnostic tests to detect West Nile virus infections in horses previously infected with St. Louis encephalitis or dengue virus
Ledermann JP , Lorono-Pino MA , Ellis C , Shaw KD , Blitvich BJ , Beaty BJ , Bowen RA , Powers AM . Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011 18 (4) 580-7 Primary West Nile virus (WNV) infections can be diagnosed using a number of tests that detect infectious particles, nucleic acid, specific IgM, and/or IgG antibodies. However, serological identification of the infecting agent in secondary or subsequent flavivirus infections is problematic due to extensive cross-reactivity of flavivirus antibodies. This is particularly difficult in the tropical Americas where multiple flaviviruses co-circulate. A sequential flavivirus infection study in horses was undertaken using three medically important flaviviruses and five widely utilized diagnostic assays to determine if WNV infection could be detected in horses that had a previous St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) or Dengue 2 virus (DENV-2) infection. Following the primary inoculation, 25% (3/12) and 75% (3/4) mounted an antibody response against SLEV or DENV-2, respectively. Eighty eight percent of horses subsequently inoculated with WNV had a WNV-specific antibody response that could be diagnosed with one of these assays. The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was sensitive in detection, but lacked specificity especially following repeated flavivirus exposure. Only the WNV specific IgM-ELISA was able to detect an IgM antibody response and was not cross-reactive in a primary SLEV or DENV response. The WNV-specific blocking ELISA was specific, showing positives only following a WNV injection. Of great importance, we demonstrated that timing of sample collection and the need for multiple samples are important as the infecting etiology could be misdiagnosed if only a single sample is tested. |
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