Last data update: Dec 09, 2024. (Total: 48320 publications since 2009)
Records 1-30 (of 342 Records) |
Query Trace: Price S[original query] |
---|
Canine multidrug-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa cases linked to human artificial tears-related outbreak
Price ER , McDermott D , Sherman A , Kelley L , Mehr J , Greeley R , Cole SD . Emerg Infect Dis 2024 30 (12) 2689-2691 We report 2 canine cases of carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa within a United States veterinary hospital associated with a human outbreak linked to over-the-counter artificial tears. We investigated veterinary hospital transmission. Veterinary antimicrobial resistance surveillance and infection prevention and control enhancements are needed to reduce transmission of carbapenemase-producing organisms. |
Identification of raccoon rabies virus variant in a stray kitten: the role of veterinary practitioners in detection and reporting of a non-native zoonotic pathogen-Nebraska, 2023
Carpenter A , Price ER , Stein SR , Beron AJ , Divis A , Mix S , Hess AR , Nelson KM , Wetzel CT , Fredrick J , Huse L , Horn A , Loy DS , Loy JD , Morgan CN , Rodriguez SE , Shelus V , Gigante CM , Hutson CL , Orciari LA , Swedberg C , Boutelle C , Chipman RB , Donahue M , Wallace RM , Buss BF . J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024 1-4 Rabies is a fatal encephalitic disease affecting all mammals. This report describes identification of raccoon rabies virus variant isolated from a stray kitten in an urban Midwestern city that is nonendemic for this virus variant. The kitten originally presented with nonspecific neurologic abnormalities. Astute veterinary, wildlife, and public health professionals played a critical role in the identification of this fatal zoonotic disease and the extensive public health and wildlife management response that ensued. This case serves as an important reminder of the risk of rabies in unvaccinated animals or those without known vaccination status, including stray animals. |
Notes from the field: Enhanced surveillance for raccoon rabies virus variant and vaccination of wildlife for management - Omaha, Nebraska, October 2023-July 2024
Stein SR , Beron AJ , Nelson KM , Price E , Rodriguez SE , Shelus V , Carpenter A , Hess AR , Boutelle C , Morgan CN , Gigante CM , Hutson CL , Loy JD , Loy DS , Wetzel C , Frederick J , Huse L , Orciari L , Chipman RB , Wallace RM , Donahue M , Buss BF . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024 73 (41) 933-935 On September 28, 2023, a kitten aged approximately 6 weeks found in Omaha, Nebraska, had test results positive for rabies at the Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center (NVDC) after dying with neurologic signs and having bitten and scratched its caretakers. Preliminary investigation identified 10 exposed persons for whom postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)(†) was recommended. Subsequent variant-typing by NVDC yielded a presumptive positive result for the Eastern raccoon rabies virus variant (RRVV), which CDC confirmed on October 6. |
Primaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria in children younger than 15 years: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis
Commons RJ , Rajasekhar M , Allen EN , Yilma D , Chotsiri P , Abreha T , Adam I , Awab GR , Barber BE , Brasil LW , Chu CS , Cui L , Edler P , Gomes Mdsm , Gonzalez-Ceron L , Grigg MJ , Hamid MMA , Hwang J , Karunajeewa H , Lacerda MVG , Ladeia-Andrade S , Leslie T , Longley RJ , Monteiro WM , Pasaribu AP , Poespoprodjo JR , Richmond CL , Rijal KR , Taylor WRJ , Thanh PV , Thriemer K , Vieira JLF , White NJ , Zuluaga-Idarraga LM , Workman LJ , Tarning J , Stepniewska K , Guerin PJ , Simpson JA , Barnes KI , Price RN . Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2024 BACKGROUND: Primaquine, the only widely available treatment to prevent relapsing Plasmodium vivax malaria, is produced as 15 mg tablets, and new paediatric formulations are being developed. To inform the optimal primaquine dosing regimen for children, we aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of different primaquine dose strategies in children younger than 15 years. METHODS: We undertook a systematic review (Jan 1, 2000-July 26, 2024) for P vivax efficacy studies with at least one treatment group that was administered primaquine over multiple days, that enrolled children younger than 15 years, that followed up patients for at least 28 days, and that had data available for inclusion by June 30, 2022. Patients were excluded if they were aged 15 years or older, presented with severe malaria, received adjunctive antimalarials within 14 days of diagnosis, commenced primaquine more than 7 days after starting schizontocidal treatment, had a protocol violation in the original study, or were missing data on age, sex, or primaquine dose. Available individual patient data were collated and standardised. To evaluate efficacy, the risk of recurrent P vivax parasitaemia between days 7 and 180 was assessed by time-to-event analysis for different total mg/kg primaquine doses (low total dose of ∼3·5 mg/kg and high total dose of ∼7 mg/kg). To evaluate tolerability and safety, the following were assessed by daily mg/kg primaquine dose (low daily dose of ∼0·25 mg/kg, intermediate daily dose of ∼0·5 mg/kg, and high daily dose of ∼1 mg/kg): gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, anorexia, or diarrhoea) on days 5-7, haemoglobin decrease of at least 25% to less than 7g/dL (severe haemolysis), absolute change in haemoglobin from day 0 to days 2-3 or days 5-7, and any serious adverse events within 28 days. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021278085. FINDINGS: In total, 3514 children from 27 studies and 15 countries were included. The cumulative incidence of recurrence by day 180 was 51·4% (95% CI 47·0-55·9) following treatment without primaquine, 16·0% (12·4-20·3) following a low total dose of primaquine, and 10·2% (8·4-12·3) following a high total dose of primaquine. The hazard of recurrent P vivax parasitaemia in children younger than 15 years was reduced following primaquine at low total doses (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·17, 95% CI 0·11-0·25) and high total doses (0·09, 0·07-0·12), compared with no primaquine. In 525 children younger than 5 years, the relative rates of recurrence were also reduced, with an adjusted HR of 0·33 (95% CI 0·18-0·59) for a low total dose and 0·13 (0·08-0·21) for a high total dose of primaquine compared with no primaquine. The rate of recurrence following a high total dose was reduced compared with a low dose in children younger than 15 years (adjusted HR 0·54, 95% CI 0·35-0·85) and children younger than 5 years (0·41, 0·21-0·78). Compared with no primaquine, children treated with any dose of primaquine had a greater risk of gastrointestinal symptoms on days 5-7 after adjustment for confounders, with adjusted risks of 3·9% (95% CI 0-8·6) in children not treated with primaquine, 9·2% (0-18·7) with a low daily dose of primaquine, 6·8% (1·7-12·0) with an intermediate daily dose of primaquine, and 9·6% (4·8-14·3) with a high daily dose of primaquine. In children with 30% or higher glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity, there were few episodes of severe haemolysis following no primaquine (0·4%, 95% CI 0·1-1·5), a low daily dose (0·0%, 0·0-1·6), an intermediate daily dose (0·5%, 0·1-1·4), or a high daily dose (0·7%, 0·2-1·9). Of 15 possibly drug-related serious adverse events in children, two occurred following a low, four following an intermediate, and nine following a high daily dose of primaquine. INTERPRETATION: A high total dose of primaquine was highly efficacious in reducing recurrent P vivax parasitaemia in children compared with a low dose, particularly in children younger than 5 years. In children treated with high and intermediate daily primaquine doses compared with low daily doses, there was no increase in gastrointestinal symptoms or haemolysis (in children with 30% or higher G6PD activity), but there were more serious adverse events. FUNDING: Medicines for Malaria Venture, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. |
Can verbal autopsies be used on a national scale? Key findings and lessons from South Africa's national cause-of-death validation study
Maqungo M , Nannan N , Nojilana B , Nichols E , Morof D , Cheyip M , Rao C , Lombard C , Price J , Kahn K , Martin LJ , Bezuidenhout F , Laubscher R , Kabudula C , Glass T , Awotiwon O , Zinyakatira N , Funani N , Joubert J , Bradshaw D , Groenewald P . Glob Health Action 2024 17 (1) 2399413 BACKGROUND: Verbal autopsy (VA), though imperfect, serves as a vital tool to determine cause-of-death, particularly for out-of-facility deaths, but challenges persist in integrating VA into Civil Registration and Vital Statistics systems. OBJECTIVE: To describe the challenges and successes of collecting a national sample of verbal autopsy interviews in South Africa to obtain the cause of death profile in 2017/18. METHODS: We recruited next of kin from 27 randomly selected sub-districts (10.5%) across South Africa between September 2017 and April 2018. Trained fieldworkers conducted face-to-face interviews using the WHO2016 VA instrument, with physicians certifying underlying causes of death. Feasibility was evaluated based on response rates, participation, and data quality. RESULTS: Of the total 36,976 deaths registered, only 26% were identified during recruitment, with a 55% overall response rate for VA interviews. Physician-reviewed VA data were deemed of good quality for assigning underlying causes of death in 83% of cases. By comparing cause-specific mortality fractions, physician-reviewed VA identified 22.3% HIV/AIDS and InterVA-5 identified 18.5%, aligning with burden of disease estimates, while Statistics South Africa reported 4.9% HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated the feasibility of using VA on a national scale, but immense challenges in identifying and recruiting next of kin highlight the importance of formalising VAs within the country's death notification system. | • Main findings: Next of kin of 9 730 decedents were approached at the time of registration of death and 55% consented to be approached later and agreed to do a VA interview by a trained field-worker; 83% of physician-reviewed VA data were considered high-quality for determining underlying causes and 22.3% of all the deaths were due to HIV/AIDS, much higher than the proportion reported in the national statistical office.• Added knowledge: Implementing the VA on a national scale was achievable but significant challenges in recruiting next of kin, emphasising a need to formalise VAs within the country’s death notification system.• Global health impact for policy and action: Accurate cause-of-death data are crucial for policymakers to make informed decisions about the country’s health system and could be supported by using VAs, particularly for the deaths that occur outside health facilities. | eng |
Timing of influenza antiviral therapy and risk of death in adults hospitalized with influenza-associated pneumonia, FluSurv-NET, 2012-2019
Tenforde MW , Noah KP , O'Halloran AC , Kirley PD , Hoover C , Alden NB , Armistead I , Meek J , Yousey-Hindes K , Openo KP , Witt LS , Monroe ML , Ryan PA , Falkowski A , Reeg L , Lynfield R , McMahon M , Hancock EB , Hoffman MR , McGuire S , Spina NL , Felsen CB , Gaitan MA , Lung K , Shiltz E , Thomas A , Schaffner W , Talbot HK , Crossland MT , Price A , Masalovich S , Adams K , Holstein R , Sundaresan D , Uyeki TM , Reed C , Bozio CH , Garg S . Clin Infect Dis 2024 BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is common in adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza, but the association between timeliness of influenza antiviral treatment and severe clinical outcomes in patients with influenza-associated pneumonia is not well characterized. METHODS: We included adults aged ≥18 years hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza and a discharge diagnosis of pneumonia over 7 influenza seasons (2012-2019) sampled from a multi-state population-based surveillance network. We evaluated 3 treatment groups based on timing of influenza antiviral initiation relative to admission date (day 0, day 1, days 2-5). Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes were compared across groups using unweighted counts and weighted percentages accounting for the complex survey design. Logistic regression models were generated to evaluate the association between delayed treatment and 30-day all-cause mortality. RESULTS: 26,233 adults were sampled in the analysis. Median age was 71 years and most (92.2%) had ≥1 non-immunocompromising condition. Overall, 60.9% started antiviral treatment on day 0, 29.5% on day 1, and 9.7% on days 2-5 (median 2 days). Baseline characteristics were similar across groups. Thirty-day mortality occurred in 7.5%, 8.5%, and 10.2% of patients who started treatment on day 0, day 1, and days 2-5, respectively. Compared to those treated on day 0, adjusted OR for death was 1.14 (95%CI: 1.01-1.27) in those starting treatment on day 1 and 1.40 (95%CI: 1.17-1.66) in those starting on days 2-5. DISCUSSION: Delayed initiation of antiviral treatment in patients hospitalized with influenza-associated pneumonia was associated with higher risk of death, highlighting the importance of timely initiation of antiviral treatment at admission. |
Changes in utilization and expenditures among commercially insured U.S. Adults with diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic: Preliminary findings
Zhou X , Lundeen EA , Rolka DB . AJPM Focus 2024 3 (5) Introduction: People with diabetes were among the populations that experienced the most profound impacts during the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors estimated changes in healthcare utilization and expenditures for commercially insured adults aged 18–64 years with diabetes during the pandemic. Methods: Medical claims data were from IQVIA PharMetrics Plus. Linear regressions were used to estimate the changes in utilization (per 1,000 individuals) for inpatient stays, emergency room visits, physician office visits, and ambulatory surgery center procedures. Changes in expenditures, in total and out of pocket, were estimated using generalized linear models. Expenditures were adjusted to 2021 U.S. dollars using the Consumer Price Index. Results: Utilization was reduced significantly for all service types during the pandemic. Although the largest reduction occurred between March 2020 and May 2020, the decrease persisted throughout 2021. During March 2020–May 2020, ambulatory surgery center procedures were reduced by 4.7 visits per 1,000 individuals. The reduction ranged between 0.4 and 1.3 visits per 1,000 individuals subsequently. Expenditures declined for all service types during March 2020–May 2020. However, after May 2020, the reduction remained statistically significant only for physician office visits for all months, with varying changes in expenditures for other service types. Conclusions: Healthcare utilization and expenditures reduced among commercially insured adults with diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2024 |
Late-season influenza vaccine effectiveness against medically attended outpatient illness, United States, December 2022-April 2023
Chung JR , Shirk P , Gaglani M , Mutnal MB , Nowalk MP , Moehling Geffel K , House SL , Curley T , Wernli KJ , Kiniry EL , Martin ET , Vaughn IA , Murugan V , Lim ES , Saade E , Faryar K , Williams OL , Walter EB , Price AM , Barnes JR , DaSilva J , Kondor R , Ellington S , Flannery B . Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024 18 (6) e13342 BACKGROUND: The 2022-23 US influenza season peaked early in fall 2022. METHODS: Late-season influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against outpatient, laboratory-confirmed influenza was calculated among participants of the US Influenza VE Network using a test-negative design. RESULTS: Of 2561 participants enrolled from December 12, 2022 to April 30, 2023, 91 laboratory-confirmed influenza cases primarily had A(H1N1)pdm09 (6B.1A.5a.2a.1) or A(H3N2) (3C.2a1b.2a.2b). Overall, VE was 30% (95% confidence interval -9%, 54%); low late-season activity precluded estimation for most subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: 2022-23 late-season outpatient influenza VE was not statistically significant. Genomic characterization may improve the identification of influenza viruses that circulate postinfluenza peak. |
School poverty level moderates the effectiveness of a physical activity intervention
Quader ZS , Sliwa S , Haardörfer R , Suglia SF , Gazmararian JA . Am J Health Promot 2024 8901171241257309 PURPOSE: To explore whether school poverty level and funding modified the effectiveness of an evidence-based Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program called Health Empowers You! implemented in elementary schools in Georgia. DESIGN: Secondary data analysis of a multi-level, cluster-randomized controlled trial. SETTING: 40 elementary schools in Georgia in 2018-2019. SUBJECTS: 4(th) grade students in Georgia. MEASURES: Intervention schools implemented the Health Empowers You! program to increase school-day physical activity. The outcome was average daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, school free-reduced price lunch (FRPL) percentage and per pupil expenditures were effect modifiers. ANALYSIS: Separate linear mixed regression models estimated the effect of the intervention on average daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, with interaction terms between intervention status and (1) school FRPL percentage or (2) per pupil expenditures. RESULTS: The effect of the intervention was significantly higher in schools with higher FRPL percentage (intervention*school % FRPL β (95% CI): .06 (.01, .12)), and was modestly, but not statistically significantly, higher in schools with lower per pupil expenditures. CONCLUSION: Findings support the use of the Health Empowers You! intervention, which was effective in lower income schools, and may potentially reduce disparities in students' physical activity levels. |
Detection of a human adenovirus outbreak, including some critical infections, using multipathogen testing at a large university, September 2022-January 2023
Montgomery JP , Marquez JL , Nord J , Stamper AR , Edwards EA , Valentini N , Frank CJ , Washer LL , Ernst RD , Park JI , Price D , Collins J , Smith-jeffcoat sE , Hu f , Knox cL , Khan r , Lu x , Kirking hL , Hsu cH . Open Forum Infect Dis 2024 11 (5) ofae192 BACKGROUND: Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) can cause outbreaks of flu-like illness in university settings. Most infections in healthy young adults are mild; severe illnesses rarely occur. In Fall 2022, an adenovirus outbreak was identified in university students. METHODS: HAdV cases were defined as university students 17-26 years old who presented to the University Health Service or nearby emergency department with flu-like symptoms (eg, fever, cough, headache, myalgia, nausea) and had confirmed adenovirus infections by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Demographic and clinical characteristics were abstracted from electronic medical records; clinical severity was categorized as mild, moderate, severe, or critical. We performed contact investigations among critical cases. A subset of specimens was sequenced to confirm the HAdV type. RESULTS: From 28 September 2022 to 30 January 2023, 90 PCR-confirmed cases were identified (51% female; mean age, 19.6 years). Most cases (88.9%) had mild illness. Seven cases required hospitalization, including 2 critical cases that required intensive care. Contact investigation identified 44 close contacts; 6 (14%) were confirmed HAdV cases and 8 (18%) reported symptoms but never sought care. All typed HAdV-positive specimens (n = 36) were type 4. CONCLUSIONS: While most students with confirmed HAdV had mild illness, 7 otherwise healthy students had severe or critical illness. Between the relatively high number of hospitalizations and proportion of close contacts with symptoms who did not seek care, the true number of HAdV cases was likely higher. Our findings illustrate the need to consider a wide range of pathogens, even when other viruses are known to be circulating. |
Predictors of corporal punishment during the COVID-19 pandemic
Sege RD , Purdue EL , Burstein D , Holditch Niolon P , Price LL , Chen Y , Swedo EA , Piazza Hurley T , Prasad K , Klika B . Pediatr Rep 2024 16 (2) 300-312 Although current policies discourage the use of corporal punishment (CP), its use is still widespread in the US. The objective of this study was to assess the proportion of parents who used CP during the pandemic and identify related risk and protective factors. We analyzed results of a nationwide cross-sectional internet panel survey of 9000 US caregivers who responded in three waves from November 2020 to July 2021. One in six respondents reported having spanked their child in the past week. Spanking was associated with intimate partner violence and the use of multiple discipline strategies and not significantly associated with region or racial self-identification. Parents who spanked sought out more kinds of support, suggesting an opportunity to reduce spanking through more effective parenting resources. Additionally, these results suggest that parents who report using CP may be at risk for concurrent domestic violence. |
Tuberculosis - United States, 2023
Williams PM , Pratt RH , Walker WL , Price SF , Stewart RJ , Feng PI . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024 73 (12) 265-270 After 27 years of declining U.S. tuberculosis (TB) case counts, the number of TB cases declined considerably in 2020, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic. For this analysis, TB case counts were obtained from the National TB Surveillance System. U.S. Census Bureau population estimates were used to calculate rates overall, by jurisdiction, birth origin, race and ethnicity, and age group. Since 2020, TB case counts and rates have increased each year. During 2023, a total of 9,615 TB cases were provisionally reported by the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia (DC), representing an increase of 1,295 cases (16%) as compared with 2022. The rate in 2023 (2.9 per 100,000 persons) also increased compared with that in 2022 (2.5). Forty states and DC reported increases in 2023 in both case counts and rates. National case counts increased among all age groups and among both U.S.-born and non-U.S.-born persons. Although TB incidence in the United States is among the lowest in the world and most U.S. residents are at minimal risk, TB continues to cause substantial global morbidity and mortality. This postpandemic increase in U.S. cases highlights the importance of continuing to engage communities with higher TB rates and their medical providers in TB elimination efforts and strengthening the capacity in public health programs to carry out critical disease control and prevention strategies. |
Induction-phase treatment costs for cryptococcal meningitis in high HIV-burden African countries: New opportunities with lower costs
Larson B , Shroufi A , Muthoga C , Oladele R , Rajasingham R , Jordan A , Jarvis JN , Chiller TM , Govender NP . Wellcome Open Res 12/28/2021 6 140 Introduction: Access to and the cost of induction treatment for cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is rapidly changing. The newly-announced price for flucytosine ($0.75 per 500 mg pill) and possibly lower prices for liposomal amphotericin B (AmB-L) create opportunities to reduce CM treatment costs compared to the current standard treatment in low- and middle-income countries. Methods: We developed an Excel-based cost model to estimate health system treatment costs for CM over a two-week induction phase for multiple treatment combinations, newly feasible with improved access to flucytosine and AmB-L. CM treatment costs include medications, laboratory tests and other hospital-based costs (bed-day costs and healthcare worker time). We report results from applying the model using country-specific information for South Africa, Uganda, Nigeria, and Botswana. Results: A 14-day induction-phase of seven days of inpatient AmB-D with flucytosine, followed by seven days of high-dose fluconazole as an outpatient, will cost health systems less than a 14-day hospital stay with AmB-D and fluconazole. If daily AmB-L replaces AmB-D for those with baseline renal dysfunction, with a cost of $50 or less per 50 mg vial, incremental costs would still be less than the AmB-D with fluconazole regimen. Simple oral combinations (e.g., seven days of flucytosine with fluconazole as an inpatient) are practical when AmB-D is not available, and treatment costs would remain less than the current standard treatment. Conclusions: Improved access to and lower prices for flucytosine and AmB-L create opportunities for improving CM treatment regimens. An induction regimen of flucytosine and AmB-D for seven days is less costly than standard care in the settings studied here. As this regimen has also been shown to be more effective than current standard care, countries should prioritize scaling up flucytosine access. The cost of AmB-L based regimens is highly dependent on the price of AmB-L, which currently remains unclear. |
Plasma per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance mixtures during pregnancy and duration of breastfeeding in the New Hampshire birth cohort study
Romano ME , Gallagher LG , Price G , Crawford KA , Criswell R , Baker E , Botelho JC , Calafat AM , Karagas MR . Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024 258 114359 BACKGROUND: Prior studies suggest that prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposures are associated with shorter breastfeeding duration. Studies assessing PFAS mixtures and populations in North America are sparse. METHODS: We quantified PFAS concentrations in maternal plasma collected during pregnancy in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (2010-2017). Participants completed standardized breastfeeding surveys at regular intervals until weaning (n = 813). We estimated associations between mixtures of 5 PFAS and risk of stopping exclusive breastfeeding before 6 months or any breastfeeding before 12 months using probit Bayesian kernel machine regression. For individual PFAS, we calculated the relative risk and hazard ratio (HR) of stopping breastfeeding using modified Poisson regression and accelerated failure time models respectively. RESULTS: PFAS mixtures were associated with stopping exclusive breastfeeding before 6 months, primarily driven by perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). We observed statistically significant trends in the association of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), PFOA, and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) (p-trends≤0.02) with stopping exclusive breastfeeding. Participants in the highest PFOA quartile had a 28% higher risk of stopping exclusive breastfeeding before 6 months compared to those in the lowest quartile (95% Confidence Interval: 1.04, 1.56). Similar trends were observed for PFHxS and PFNA with exclusive breastfeeding (p-trends≤0.05). PFAS were not associated with stopping any breastfeeding before 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, we observed that participants with greater overall plasma PFAS concentrations had greater risk of stopping exclusive breastfeeding before 6 months and associations were driven largely by PFOA. These findings further support the growing literature indicating that PFAS may be associated with shorter duration of breastfeeding. |
Interim estimates of 2023-24 seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness - United States
Frutos AM , Price AM , Harker E , Reeves EL , Ahmad HM , Murugan V , Martin ET , House S , Saade EA , Zimmerman RK , Gaglani M , Wernli KJ , Walter EB , Michaels MG , Staat MA , Weinberg GA , Selvarangan R , Boom JA , Klein EJ , Halasa NB , Ginde AA , Gibbs KW , Zhu Y , Self WH , Tartof SY , Klein NP , Dascomb K , DeSilva MB , Weber ZA , Yang DH , Ball SW , Surie D , DeCuir J , Dawood FS , Moline HL , Toepfer AP , Clopper BR , Link-Gelles R , Payne AB , Chung JR , Flannery B , Lewis NM , Olson SM , Adams K , Tenforde MW , Garg S , Grohskopf LA , Reed C , Ellington S . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024 73 (8) 168-174 In the United States, annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months. Using data from four vaccine effectiveness (VE) networks during the 2023-24 influenza season, interim influenza VE was estimated among patients aged ≥6 months with acute respiratory illness-associated medical encounters using a test-negative case-control study design. Among children and adolescents aged 6 months-17 years, VE against influenza-associated outpatient visits ranged from 59% to 67% and against influenza-associated hospitalization ranged from 52% to 61%. Among adults aged ≥18 years, VE against influenza-associated outpatient visits ranged from 33% to 49% and against hospitalization from 41% to 44%. VE against influenza A ranged from 46% to 59% for children and adolescents and from 27% to 46% for adults across settings. VE against influenza B ranged from 64% to 89% for pediatric patients in outpatient settings and from 60% to 78% for all adults across settings. These findings demonstrate that the 2023-24 seasonal influenza vaccine is effective at reducing the risk for medically attended influenza virus infection. CDC recommends that all persons aged ≥6 months who have not yet been vaccinated this season get vaccinated while influenza circulates locally. |
Deaths from excessive alcohol use - United States, 2016-2021
Esser MB , Sherk A , Liu Y , Naimi TS . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024 73 (8) 154-161 Deaths from causes fully attributable to alcohol use have increased during the past 2 decades in the United States, particularly from 2019 to 2020, concurrent with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, previous studies of trends have not assessed underlying causes of deaths that are partially attributable to alcohol use, such as injuries or certain types of cancer. CDC's Alcohol-Related Disease Impact application was used to estimate the average annual number and age-standardized rate of deaths from excessive alcohol use in the United States based on 58 alcohol-related causes of death during three periods (2016-2017, 2018-2019, and 2020-2021). Average annual number of deaths from excessive alcohol use increased 29.3%, from 137,927 during 2016-2017 to 178,307 during 2020-2021; age-standardized alcohol-related death rates increased from 38.1 to 47.6 per 100,000 population. During this time, deaths from excessive alcohol use among males increased 26.8%, from 94,362 per year to 119,606, and among females increased 34.7%, from 43,565 per year to 58,701. Implementation of evidence-based policies that reduce the availability and accessibility of alcohol and increase its price (e.g., policies that reduce the number and concentration of places selling alcohol and increase alcohol taxes) could reduce excessive alcohol use and alcohol-related deaths. |
Treatment rates for chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) in a metropolitan area: Observational cohort analysis
Dixon BE , Price J , Valvi NR , Allen KS , Heumann CL , Titus MK , Duszynski TJ , Wiensch A , Tao G . Sex Transm Dis 2024 BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) are the two most common sexually transmitted infections in the United States (US). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) regularly publishes and updates Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Treatment Guidelines. The purpose of this study is to measure and compare treatment rates for CT and GC among public and private providers. METHODS: Data from multiple sources, including electronic health records (EHRs) and Medicaid claims, were linked and integrated. Cases observed during 2016-2020 were defined based on positive laboratory results. We calculated descriptive statistics and odd ratios based on characteristics of providers and patients, stratifying by public versus private providers. Univariate logistic regression models were used to examine the factors associated with recommended treatment. RESULTS: Overall, we found that 82.2% and 63.0% of initial CT and GC episodes, respectively, received CDC-recommended treatment. The public STI clinic treated over 90% of CT and GC cases consistently across the 5-year time period. Private providers were significantly less likely to treat first episodes for CT (79.6%) and GC (53.3%), p < 0.01. Other factors associated with higher likelihood of recommended treatment included being male, being HIV positive, and identifying as Black or multi-racial. Among GC cases, 10.8% received non-recommended treatment; all CT cases with treatment occurred per guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Although these treatment rates are higher than previous studies, there remain significant gaps in STI treatment that require intervention from public health. |
Clinical outcomes of US adults hospitalized for COVID-19 and influenza in the Respiratory Virus Hospitalization Surveillance Network, October 2021-September 2022
Kojima N , Taylor CA , Tenforde MW , Ujamaa D , O'Halloran A , Patel K , Chai SJ , Daily Kirley P , Alden NB , Kawasaki B , Meek J , Yousey-Hindes K , Anderson EJ , Openo KP , Reeg L , Tellez Nunez V , Lynfield R , Como-Sabetti K , Ropp SL , Shaw YP , Spina NL , Barney G , Bushey S , Popham K , Moran NE , Shiltz E , Sutton M , Abdullah N , Talbot HK , Schaffner W , Chatelain R , Price A , Garg S , Havers FP , Bozio CH . Open Forum Infect Dis 2024 11 (1) ofad702 Severe outcomes were common among adults hospitalized for COVID-19 or influenza, while the percentage of COVID-19 hospitalizations involving critical care decreased from October 2021 to September 2022. During the Omicron BA.5 period, intensive care unit admission frequency was similar for COVID-19 and influenza, although patients with COVID-19 had a higher frequency of in-hospital death. |
The role of funded partnerships in working towards decreasing COVID-19 vaccination disparities, United States, March 2021-December 2022
Fiebelkorn AP , Adelsberg S , Anthony R , Ashenafi S , Asif AF , Azzarelli M , Bailey T , Boddie TT , Boyer AP , Bungum NW , Burstin H , Burton JL , Casey DM , Chaumont Menendez C , Courtot B , Cronin K , Dowdell C , Downey LH , Fields M , Fitzsimmons T , Frank A , Gustafson E , Gutierrez-Nkomo M , Harris BL , Hill J , Holmes K , Huerta Migus L , Jacob Kuttothara J , Johns N , Johnson J , Kelsey A , Kingangi L , Landrum CM , Lee JT , Martinez PD , Medina Martínez G , Nicholls R , Nilson JR , Ohiaeri N , Pegram L , Perkins C , Piasecki AM , Pindyck T , Price S , Rodgers MS , Roney H , Schultz EM , Sobczyk E , Thierry JM , Toledo C , Weiss NE , Wiatr-Rodriguez A , Williams L , Yang C , Yao A , Zajac J . Vaccine 2024 During the COVID-19 vaccination rollout from March 2021- December 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention funded 110 primary and 1051 subrecipient partners at the national, state, local, and community-based level to improve COVID-19 vaccination access, confidence, demand, delivery, and equity in the United States. The partners implemented evidence-based strategies among racial and ethnic minority populations, rural populations, older adults, people with disabilities, people with chronic illness, people experiencing homelessness, and other groups disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. CDC also expanded existing partnerships with healthcare professional societies and other core public health partners, as well as developed innovative partnerships with organizations new to vaccination, including museums and libraries. Partners brought COVID-19 vaccine education into farm fields, local fairs, churches, community centers, barber and beauty shops, and, when possible, partnered with local healthcare providers to administer COVID-19 vaccines. Inclusive, hyper-localized outreach through partnerships with community-based organizations, faith-based organizations, vaccination providers, and local health departments was critical to increasing COVID-19 vaccine access and building a broad network of trusted messengers that promoted vaccine confidence. Data from monthly and quarterly REDCap reports and monthly partner calls showed that through these partnerships, more than 295,000 community-level spokespersons were trained as trusted messengers and more than 2.1 million COVID-19 vaccinations were administered at new or existing vaccination sites. More than 535,035 healthcare personnel were reached through outreach strategies. Quality improvement interventions were implemented in healthcare systems, long-term care settings, and community health centers resulting in changes to the clinical workflow to incorporate COVID-19 vaccine assessments, recommendations, and administration or referrals into routine office visits. Funded partners' activities improved COVID-19 vaccine access and addressed community concerns among racial and ethnic minority groups, as well as among people with barriers to vaccination due to chronic illness or disability, older age, lower income, or other factors. |
Focus groups exploring U.S. adults' knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to irradiation as a food safety intervention, 2021
Ablan M , Low SheauFong , Marshall KE , Devchand R , Koehler L , Hume H , Robyn M . Food Prot Trends 2023 43 (6) 448-456 Food irradiation has been studied comprehensively and has been determined to be a safe and effective process for improving food safety. Despite this potential public health impact and current use in developed countries, the technology is not commonly used in the United States, with consumer acceptance often cited as a barrier. Given changes in consumer food-purchasing trends, advancements in irradiation technology, and an increase in multistate foodborne outbreaks, it is an opportune time to revisit consumer acceptance and factors that influence the purchase of irradiated food. We conducted seven focus groups to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding irradiation as a food safety intervention. Meetings were virtual, lasted 90 min, and were held March 15-18, 2021. Participants were stratified into three groups using quota sampling: adults aged 18-64 years, parents of children aged 0-4 years, and adults aged 65 years and older. Consistent with past research, consumers were unaware of what food irradiation is. Facilitators for purchasing irradiated foods included protection from foodborne illness, reduced risk from certain foods, and support from public health agencies. Barriers included lack of knowledge, safety concerns, price, packaging, and a distrust of food technology. The results from these focus groups can inform public messaging and foodborne illness prevention strategies. |
Estimating the effects of hypothetical alcohol minimum unit pricing policies on alcohol use and deaths: A state example
Bertin L , Leung G , Bohm MK , LeClercq J , Skillen EL , Esser MB . J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2024 85 (1) 120-132 OBJECTIVE: Alcohol minimum unit pricing (MUP) policies establish a floor price beneath which alcohol cannot be sold. The potential effectiveness of MUP policies for reducing alcohol-attributable deaths in the United States has not been quantitatively assessed. Therefore, this study estimated the effects of two hypothetical distilled spirits MUP policies on alcohol sales, consumption, and alcohol-attributable deaths in one state. METHOD: The International Model of Alcohol Harms and Policies tool was used to estimate the effects of two hypothetical MUP per standard drink policies (40-cent and 45-cent) pertaining to distilled spirits products at off-premises alcohol outlets in Michigan during 2020. Prevalence estimates on drinking patterns among Michigan adults were calculated by sex and age group. Prices per standard drink and sales of 9,747 spirits products were analyzed using National Alcohol Beverage Control Association data. Analyses accounted for other alcoholic beverage type sales using cross-price elasticities. RESULTS: Increasing the MUP of the 3.5% of spirits with the lowest prices per standard drink to 40 cents could reduce total alcohol per capita consumption in Michigan by 2.6% and prevent 232 (5.3%) alcohol-attributable deaths annually. A 45-cent MUP would affect 8.0% of the spirits and reduce total alcohol per capita consumption by 3.9%, preventing 354 (8.1%) deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Modestly increasing the prices of the lowest-priced spirits with an MUP policy in a single state could save hundreds of lives annually. This suggests that alcohol MUP policies could be an effective strategy for improving public health in the United States, consistent with the World Health Organization's recommendation. |
The promise of a "cure" for HIV: implications for the future of PEPFAR-supported HIV programmes
Raizes E , Blandford J , McCune JM , Dybul M . J Int AIDS Soc 2024 27 (1) e26206 As we commemorate the 20th anniversary of the U.S. President's Emergency for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), there is much to celebrate: over 20 million persons with HIV are receiving life‐saving antiretroviral treatment (ART) in over 50 PEPFAR‐supported countries [1]. However, external financial support for HIV in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) remains flat, and overall resources are estimated to be at least $8 billion short of the $29 billion needed to reach the 2025 goals of 95‐95‐951 [2]. | | Even if these goals are realized, they will only be sustained if resources are provided indefinitely. The prospect of HIV “cure,” that is durable ART‐free suppression of HIV, represents an attractive alternative to such ongoing resource commitments—beckoning investment in an intervention that would extend lives, reduce new HIV acquisitions and obviate the need for continued ART. | | With this in mind, we read with interest the report in this journal by Guzauskas and Hallet [3] on “the long‐term impact and value of curative therapy for HIV.” Modelling the health benefits of such an intervention, they found that “HIV cure” would more rapidly lower HIV prevalence, prevent future acquisitions over time, increase life years in the population and reduce AIDS‐related deaths when compared to ART alone even in LMICs. These benefits were even more pronounced in settings with higher HIV burdens and lower ART adherence. They also found that such an intervention would be cost‐effective for the duration of HIV patients’ lifetimes if price aligned with a country's per capita income and disease burden. |
Vaccine effectiveness against influenza a-associated hospitalization, organ failure, and death: United States, 2022-2023
Lewis NM , Zhu Y , Peltan ID , Gaglani M , McNeal T , Ghamande S , Steingrub JS , Shapiro NI , Duggal A , Bender WS , Taghizadeh L , Brown SM , Hager DN , Gong MN , Mohamed A , Exline MC , Khan A , Wilson JG , Qadir N , Chang SY , Ginde AA , Mohr NM , Mallow C , Lauring AS , Johnson NJ , Gibbs KW , Kwon JH , Columbus C , Gottlieb RL , Raver C , Vaughn IA , Ramesh M , Johnson C , Lamerato L , Safdar B , Casey JD , Rice TW , Halasa N , Chappell JD , Grijalva CG , Talbot HK , Baughman A , Womack KN , Swan SA , Harker E , Price A , DeCuir J , Surie D , Ellington S , Self WH . Clin Infect Dis 2023 BACKGROUND: Influenza circulation during the 2022-2023 season in the United States largely returned to pre-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-pandemic patterns and levels. Influenza A(H3N2) viruses were detected most frequently this season, predominately clade 3C.2a1b.2a, a close antigenic match to the vaccine strain. METHODS: To understand effectiveness of the 2022-2023 influenza vaccine against influenza-associated hospitalization, organ failure, and death, a multicenter sentinel surveillance network in the United States prospectively enrolled adults hospitalized with acute respiratory illness between 1 October 2022, and 28 February 2023. Using the test-negative design, vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates against influenza-associated hospitalization, organ failures, and death were measured by comparing the odds of current-season influenza vaccination in influenza-positive case-patients and influenza-negative, SARS-CoV-2-negative control-patients. RESULTS: A total of 3707 patients, including 714 influenza cases (33% vaccinated) and 2993 influenza- and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-negative controls (49% vaccinated) were analyzed. VE against influenza-associated hospitalization was 37% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27%-46%) and varied by age (18-64 years: 47% [30%-60%]; ≥65 years: 28% [10%-43%]), and virus (A[H3N2]: 29% [6%-46%], A[H1N1]: 47% [23%-64%]). VE against more severe influenza-associated outcomes included: 41% (29%-50%) against influenza with hypoxemia treated with supplemental oxygen; 65% (56%-72%) against influenza with respiratory, cardiovascular, or renal failure treated with organ support; and 66% (40%-81%) against influenza with respiratory failure treated with invasive mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: During an early 2022-2023 influenza season with a well-matched influenza vaccine, vaccination was associated with reduced risk of influenza-associated hospitalization and organ failure. |
Genomics for antimicrobial resistance surveillance to support infection prevention and control in health-care facilities
Jauneikaite E , Baker KS , Nunn JG , Midega JT , Hsu LY , Singh SR , Halpin AL , Hopkins KL , Price JR , Srikantiah P , Egyir B , Okeke IN , Holt KE , Peacock SJ , Feasey NA . Lancet Microbe 2023 4 (12) e1040-e1046 Integration of genomic technologies into routine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in health-care facilities has the potential to generate rapid, actionable information for patient management and inform infection prevention and control measures in near real time. However, substantial challenges limit the implementation of genomics for AMR surveillance in clinical settings. Through a workshop series and online consultation, international experts from across the AMR and pathogen genomics fields convened to review the evidence base underpinning the use of genomics for AMR surveillance in a range of settings. Here, we summarise the identified challenges and potential benefits of genomic AMR surveillance in health-care settings, and outline the recommendations of the working group to realise this potential. These recommendations include the definition of viable and cost-effective use cases for genomic AMR surveillance, strengthening training competencies (particularly in bioinformatics), and building capacity at local, national, and regional levels using hub and spoke models. |
Costs of implementing teen dating violence and youth violence prevention strategies: Evidence from 5 CDC-funded local health departments
Rice KL , Ottley P , Bing M , McMonigle M , Miller GF . Public Health Rep 2023 333549231201615 OBJECTIVES: In 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention supported 5 local health departments (LHDs) to implement teen dating violence and youth violence primary prevention strategies across multiple levels of the social-ecological model and build capacity for the expansion of such prevention efforts at the local level. The objective of this study was to estimate the total cost of implementing primary prevention strategies for all LHDs across 3 years of program implementation. METHODS: We used a microcosting analytic approach to identify resources and compute costs for all prevention strategies implemented by LHDs. We computed the total program cost, total and average cost per strategy by social-ecological model level, and average cost of implementation per participant served by the program. All costs were inflated via the monthly Consumer Price Index and reported in August 2020 dollars. RESULTS: For 3 years of program implementation, the total estimated cost of implementing teen dating violence and youth violence primary prevention strategies was >$7.1 million across all 5 LHDs. The largest shares of program-related costs were program staff (55.9%-57.0%) and contracts (22.4%-25.5%). Among prevention strategies, the largest share of total costs was for strategies implemented at the community level of the social-ecological model (42.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this analysis provide a first look at the total costs of implementing comprehensive teen dating violence and youth violence primary prevention strategies and serve as a foundation for investments in local violence prevention funding for young people. |
Effect of primaquine dose on the risk of recurrence in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis
Commons RJ , Rajasekhar M , Edler P , Abreha T , Awab GR , Baird JK , Barber BE , Chu CS , Cui L , Daher A , Gonzalez-Ceron L , Grigg MJ , Hwang J , Karunajeewa H , Lacerda MVG , Ladeia-Andrade S , Lidia K , Llanos-Cuentas A , Longley RJ , Pereira DB , Pasaribu AP , Pukrittayakamee S , Rijal KR , Sutanto I , Taylor WRJ , Thanh PV , Thriemer K , Vieira JLF , Watson JA , Zuluaga-Idarraga LM , White NJ , Guerin PJ , Simpson JA , Price RN . Lancet Infect Dis 2023 BACKGROUND: Primaquine is used to eliminate Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites, but its optimal dosing regimen remains unclear. We undertook a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of different primaquine dosing regimens to prevent P vivax recurrence. METHODS: For this systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Central for prospective clinical studies of uncomplicated P vivax from endemic countries published between Jan 1, 2000, and June 8, 2023. We included studies if they had active follow-up of at least 28 days, and if they included a treatment group with daily primaquine given over multiple days, where primaquine was commenced within 7 days of schizontocidal treatment and was given alone or coadministered with chloroquine or one of four artemisinin-based combination therapies (ie, artemether-lumefantrine, artesunate-mefloquine, artesunate-amodiaquine, or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine). We excluded studies if they were on prevention, prophylaxis, or patients with severe malaria, or if data were extracted retrospectively from medical records outside of a planned trial. For the meta-analysis, we contacted the investigators of eligible trials to request individual patient data and we then pooled data that were made available by Aug 23, 2021. We assessed the effects of total dose and duration of primaquine regimens on the rate of first P vivax recurrence between day 7 and day 180 by Cox's proportional hazards regression (efficacy analysis). The effect of primaquine daily dose on gastrointestinal symptoms on days 5-7 was assessed by modified Poisson regression (tolerability analysis). The study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42019154470. FINDINGS: Of 226 identified studies, 23 studies with patient-level data from 6879 patients from 16 countries were included in the efficacy analysis. At day 180, the risk of recurrence was 51·0% (95% CI 48·2-53·9) in 1470 patients treated without primaquine, 19·3% (16·9-21·9) in 2569 patients treated with a low total dose of primaquine (approximately 3·5 mg/kg), and 8·1% (7·0-9·4) in 2811 patients treated with a high total dose of primaquine (approximately 7 mg/kg), regardless of primaquine treatment duration. Compared with treatment without primaquine, the rate of P vivax recurrence was lower after treatment with low-dose primaquine (adjusted hazard ratio 0·21, 95% CI 0·17-0·27; p<0·0001) and high-dose primaquine (0·10, 0·08-0·12; p<0·0001). High-dose primaquine had greater efficacy than low-dose primaquine in regions with high and low relapse periodicity (ie, the time from initial infection to vivax relapse). 16 studies with patient-level data from 5609 patients from ten countries were included in the tolerability analysis. Gastrointestinal symptoms on days 5-7 were reported by 4·0% (95% CI 0·0-8·7) of 893 patients treated without primaquine, 6·2% (0·5-12·0) of 737 patients treated with a low daily dose of primaquine (approximately 0·25 mg/kg per day), 5·9% (1·8-10·1) of 1123 patients treated with an intermediate daily dose (approximately 0·5 mg/kg per day) and 10·9% (5·7-16·1) of 1178 patients treated with a high daily dose (approximately 1 mg/kg per day). 20 of 23 studies included in the efficacy analysis and 15 of 16 in the tolerability analysis had a low or unclear risk of bias. INTERPRETATION: Increasing the total dose of primaquine from 3·5 mg/kg to 7 mg/kg can reduce P vivax recurrences by more than 50% in most endemic regions, with a small associated increase in gastrointestinal symptoms. FUNDING: Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Medicines for Malaria Venture. |
Effect of adherence to primaquine on the risk of Plasmodium vivax recurrence: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis
Mehdipour P , Rajasekhar M , Dini S , Zaloumis S , Abreha T , Adam I , Awab GR , Baird JK , Brasil LW , Chu CS , Cui L , Daher A , do Socorro MGomes M , Gonzalez-Ceron L , Hwang J , Karunajeewa H , Lacerda MVG , Ladeia-Andrade S , Leslie T , Ley B , Lidia K , Llanos-Cuentas A , Longley RJ , Monteiro WM , Pereira DB , Rijal KR , Saravu K , Sutanto I , Taylor WRJ , Thanh PV , Thriemer K , Vieira JLF , White NJ , Zuluaga-Idarraga LM , Guerin PJ , Price RN , Simpson JA , Commons RJ . Malar J 2023 22 (1) 306 BACKGROUND: Imperfect adherence is a major barrier to effective primaquine radical cure of Plasmodium vivax. This study investigated the effect of reduced adherence on the risk of P. vivax recurrence. METHODS: Efficacy studies of patients with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria, including a treatment arm with daily primaquine, published between January 1999 and March 2020 were identified. Individual patient data from eligible studies were pooled using standardized methodology. Adherence to primaquine was inferred from i) the percentage of supervised doses and ii) the total mg/kg dose received compared to the target total mg/kg dose per protocol. The effect of adherence to primaquine on the incidence of P. vivax recurrence between days 7 and 90 was investigated by Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Of 82 eligible studies, 32 were available including 6917 patients from 18 countries. For adherence assessed by percentage of supervised primaquine, 2790 patients (40.3%) had poor adherence (≤ 50%) and 4127 (59.7%) had complete adherence. The risk of recurrence by day 90 was 14.0% [95% confidence interval: 12.1-16.1] in patients with poor adherence compared to 5.8% [5.0-6.7] following full adherence; p = 0.014. After controlling for age, sex, baseline parasitaemia, and total primaquine dose per protocol, the rate of the first recurrence was higher following poor adherence compared to patients with full adherence (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 2.3 [1.8-2.9]). When adherence was quantified by total mg/kg dose received among 3706 patients, 347 (9.4%) had poor adherence, 88 (2.4%) had moderate adherence, and 3271 (88.2%) had complete adherence to treatment. The risks of recurrence by day 90 were 8.2% [4.3-15.2] in patients with poor adherence and 4.9% [4.1-5.8] in patients with full adherence; p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: Reduced adherence, including less supervision, increases the risk of vivax recurrence. |
Seasonal trends in emergency department visits for mental and behavioral health conditions among children and adolescents aged 5-17 years - United States, January 2018-June 2023
Radhakrishnan L , Carey K , Pell D , Ising A , Brathwaite D , Waller A , Gay J , Watson-Smith H , Person M , Zamore K , Brumsted T , Price C , Clark PM , Haas GA , Gracy L , Johnston S , Chen Y , Muñoz K , Henry M , Willis B , Nevels D , Asaolu I , Lee S , Wilkins NJ , Bacon S , Sheppard M , Kite-Powell A , Blau G , King M , Whittaker M , Leeb RT . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023 72 (38) 1032-1040 Mental and behavioral health conditions among school-aged children, including substance use disorders and overall emotional well-being, are a public health concern in the United States. Timely data on seasonal patterns in child and adolescent conditions can guide optimal timing of prevention and intervention strategies. CDC examined emergency department (ED) visit data from the National Syndromic Surveillance Program for 25 distinct conditions during January 2018-June 2023 among U.S. children and adolescents aged 5-17 years, stratified by age group. Each year, during 2018-2023, among persons aged 10-14 and 15-17 years, the number and proportion of weekly ED visits for eight conditions increased in the fall school semester and remained elevated throughout the spring semester; ED visits were up to twice as high during school semesters compared with the summer period. Among children aged 5-9 years, the number and proportion of visits increased for five mental and behavioral health conditions. Seasonal increases in ED visits for some conditions among school-aged children warrant enhanced awareness about mental distress symptoms and the challenges and stressors in the school environment. Systemic changes that prioritize protective factors (e.g., physical activity; nutrition; sleep; social, community, or faith-based support; and inclusive school and community environments) and incorporate preparedness for increases in conditions during back-to-school planning might improve child and adolescent mental health. |
Primaquine dose and the risk of haemolysis in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis
Rajasekhar M , Simpson JA , Ley B , Edler P , Chu CS , Abreha T , Awab GR , Baird JK , Bancone G , Barber BE , Grigg MJ , Hwang J , Karunajeewa H , Lacerda MVG , Ladeia-Andrade S , Llanos-Cuentas A , Pukrittayakamee S , Rijal KR , Saravu K , Sutanto I , Taylor WRJ , Thriemer K , Watson JA , Guerin PJ , White NJ , Price RN , Commons RJ . Lancet Infect Dis 2023 BACKGROUND: Primaquine radical cure is used to treat dormant liver-stage parasites and prevent relapsing Plasmodium vivax malaria but is limited by concerns of haemolysis. We undertook a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis to investigate the haematological safety of different primaquine regimens for P vivax radical cure. METHODS: For this systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Central for prospective clinical studies of uncomplicated P vivax from endemic countries published between Jan 1, 2000, and June 8, 2023. We included studies if they had active follow-up of at least 28 days, if they included a treatment group with daily primaquine given over multiple days where primaquine was commenced within 3 days of schizontocidal treatment and was given alone or coadministered with chloroquine or one of four artemisinin-based combination therapies (ie, artemether-lumefantrine, artesunate-mefloquine, artesunate-amodiaquine, or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine), and if they recorded haemoglobin or haematocrit concentrations on day 0. We excluded studies if they were on prevention, prophylaxis, or patients with severe malaria, or if data were extracted retrospectively from medical records outside of a planned trial. For the meta-analysis, we contacted the investigators of eligible trials to request individual patient data and we then pooled data that were made available by Aug 23, 2021. The main outcome was haemoglobin reduction of more than 25% to a concentration of less than 7 g/dL by day 14. Haemoglobin concentration changes between day 0 and days 2-3 and between day 0 and days 5-7 were assessed by mixed-effects linear regression for patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity of (1) 30% or higher and (2) between 30% and less than 70%. The study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42019154470 and CRD42022303680. FINDINGS: Of 226 identified studies, 18 studies with patient-level data from 5462 patients from 15 countries were included in the analysis. A haemoglobin reduction of more than 25% to a concentration of less than 7 g/dL occurred in one (0·1%) of 1208 patients treated without primaquine, none of 893 patients treated with a low daily dose of primaquine (<0·375 mg/kg per day), five (0·3%) of 1464 patients treated with an intermediate daily dose (0·375 mg/kg per day to <0·75 mg/kg per day), and six (0·5%) of 1269 patients treated with a high daily dose (≥0·75 mg/kg per day). The covariate-adjusted mean estimated haemoglobin changes at days 2-3 were -0·6 g/dL (95% CI -0·7 to -0·5), -0·7 g/dL (-0·8 to -0·5), -0·6 g/dL (-0·7 to -0·4), and -0·5 g/dL (-0·7 to -0·4), respectively. In 51 patients with G6PD activity between 30% and less than 70%, the adjusted mean haemoglobin concentration on days 2-3 decreased as G6PD activity decreased; two patients in this group who were treated with a high daily dose of primaquine had a reduction of more than 25% to a concentration of less than 7 g/dL. 17 of 18 included studies had a low or unclear risk of bias. INTERPRETATION: Treatment of patients with G6PD activity of 30% or higher with 0·25-0·5 mg/kg per day primaquine regimens and patients with G6PD activity of 70% or higher with 0·25-1 mg/kg per day regimens were associated with similar risks of haemolysis to those in patients treated without primaquine, supporting the safe use of primaquine radical cure at these doses. FUNDING: Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Medicines for Malaria Venture. |
Supplemental findings of the 2021 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey
Kracalik I , Sapiano MRP , Wild RC , Chavez Ortiz J , Stewart P , Berger JJ , Basavaraju SV , Free RJ . Transfusion 2023 63 Suppl 4 S19-S42 BACKGROUND: The Department of Health and Human Services' National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey (NBCUS) has been conducted biennially since 1997. Data are used to estimate national blood collection and use. Supplemental data from the 2021 NBCUS not presented elsewhere are presented here. METHODS: Data on survey participation, donor characteristics, blood component cost, transfusion-associated adverse reactions, and implementation of blood safety measures, including pathogen-reduction of platelets, during 2021, were analyzed. Comparisons are made to 2019 survey data where available (2013-2019 for survey participation). RESULTS: During 2021, there were 11,507,000 successful blood donations in the United States, a 4.8% increase from 2019. Persons aged 45-64 years accounted for 42% of all successful blood donations. Donations by persons aged 65 years and older increased by 40.7%, while donations among minorities and donors aged <25 years decreased. From 2019 to 2021, the median price hospitals paid per unit of leukoreduced red blood cells, leukoreduced and pathogen-reduced apheresis platelets, and fresh frozen plasma increased. The largest increase in price per unit of blood component in 2021 was for leukoreduced apheresis platelets, which increased by ~$51. Between 2019 and 2021, the proportion of transfusing facilities reporting use of pathogen-reduced platelets increased, from 13% to 60%. Transfusion-related adverse reactions declined slightly between 2019 and 2021, although the rate of transfusion-transmitted bacterial infections remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: During 2021, blood donations increased nationally, although donations from those aged <25 years and minorities declined. The prices hospitals paid for most blood products increased, as did the use of pathogen-reduced platelets. |
- Page last reviewed:Feb 1, 2024
- Page last updated:Dec 09, 2024
- Content source:
- Powered by CDC PHGKB Infrastructure