Last data update: Jun 03, 2024. (Total: 46935 publications since 2009)
Records 1-30 (of 37 Records) |
Query Trace: Roberge RJ [original query] |
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Using trunk posture to monitor heat strain at work
Quinn TD , Seo Y , Yorio PL , Aljaroudi A , Coca A , Kim Jung-Hyun , Roberge RJ , Williams WJ . Ergonomics 2018 61 (11) 1-9 AbstractThis study aimed to determine if trunk posture during walking is related to increases in rectal temperature (Tre). 24 males treadmill walked in one of four conditions (1): 30 min at 3.0 mph and 0% grade, 20C and 50% relative humidity (RH), wearing healthcare worker (HCW) PPE; (2): 30 min at 3.0 mph and 0% grade, 27.5C and 60% RH, HCW PPE; (3): 30 min at 3.0 mph and 0% grade, 32.5C and 70% RH, HCW PPE; and (4): 40 min at 40% VO2max, 30C and 70% RH, wearing firefighter PPE. Trunk posture (Zephyr BioHarness 3) and Tre were measured continuously. Tre was positively related to trunk posture, controlling for covariates (B=3.49, p<.001). BMI and age moderated this relationship (Tre age, B = 0.76, p<.001; Tre*BMI, B=1.85, p<.001). Trunk posture measurement may be useful in monitoring fall potential and magnitude of heat stress of workers in hot environments.Practitioner Summary: Occupational hyperthermia increases worker risk for heat illness and injury but is difficult to monitor in the field. This investigation shows that trunk posture is independently and positively related to core temperature. Non-invasive measurement or visual inspection of trunk posture could provide novel insight on individual heat strain level. |
Effects of 5-day heat acclimation on workers wearing personal protective clothing
Seo Y , Quinn TD , Kim J-H , Powell JB , Roberge RJ , Coca A . J Exerc Nutr 2018 1 (1) 1-10 Introduction: Elevated ambient temperature and personal protective clothing (PPC) induce physiological strain which may be counteracted by heat acclimation. The purpose of this study was to determine if 5-day heat acclimation training (HAT) improves thermal and perceptual responses while wearing chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) PPC. Methods: Nine healthy men completed a heat stress test (walking for one hour with CBRN PPC) in 35 degrees C and 50% relative humidity (RH) before and after 5-day HAT. The HAT consisted of five consecutive days of two 45-minute cycling sessions (50% VO2max) wearing athletic clothing separated by a 15 min rest in 45 degrees C and 20% RH. Results of the pre- and post- HAT heat stress tests were compared. Results: Heat acclimation was seen through 5-day HAT; however, thermoregulatory responses did not improve while wearing CBRN PPC. Improvement (p<0.05, day 1 vs. day 5 HAT) in skin temperature (38.0+/-0.5 degrees C vs. 37.6+/-0.5 degrees C), body temperature (38.6+/-0.4 degrees C vs. 38.3+/-0.4 degrees C), sweat rate (2.26+/-0.3kg vs. 2.64+/-0.3kg), RPE (15.8+/-2.4 vs. 13.9+/-3.1), and heat perception (5.7+/-0.6 vs. 4.9+/-1.0) were noted. However, no physiological or perceptual improvements (p>0.05) were found in the post-HAT heat stress test. Conclusions: Heat acclimation adaptations may be blunted by CBRN PPC, thus requiring differing or extended HAT. |
Project BREATHE - Prototype Respirator Evaluation Utilizing Newly Proposed Respirator Test Criteria
Kim JH , Roberge RJ , Shaffer RE , Zhuang Z , Powell JB , Bergman M , Palmiero AJ . J Int Soc Respir Prot 2017 34 (1) 1-9 Machine and human subject testing of four prototype filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) and two commercial FFR was carried out utilizing recently proposed respirator test criteria that address healthcare worker-identified comfort and tolerance issues. Overall, two FFR (one prototype, one commercial model) were able to pass all eight criteria and three FFR (two prototypes, one commercial model) were able to pass seven of eight criteria. One prototype FFR was not tested against the criteria due to an inability to obtain satisfactory results on human subject quantitative respirator fit testing. Future studies, testing different models and styles of FFR against the proposed criteria, will be required to gauge the overall utility and effectiveness of the criteria in determining FFR comfort and tolerance issues that may impact user compliance and, by extension, protection. |
Powered air-purifying respirator use in healthcare: Effects on thermal sensations and comfort
Powell JB , Kim JH , Roberge RJ . J Occup Environ Hyg 2017 14 (12) 947-954 Twelve subjects wore an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (N95 FFR), one tight-fitting full facepiece powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR), two loose-fitting PAPRs, and one elastomeric/PAPR hybrid for 1 hr each during treadmill walking at 5.6 km/hr while undergoing physiological and subjective response monitoring. No significant interaction (p ≥ .05) was noted between the five respirators in heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, transcutaneous carbon dioxide, and perceptions of breathing effort or discomfort, exertion, facial heat, and overall body heat. Respirator deadspace heat/humidity were significantly greater for the N95 FFR, whereas tympanic forehead skin temperatures were significantly greater for the hybrid PAPR. Temperature of the facial skin covered by the respirator was equivalent for the N95 FFR and hybrid PAPR, and both were significantly higher than for the other three PAPRs. Perception of eye dryness was significantly greater for a tight-fitting full facepiece PAPR than the N95 FFR and hybrid PAPR. At a low-moderate work rate over 1 hr, effects on cardiopulmonary variables, breathing perceptions, and facial and overall body heat perceptions did not differ significantly between the four PAPRs and a N95 FFR, but the tight-fitting, full facepiece PAPR increased perceptions of eye dryness. The two loose-fitting PAPRs and the full facepiece tight-fitting PAPR ameliorated exercise-induced increases in facial temperature, but this did not translate to improved perception of facial heat and overall body heat. |
Umbilical temperature correlation with core and skin temperatures at rest, in the heat and during physical activity
Roberge RJ , Kim JH , Yorio P , Coca A , Seo Y , Quinn T , Aljaroudi A , Powell JB . Int J Hyperthermia 2017 37 (7) 724-732 Purpose: to determine the correlation of umbilical temperatures (Tumb) with simultaneously recorded chest wall temperature (Tchest) and rectal temperature (Trectal) in adults during rest, heat exposure and exercise. Methods: A total of 28 healthy men, wearing different types of clothing (athletic garb, a spandex full body heating garment, firefighter bunker gear) had average and peak umbilical, chest wall and rectal temperature measurements taken during sedentary temperature stabilisation stages, heat exposure periods and active exercise phases. Results: Curvilinear relationships were noted between Tchest and Tumb compared with Trectal and their association became noticeably positive and linear at approximately 35.5degreeC. Polynomial regression analysis of Trectal with linear and quadratic forms of Tchest and Tumb indicated an overall R2 of 0.657 and 0.767, respectively. Bivariate analysis of a restricted data set (where Tchest and Tumb>35.5degree), indicated that Tumb was significantly associated with Trectal (raverage=0.710, p<0.001; rpeak=0.841, p<0.001) and Tchest was also significantly associated with Trectal, but less so (raverage=0.570, p<0.001; rpeak=0.699, p<0.001). Conclusions: the umbilicus offers a non-invasive, peripheral site for measurement of temperature that more closely correlated with body core temperature than Tchest when core temperature was >35.5degreeC. |
Comparison of estimated core body temperature measured with the BioHarness and rectal temperature under several heat stress conditions
Seo Y , DiLeo T , Powell JB , Kim JH , Roberge RJ , Coca A . J Occup Environ Hyg 2016 13 (8) 0 PURPOSE: Monitoring and measuring core body temperature is important to prevent or minimize physiological strain and cognitive dysfunction for workers such as first responders (e.g., firefighters) and military personnel. The purpose of this study is to compare estimated core body temperature (Tco-est), determined by heart rate (HR) data from a wearable chest strap physiology monitor, to standard rectal thermometry (Tre) under different conditions. METHODS: Tco-est and Tre measurements were obtained in thermoneutral and heat stress conditions (high temperature and relative humidity) during four different experiments including treadmill exercise, cycling exercise, passive heat stress, and treadmill exercise while wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). RESULTS: Overall, the mean Tco-est did not differ significantly from Tre across the four conditions. During exercise at low-moderate work rates under heat stress conditions, Tco-est was consistently higher than Tre at all-time points. Tco-est underestimated temperature compared to Tre at rest in heat stress conditions and at a low work rate under heat stress while wearing PPE. The mean differences between the two measurements ranged from -0.1+/-0.4 to 0.3+/-0.4 degrees C and Tco-est correlated well with HR (r = 0.795 - 0.849) and mean body temperature (r = 0.637 - 0.861). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that, the comparison of Tco-est to Tre may result in over- or under-estimation which could possibly lead to heat-related illness during monitoring in certain conditions. Modifications to the current algorithm should be considered to address such issues. |
Effect of wearing an N95 filtering facepiece respirator on superomedial orbital infrared indirect brain temperature measurements
DiLeo T , Roberge RJ , Kim JH . J Clin Monit Comput 2016 31 (1) 67-73 To determine any effect of wearing a filtering facepiece respirator on brain temperature. Subjects (n = 18) wore a filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) for 1 h at rest while undergoing infrared thermography measurements of the superomedial periobital region of the eye, a non-invasive indirect method of brain temperature measurements we termed the superomedial orbital infrared indirect brain temperature (SOIIBT) measurement. Temperature of the facial skin covered by the FFR, infrared temperature measurements of the tympanic membrane and superficial temporal artery region were concurrently measured, and subjective impressions of thermal comfort obtained simultaneously. The temperature of the skin under the FFR and subjective impressions of thermal discomfort both increased significantly. The mean tympanic membrane temperature did not increase, and the superficial temporal artery region temperature decreased significantly. The SOIIBT values did not change significantly, but subjects who switched from nasal to oronasal breathing during the study (n = 5) experienced a slight increase in the SOIIBT measurements. Wearing a FFR for 1 h at rest does not have a significant effect on brain temperatures, as evaluated by the SOIIBT measurements, but a change in the route of breathing may impact these measurements. These findings suggest that subjective impressions of thermal discomfort from wearing a FFR under the study conditions are more likely the result of local dermal sensations rather than brain warming. |
Face shields for infection control: a review
Roberge RJ . J Occup Environ Hyg 2015 13 (4) 1-28 Face shields are personal protective equipment devices that are used by many workers (e.g., medical, dental, veterinary) for protection of the facial area and associated mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth) from splashes, sprays and spatter of body fluids. Face shields are generally not used alone, but in conjunction with other protective equipment and are therefore classified as adjunctive personal protective equipment. Although there are millions of potential users of face shields, guidelines for their use vary between governmental agencies and professional societies and little research is available regarding their efficacy. |
Physiologic and fit factor profiles of N95 and P100 filtering facepiece respirators for use in hot, humid environments
Kim JH , Wu T , Powell JB , Roberge RJ . Am J Infect Control 2015 44 (2) 194-8 BACKGROUND: To determine if hot, humid ambient conditions impact filtering facepiece respirators' (FFRs') fit, and to evaluate differences in physiologic and subjective responses between N95 FFRs and P100 FFRs. METHODS: Twelve subjects had physiologic monitoring and subjective perceptions monitored over 1 hour of treadmill exercise (5.6 km/h) in an environmental chamber (35 degrees C, relative humidity 50%) wearing an N95 FFR, P100 FFR, or no respirator. Respirator quantitative fit testing was done before and after exercise. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in pass rates for both FFRs on initial fit testing, but subjects who passed were more likely to fail the postexercise test with N95 FFRs (P = .01). Wearing FFRs increased the temperature of facial skin covered by the FFR (P = .009) and breathing discomfort (P = .002). No significant differences were noted in other measured variables (heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, transcutaneous carbon dioxide level, rectal temperature, global skin temperature, core temperature, and subjective perceptions) between controls and FFRs and between FFR models. CONCLUSION: After 1 hour of exercise in hot, humid ambient conditions, P100 FFRs retained better fit than N95 FFRs, without additional physiologic or subjective impact. Wearing FFRs under these conditions does not add to the body's thermophysiologic or perceptual burdens. |
Pressure drop of filtering facepiece respirators: how low should we go?
Kim JH , Roberge RJ , Powell JB , Shaffer RE , Ylitalo CM , Sebastian JM . Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2015 28 (1) 71-80 INTRODUCTION: This study was undertaken to determine the mean peak filter resistance to airflow (Rfilter) encountered by subjects while wearing prototype filtering facepiece respirators (PRs) with low Rfilter during nasal and oral breathing at sedentary and low-moderate work rates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In-line pressure transducer measurements of mean Rfilteracross PRs with nominal Rfilter of 29.4 Pa, 58.8 Pa and 88.2 Pa (measured at 85 l/min constant airflow) were obtained during nasal and oral breathing at sedentary and low-moderate work rates for 10 subjects. RESULTS: The mean Rfilter for the 29.4 PR was significantly lower than the other 2 PRs (p < 0.000), but there were no significant differences in mean Rfilter between the PRs with 58.8 and 88.2 Pa filter resistance (p > 0.05). The mean Rfilter was greater for oral versus nasal breathing and for exercise compared to sedentary activity (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Mean oral and nasal Rfilter for all 3 PRs was at, or below, the minimal threshold level for detection of inspiratory resistance (the 58.8-74.5 Pa/lxs-1), which may account for the previously-reported lack of significant subjective or physiological differences when wearing PRs with these low Rfilter. Lowering filtering facepiece respirator Rfilter below 88.2 Pa (measured at 85 l/min constant airflow) may not result in additional subjective or physiological benefit to the wearer. |
Effect of pregnancy upon facial anthropometrics and respirator fit testing
Roberge RJ , Kim JH , Palmiero A , Powell JB . J Occup Environ Hyg 2015 12 (11) 0 Workers required to wear respirators must undergo additional respirator fit testing if a significant change in body weight occurs. Approximately 10% of working women of reproductive age will be pregnant and experience a significant change in weight, yet the effect of pregnancy-associated weight gain on respirator fit is unknown. Cephalo-facial anthropometric measurements and quantitative fit testing of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (N95 FFR) of 15 pregnant women and 15 matched, non-pregnant women were undertaken for comparisons between the groups. There were no significant differences between pregnant and non-pregnant women with respect to cephalo-facial anthropometric measurements or N95 FFR quantitative fit tests. Healthy pregnant workers, who adhere to the recommended weight gain limits of pregnancy, are unlikely to experience an increase in cephalo-facial dimensions that would mandate additional N95 FFR fit testing above that which is normally required on an annual basis. |
Effect of external airflow resistive load on postural and exercise-associated cardiovascular and pulmonary responses in pregnancy: a case control study
Kim JH , Roberge RJ , Powell JB . BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015 15 45 BACKGROUND: Facial coverings (e.g., balaclavas, niqabs, medical/surgical masks, respirators, etc.), that impose low levels of airflow resistive loads, are worn by millions of pregnant women worldwide, but little data exist addressing their impact on pregnancy-associated cardiovascular and pulmonary responses. METHODS: 16 pregnant and 16 non-pregnant women were monitored physiologically (heart rate, blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance, stroke volume, cardiac output, oxygen saturation, transcutaneous carbon dioxide, fetal heart rate) and subjectively (exertion) for 1 h of mixed sedentary postural activity (sitting, standing) and moderate exercise (bicycle ergometer) with and without wearing N95 filtering facepiece respirators with filter resistive loads of 94.1 Pa (9.6 mm H2O) - 119.6 Pa (12.2 mm H2O) pressure. RESULTS: The external airflow resistive loads were associated with increases in diastolic pressure (p = 0.004), mean arterial pressure (p = 0.01), and subjective exertion score (p < 0.001) of all study subjects. No significant differences were noted with the external resistive loads between the pregnant and non-pregnant groups for any cardiovascular, pulmonary and subjective variable over 1 h. CONCLUSIONS: Low external airflow resistive loads, during combined sedentary postural activity and moderate exercise over 1 h, were associated with increases in the diastolic and mean arterial pressures of all study subjects, but pregnancy itself was not associated with any significant differences in physiologic or subjective responses to the external airway resistive loads utilized in the study. |
Effect of wearing an N95 respirator on infrared tympanic membrane temperature measurements
Kim J , Roberge RJ , Powell JB . J Clin Monit Comput 2014 29 (6) 691-5 To determine the impact of wearing an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (N95 FFR) on tympanic temperature measurements. TMT measurements, with and without wearing an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (N95 FFR) were obtained at the onset and termination of 1 h of treadmill exercise in 21 subjects, and at staggered time intervals (0, 20, 40, 60 min) during combined sedentary activity and exercise of another 46 subjects, to determine any effect on TMT. A total of 877 TMT measurements were obtained that demonstrated a mean TMT increase of 0.05 degrees C in the first study group (p = 0.04) and a 0.19 degrees C decrease in the second study group (p < 0.001) with the wearing of an N95 FFR, both of which were lower than controls. Wearing an N95 FFR for 1 h, at different levels of activity, results in significantly lower TMT values than not wearing an N95 FFR, but the magnitude of the changes would likely have minimal clinical significance. |
N95 respirator use during advanced pregnancy
Roberge RJ , Kim JH , Powell JB . Am J Infect Control 2014 42 (10) 1097-100 BACKGROUND: To determine the physiological and subjective effects of wearing an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (N95 FFR) in advanced stages of pregnancy. METHODS: Healthy pregnant women (n = 22) and nonpregnant women (n = 22) had physiological and subjective measurements taken with and without wearing an N95 FFR during exercise and postural sedentary activities over a 1-hour period. RESULTS: There were no differences between the pregnant and nonpregnant women with respect to heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, transcutaneous carbon dioxide level, chest wall temperature, aural temperature, and subjective perceptions of exertion and thermal comfort. No significant effect on fetal heart rate was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy pregnant women wearing an N95 FFR for 1 hour during exercise and sedentary activities did not exhibit any significant differences in measured physiological and subjective responses compared with nonpregnant women. |
Effect of short-term heat acclimation training on kinetics of lactate removal following maximal exercise
DiLeo TD , Powell JB , Kang HK , Roberge RJ , Coca A , Kim JH . J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2014 56 70-8 AIM: Heat acclimation (HA) evokes numerous physiological adaptations, improves heat tolerance and has also been shown to enhance lactate (LA) responses during exercise, similar to that seen with endurance training. The purpose of this study was to examine whether HA improves the body's ability to remove LA during recovery following maximal exercise. METHODS: Ten healthy men completed two trials of maximal treadmill exercise (PRE- and POST-HA) separated by 5 days of HA. Each day of HA consisted of two 45 minute periods of cycling at ~50% VO2max separated by a 15min rest period in an environmental chamber (Tdb 45 degrees C, RH 20%). In PRE-/POST-HA trials, venous blood was collected during 60 minutes of recovery to determine LA concentrations and removal kinetics (A2: amplitude and y2: velocity constant) using bi-exponential curve fitting. RESULTS: Physiological adaptation to heat was significantly developed during HA, as evidenced by end-exercise Tre (DAY1 vs. 5) (38.89+/-0.56 vs. 38.66+/-0.44 degrees C), Tsk (38.07+/-.51 vs. 37.66+/-.48 degrees C),HR (175.0+/-9.9 vs. 165.0+/-18.5 beats.min-1), and sweat rate (1.24 +/-.26 vs. 1.47 +/-.27 L.min-1) (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference in either LA concentrations (LA0min: 8.78+/-1.08 vs. 8.69+/-1.23; LApeak: 10.97+/-1.77 vs. 10.95+/-1.46; and La60min; 2.88+/-.82 vs. 2.96+/-.93 mmol.L-1) or removal kinetics (A2: -13.05+/-7.05 vs -15.59+/-7.90 mmol.L-1 and y2: .02+/-.01 vs .03+/-.01 min-1). CONCLUSION: The present study concluded that, while effective in inducing thermo-physiological adaptations to heat stress, short-term HA does not improve the body's ability to remove LA following maximal exercise. Therefore, athletes and workers seeking faster LA recovery from intense physical activity may not benefit from short-term HA. |
Evaluation of protective ensemble thermal characteristics through sweating hot plate, sweating thermal manikin, and human tests
Kim JH , Powell JB , Roberge RJ , Shepherd A , Coca A . J Occup Environ Hyg 2014 11 (4) 259-67 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive capability of fabric Total Heat Loss (THL) values on thermal stress that Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ensemble wearers may encounter while performing work. A series of three tests, consisting of the Sweating Hot Plate (SHP) test on two sample fabrics and the Sweating Thermal Manikin (STM) and human performance tests on two single-layer encapsulating ensembles (fabric/ensemble A = low THL and B = high THL), was conducted to compare THL values between SHP and STM methods along with human thermophysiological responses to wearing the ensembles. In human testing, ten male subjects performed a treadmill exercise at 4.8 km and 3% incline for 60 min in two environmental conditions (mild = 22 degrees C, 50% relative humidity (RH) and hot/humid = 35 degrees C, 65% RH). The thermal and evaporative resistances were significantly higher on a fabric level as measured in the SHP test than on the ensemble level as measured in the STM test. Consequently the THL values were also significantly different for both fabric types (SHP vs. STM: 191.3 vs. 81.5 W/m(2) in fabric/ensemble A, and 909.3 vs. 149.9 W/m(2) in fabric/ensemble B (p < 0.001). Body temperature and heart rate response between ensembles A and B were consistently different in both environmental conditions (p < 0.001), which is attributed to significantly higher sweat evaporation in ensemble B than in A (p < 0.05), despite a greater sweat production in ensemble A (p < 0.001) in both environmental conditions. Further, elevation of microclimate temperature (p < 0.001) and humidity (p < 0.01) was significantly greater in ensemble A than in B. It was concluded that: (1) SHP test determined THL values are significantly different from the actual THL potential of the PPE ensemble tested on STM, (2) physiological benefits from wearing a more breathable PPE ensemble may not be feasible with incremental THL values (SHP test) less than approximately 150-200 W.m(2), and (3) the effects of thermal environments on a level of heat stress in PPE ensemble wearers are greater than ensemble thermal characteristics. |
Impact of low filter resistances on subjective and physiological responses to filtering facepiece respirators
Roberge RJ , Kim JH , Powell JB , Shaffer RE , Ylitalo CM , Sebastian JM . PLoS One 2013 8 (12) e84901 Ten subjects underwent treadmill exercise at 5.6 km/h over one hour while wearing each of three identical appearing, cup-shaped, prototype filtering facepiece respirators that differed only in their filter resistances (3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm H2O pressure drop). There were no statistically significant differences between filtering facepiece respirators with respect to impact on physiological parameters (i.e., heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, transcutaneous carbon dioxide levels, tympanic membrane temperature), pulmonary function variables (i.e., tidal volume, respiratory rate, volume of carbon dioxide production, oxygen consumption, or ventilation), and subjective ratings (i.e., exertion, thermal comfort, inspiratory effort, expiratory effort and overall breathing comfort). The nominal filter resistances of the prototype filtering facepiece respirators correspond to airflow resistances ranging from 2.1 - 6.6 mm H2O/L/s which are less than, or minimally equivalent to, previously reported values for the normal threshold for detection of inspiratory breathing resistance (6 - 7.6 mm H2O/L/sec). Therefore, filtering facepiece respirators with filter resistances at, or below, this level may not impact the wearer differently physiologically or subjectively from those with filter resistances only slightly above this threshold at low-moderate work rates over one hour. |
B95: a new respirator for health care personnel
Gosch ME , Shaffer RE , Eagan AE , Roberge RJ , Davey VJ , Radonovich LJ Jr . Am J Infect Control 2013 41 (12) 1224-30 BACKGROUND: Respiratory protection relies heavily on user compliance to be effective, but compliance among health care personnel is less than ideal. METHODS: In 2008, the Department of Veterans Affairs formed the Project Better Respiratory Equipment using Advanced Technologies for Healthcare Employees (BREATHE) Working Group, composed of a variety of federal stakeholders, to discuss strategies for improving respirator compliance, including the need for more comfortable respirators. RESULTS: The Working Group developed 28 desirable performance characteristics that can be grouped into 4 key themes: (1) respirators should perform their intended function safely and effectively; (2) respirators should support, not interfere, with occupational activities; (3) respirators should be comfortable and tolerable for the duration of wear; and (4) respiratory protective programs should comply with federal/state standards and guidelines and local policies. As a necessary next step, the Working Group identified the need for a new class of respirators, to be called "B95," which would better address the unique needs of health care personnel. CONCLUSION: This article summarizes the outputs of the Project BREATHE Working Group and provides a national strategy to develop clinically validated respirator test methods, to promulgate B95 respirator standards, and to invent novel design features, which together will lead to commercialized B95 respirators. |
Effect of upper strap downward displacement on N95 filtering facepiece respirator fit factors: a pilot study
Roberge RJ , Palmiero AJ , Liu Y , Kim JH , Zhuang Z . J Occup Environ Hyg 2013 11 (5) 338-41 Fifteen subjects underwent three replicates of quantitative respirator fit testing with N95 filtering facepiece respirators that were donned with the upper strap high on the occiput, as per the manufacturers' donning instructions. Each fit test was immediately followed by repeat fit testing with the upper strap downwardly displaced to the level of the ear sulcus in order to determine any change in fit factors that might occur with upper strap downward slippage. A total of 35/45 (78%) initial fit tests had a passing score (fit factor ≥100) with the top strap high on the occiput and 33/35 (94%) of these passed subsequent fit testing after the top strap was displaced downward to the ear sulcus. Geometric mean fit factors for the initial passed fit tests, and following downward strap displacement, were 217+/-1.6 and 207+/-1.9, respectively (p = 0.64). Downward displacement of the top strap did not significantly impact fit factors of N95 FFRs that had previously passed fit testing. |
Flat fold and cup-shaped n95 filtering facepiece respirator face seal area and pressure determinations: a stereophotogrammetry study
Niezgoda G , Kim JH , Roberge RJ , Benson SM . J Occup Environ Hyg 2013 10 (8) 419-24 Twenty subjects underwent quantitative respirator fit testing with two styles (flat fold, cup-shaped) of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (N95 FFRs). Passing a fit test was followed by stereophotogrammetry to determine the face seal area and computation of seal pressure. There were significantly different seal pressures (p < 0.01) between standard size flat fold and cup-shaped N95 FFRs but no significant differences in face seal area. No significant differences were noted in fit factors, but more individuals passed fit testing wearing flat fold respirators. The ability of flat fold N95 FFRs, at lower seal pressures, to obtain similar fit factors as cup-shaped N95 FFR at higher seal pressures offers the possibility of enhanced facial comfort without a loss of protection. Stereophotogrammetry offers a relatively simple, non-invasive technology to evaluate various properties of N95 FFR fit. |
Are exhalation valves on n95 filtering facepiece respirators beneficial at low-moderate work rates: an overview
Roberge RJ . J Occup Environ Hyg 2012 9 (11) 617-23 Exhalation valves (EVs) are touted as useful in dissipating humidity, heat, and carbon dioxide from the dead space of N95 filtering facepiece respirators and decreasing exhalation resistance, thereby making the respirator more comfortable and less physiologically demanding. Despite decades of use, there is limited research on the psychophysiological impact of EVs on the wearer at the current, low-moderate work rates of many workers. The available literature indicates that past and current EVs on the market decrease exhalation resistance to a variable degree and may improve dead space heat dissipation and, consequently, the temperature of the skin covered by the respirator. EVs have little substantial effect on dead space humidity, respiratory rate, heart rate, core temperature, speech intelligibility, or dead space oxygen and carbon dioxide levels at the aforementioned work rates. The studies also indicate that EVs may impact comfort and tolerance when N95 filtering facepiece respirators are worn for extended periods or at high work rates. Because comfort and tolerance impact respirator use compliance and, by extension, protection, more research into the psychophysiological impact of EVs on wearers and the development of new EVs tailored for low-moderate work rates are warranted. |
Pulmonary and heart rate responses to wearing N95 filtering facepiece respirators
Kim JH , Benson SM , Roberge RJ . Am J Infect Control 2012 41 (1) 24-7 BACKGROUND: Filtering facepiece respirators are the most common respirator worn by US health care and industrial workers, yet little is known on the physiologic impact of wearing this protective equipment. METHODS: Twenty young, healthy subjects exercised on a treadmill at a low-moderate (5.6 km/h) work rate while wearing 4 different models of N95 filtering facepiece respirators for 1 hour each, 2 models of which were equipped with exhalation valves, while being monitored for physiologic variables. RESULTS: Compared with controls, respirator use was associated with mean 1 hour increases in heart rate (range, 5.7-10.6 beats per minute, P < .001), respiratory rate (range, 1.4-2.4 breaths per minute, P < .05), and transcutaneous carbon dioxide (range, 1.7-3.0 mm Hg, P < .001). No significant differences in oxygen saturation between controls and respirators were noted (P > .05). CONCLUSION: The pulmonary and heart rate responses to wearing a filtering facepiece respirator for 1 hour at a low-moderate work rate are relatively small and should generally be well tolerated by healthy persons. |
N95 filtering facepiece respirator deadspace temperature and humidity
Roberge RJ , Kim JH , Benson S . J Occup Environ Hyg 2012 9 (3) 166-71 The objective of this study was to determine the levels of heat and humidity that develop within the deadspace of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (N95 FFR). Seventeen subjects wore two models each of N95 FFR and N95 FFR with an exhalation valve (N95 FFR/EV) while exercising on a treadmill at a low-moderate work rate for 1 and 2 hr in a temperate ambient environment. FFR deadspace temperature and relative humidity were monitored by a wireless sensor housed within the FFR. Each FFR was weighed pre- and post-testing to determine moisture retention. After 1 hr, FFR deadspace temperature and humidity were markedly elevated above ambient levels, and the FFR deadspace mean apparent heat index was 54 degrees C. N95 FFR/EV use resulted in significantly lower deadspace temperatures than N95 FFR (p = 0.01), but FFR deadspace humidity levels were not significantly different (p = 0.32). Compared with the first hour of use, no significant increase in FFR deadspace heat and humidity occurred over the second hour. FFR mean moisture retention was < 0.3 grams over 2 hr. N95 FFR/EV offer a significant advantage in deadspace heat dissipation over N95 FFR at a low-moderate work rate over 1 hr of continuous use but offered no additional benefit in humidity amelioration. Moisture retention in N95 FFR and N95 FFR/EV is minimal after 2 hr of use. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene for the following free supplemental resource: a file containing N95 filtering facepiece respirator deadspace mean RH and temperature recordings for 17 subjects treadmill exercising at 5.6 Km/H over 1 hour.]. |
Absence of consequential changes in physiological, thermal and subjective responses from wearing a surgical mask
Roberge RJ , Kim JH , Benson SM . Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012 181 (1) 29-35 Twenty subjects treadmill exercised at 5.6km/h for 1h with and without wearing a surgical mask while being monitored for heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, transcutaneous CO(2), SpO(2), core and skin temperatures, mask deadspace heat and relative humidity, and skin temperature under the mask. Rating scales were utilized for exertion and heat perceptions. Surgical mask use resulted in increases in heart rate (9.5beats/min; p<0.001), respiratory rate (1.6breaths/min; p=0.02), and transcutaneous carbon dioxide (2.17mmHg; p=0.0006), and decreased temperature of uncovered facial skin (0.40 degrees C; p=0.03). The 1.76 degrees C increase in temperature of the skin covered by the mask was associated with a mask deadspace apparent heat index of 52.9 degrees C. Perceptions of heat were neutral to slightly hot, and for exertion ranged from very, very light to fairly light. Surgical mask use for 1h at a low-moderate work rate is not associated with clinically significant physiological impact or significant subjective perceptions of exertion or heat. |
Protective facemask impact on human thermoregulation: an overview
Roberge RJ , Kim JH , Coca A . Ann Occup Hyg 2011 56 (1) 102-12 The use of protective facemasks (PFMs) negatively impacts respiratory and dermal mechanisms of human thermoregulation through impairment of convection, evaporation, and radiation processes. The relatively minor reported increases in core temperature directly attributable to the wearing of PFMs suggest that associated perceptions of increased body temperature may have a significant psychological component or that regional or global brain temperature changes are involved. Modifications in PFM structure, components, and materials might allow for improved heat dissipation and enhanced compliance with use. |
Ear and fingertip oxygen saturation measurements of healthcare workers wearing protective masks
Roberge RJ , Coca A , Williams WJ , Powell JB , Palmiero AJ . Respir Ther 2011 6 (4) 26-29 Minor, but statistically significant, differences in oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry were noted between N95 filtering facepiece respirators with and without an exhalation valve and one model of an elastomeric air-purifying respirator worn by healthcare workers over one hour at two low work rates. Pulse oximetry determinations at the earlobe were significantly greater than concurrently obtained fingertip oximetry values, but the absolute differences were small and would presumably not be of practical significance. The use of respiratory protective equipment by healthy healthcare workers over a one hour period is not likely to result in any clinically significant oxygen desaturations. |
Subjective perceptions and ergonomics evaluation of a liquid cooled garment worn under protective ensemble during an intermittent treadmill exercise
Kim JH , Coca A , Williams WJ , Roberge RJ . Ergonomics 2011 54 (7) 626-35 While a personal protective equipment (PPE) ensemble effectively provides workers with protection from occupational hazards, working in a vapour-resistant ensemble increases the risk of heat illness/injuries and physiological burdens. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of body cooling via a liquid-cooled garment (LCG) underneath a PPE ensemble on perceived thermal strain, physiological responses and ergonomics during an intermittent treadmill exercise in warm environmental conditions. The results of the present study indicated that the concomitant wearing of LCG underneath the PPE ensemble significantly reduced subjective perception of heat and alleviated overall increase in body temperature and heart rate while no impact of wearing LCG on ergonomic features was found. The extension of the present findings to practical applications in occupational settings requires further research on a LCG system design and performance evaluations while the LCG is incorporated within the PPE ensemble. Statement of Relevance: Implementation of a LCG underneath PPE for body cooling was investigated, focusing on its impact on individuals' perceived thermal strain, physiological responses and ergonomics. The findings of the present study indicated that body cooling via a wearable LCG underneath PPE significantly alleviated both perceived thermal and physiological strain in uncompensable heat stress condition. |
Effects of liquid cooling garments on recovery and performance time in individuals performing strenuous work wearing a firefighter ensemble
Kim JH , Coca A , Williams WJ , Roberge RJ . J Occup Environ Hyg 2011 8 (7) 409-16 This study investigated the effects of body cooling using liquid cooling garments (LCG) on performance time (PT) and recovery in individuals wearing a fully equipped prototype firefighter ensemble (PFE) incorporating a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Six healthy male participants (three firefighters and three non-firefighters) completed six experimental sessions in an environmental chamber (35 degrees C, 50% relative humidity), consisting of three stages of 15 min exercise at 75% VO(2max), and 10 min rest following each exercise stage. During each session, one of the following six conditions was administered in a randomized order: control (no cooling, CON); air ventilation of exhaust SCBA gases rerouted into the PFE (AV); top cooling garment (TCG); TCG combined with AV (TCG+AV); a shortened whole body cooling garment (SCG), and SCG combined with AV (SCG+AV). Results showed that total PT completed was longer under SCG and SCG+AV compared with CON, AV, TCG, and TCG+AV (p < 0.01). Magnitude of core temperature (T(c)) elevation was significantly decreased when SCG was utilized (p < 0.01), and heart rate recovery rate (10 min) was enhanced under SCG, SCG+AV, TCG, and TCG+AV compared with CON (p < 0.05). Estimated E(sw) rate (kg.h(-1)) was the greatest in CON, 1.62 (0.37), and the least in SCG+AV 0.98 (0.44): (descending order: CON > AV > TCG = TCG+AV > SCG > SCG+AV) without a statistical difference between the conditions (p < 0.05). Results of the present study suggest that the application of LCG underneath the PFE significantly improves the recovery during a short period of rest and prolongs performance time in subsequent bouts of exercise. LCG also appears to be an effective method for body cooling that promotes heat dissipation during uncompensable heat stress. |
Infrared imaging for leak detection of N95 filtering facepiece respirators: a pilot study
Roberge RJ , Monaghan WD , Palmiero AJ , Shaffer R , Bergman MS . Am J Ind Med 2011 54 (8) 628-36 BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to determine the utility of an infrared camera (IRC) for assessing leaks around filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) during quantitative respirator fit testing. METHODS: Eight subjects underwent quantitative fit testing on six N95 FFR models (48 total fit tests) while simultaneously being recorded with an IRC. RESULTS: The IRC detected 49 exhalation leaks during 39 tests and no leaks in nine tests. Exhalation leaks were identified in all failed fit tests (13) and a majority (26 of 35) of passed tests. Anatomically, the nasal region and malar (cheekbone) regions accounted for 71% of identified leak sites. Fit factors for fit tests without identified exhalation leaks were significantly higher than fit tests with leaks detected by IRC (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Thermal imaging using IRC can detect leaks in respiratory protective equipment and has the potential as a screening tool for assessment of the adequacy of post-donning FFR fit. Am. J. Ind. Med. (c) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
Effect of exhaled moisture on breathing resistance of N95 filtering facepiece respirators
Roberge RJ , Bayer E , Powell JB , Coca A , Roberge MR , Benson SM . Ann Occup Hyg 2010 54 (6) 671-7 This study evaluated the effect of exhaled moisture on the breathing resistance of three classes of filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) following 4 h of continuous wear at a breathing volume of 40 l min(-1), utilizing an automated breathing and metabolic simulator as a human surrogate. After 4 h, inhalation and exhalation resistance increased by 0.43 and 0.23 mm of H(2)O pressure, respectively, and average moisture retention in the respirators was 0.26 ml. Under ambient conditions similar to those of the current study, and at similar breathing volumes, it is unlikely that exhaled moisture will add significantly to the breathing resistance of filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) over 4 h of use. |
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