BACKGROUND: Syphilis in Florida increased 49% from 2016-2020. Moreover, many serological tests for syphilis (STS) do not indicate current infection. Traditionally, syphilis surveillance systems used reactor grids, a method for prioritizing STS for investigation based on age, non-treponemal titer, and/or sex. In 2022, Florida's STD surveillance system implemented an automated method for processing electronically reported STS (eSTS), expanding upon the reactor grid, using an individual's current STS (treponemal and non-treponemal), treatment history, and historical STS results aiming for more efficiently processing eSTS. We compared the new method of processing eSTS results against the reactor grid and determined potential value in time/cost savings of this change. METHODS: All eSTS (n = 4,144) from 1/2/2023-1/8/2023 were compared by how the logic-based method processed test results vs. how the reactor grid processed test results. Each method was compared using measurements of accuracy (e.g., sensitivity/specificity). Time and cost savings in eSTS processing were estimated. RESULTS: Using the surveillance case definition as reference, the accuracy of the logic-based method for processing eSTS was nearly double (82.3% vs. 43.6%), had greater specificity (79.0% vs. 33.0%), and increased positive predictive value (47.5% vs. 22.0%) when compared to the reactor grid method. Sensitivity (99.5% vs. 98.6%) and negative predictive value (99.9% vs. 99.2%) remained similar. The logic-based method is estimated to save 7,783 hours annually (~$185,000). CONCLUSIONS: Processing eSTS based on current and historical STS results is significantly more accurate than using a reactor grid. Moreover, these improvements save time and resources that can be better allocated to other program prevention activities.

BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that men who have sex with men (MSM) get tested annually for urethral and rectal chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhea (NG), and pharyngeal NG. There are no national recommendations to screen women and heterosexual men at extragenital sites. We assessed extragenital CT/NG screening among men and women at Louisiana's Parish Health Units (PHU). METHODS: The Louisiana STD/HIV/Hepatitis Program piloted extragenital screening at four PHUs in February 2016 and expanded to eleven PHUs in 2017. Sexual histories were used to identify gender of sex partners and exposed sites. Due to billing restrictions, up to two anatomical sites were tested for CT/NG. RESULTS: From February 2016-June 2019, 70,895 urogenital and extragenital specimens (56,086 urogenital, 13,797 pharyngeal and 1,012 rectal) were collected from 56,086 patients. Pharyngeal CT positivity was 160/7,868 (2.0%) among women, 54/4,838 (1.1%) among MSW (men who have sex with women) and 33/1,091 (3.0%) among MSM. Rectal CT positivity was 51/439 (11.6%) among women and 95/573 (16.6%) among MSM. Pharyngeal NG positivity was 299/7,868 (3.8%) among women, 222/4,838 (4.6%) among MSW and 97/1,091 (8.9%) among MSM. Rectal NG positivity was 20/439 (4.6%) among women and 134/573 (23.4%) among MSM.Urogenital-only screening would have missed: among women,173/3,923 (4.4%) CT and 227/1,480 (15.3%) NG infections; among MSW, 26/2,667 (1%) CT and 149/1,709 (8.7%) NG infections; and among MSM, 116/336 (34.5%) CT and 127/413 (42.1%) NG infections. CONCLUSIONS: Many CT/NG infections would have been missed with urogenital-only screening. MSM had much higher extragenital infection rates than women and MSW.

BACKGROUND: Shigella species, which cause acute diarrheal disease, are transmitted via fecal-oral and sexual contact. To better understand the overlapping populations affected by Shigella infections and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States, we examined the occurrence of reported STIs within 24 months among shigellosis case-patients. METHODS: Culture-confirmed Shigella cases diagnosed during 2007-2016 among residents of six U.S. jurisdictions were matched to reports of STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, and all stages of syphilis) diagnosed 12 months before or after the shigellosis case. We examined epidemiologic characteristics and reported temporal trends of Shigella cases by sex and species. RESULTS: During 2007-2016, 10,430 shigellosis cases were reported. The annual number of reported shigellosis cases across jurisdictions increased 70%, from 821 cases in 2007 to 1,398 cases in 2016; males saw a larger increase compared to females. Twenty percent of male shigellosis case-patients had an STI reported in the reference period, versus 4% of female case-patients. The percentage of male shigellosis case-patients with an STI increased from 11% (2007) to 28% (2016); the overall percentage among females remained low. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the substantial proportion of males with shigellosis who were diagnosed with STIs within 24 months and the benefit of matching data across programs. STI screening may be warranted for male shigellosis case-patients.

Syphilis rates have continued to rise in the United States. Florida and Louisiana consistently report high numbers of cases. We evaluated rates of reinfection to see if frequent rescreening might lead to earlier treatment and prevent infections. All syphilis records of all stages for males and females aged 15-70 years from the Florida and Louisiana Departments of Health surveillance databases 2000-2018 were evaluated. The first episode of syphilis during this period was considered the initial diagnosis for each person. Demographics of cases and repeaters (individuals reported with two or more cases of syphilis) were examined. Percentages of syphilis cases from repeaters by year were calculated as were percentages from HIV+ males. During 2000-2018, 124,827 syphilis cases were reported from 107,405 individuals: 73,811 (68.7%) males; 33,594 (31.3%) females. There were 12,545 individuals (repeaters) with two or more syphilis diagnoses (n = 17,422 cases; range, 2-10). From 2010 to 2018, repeaters accounted for steadily increasing percentage of all syphilis reported: 2010 (11%), 2013 (16%), 2015 (20%), and 2018 (26%). Among HIV+ male cases the percentage from repeaters also increased: 2010 (28%), 2013 (35%), 2015 (42%), and 2018 (50%). In 2018, 19% of all cases (n = 2455) were from HIV+ males who had a previous syphilis diagnosis. Among HIV+ males diagnosed with syphilis in 2015, 34% had a repeat syphilis diagnosis within 3 years. Most syphilis diagnosed in Florida and Louisiana was among persons infected for the first time. However, some subgroups could possibly benefit from more frequent screening. Males living with HIV who had a prior syphilis diagnosis were at very high risk of repeat infection.

BACKGROUND: Interventions to prevent HIV in women include screening, partner notification, promoting condoms, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Identifying a woman's risk of acquiring HIV can help guide intervention recommendations. METHODS: We used data from Louisiana's STI and HIV registries to study 13- to 59-year-old women following their first diagnosis of syphilis, (or if none) gonorrhea, or (if none) chlamydia during 2000-2015. We measured rates of HIV reported subsequent to their STI (through 2016). Rates for women without STI were estimated by subtracting women with STI from reported cases and from Census estimates for the population. PrEP cost was estimated as $11,000 per year, and effectiveness was estimated as 100%. RESULTS: First STI were: syphilis (6,574), gonorrhea (64,995), or chlamydia (140,034). These 211,603 women had 1,865,488 person-years of follow-up and 969 HIV diagnoses. Women with no STI had 5,186 HIV diagnoses over 24,359,397 person-years. Rates of HIV diagnosis (per 100,000 person-years) were higher for women after syphilis (177.3), gonorrhea (73.2), or chlamydia (35.4) compared to women with no STI (22.4). Providing PrEP to all women diagnosed with syphilis or gonorrhea would cost $7,371,111,000 and could have prevented 546 HIV diagnoses. Limiting PrEP to one year after syphilis or gonorrhea diagnosis would cost $963,847,334 but only 143 HIV diagnoses were within 2 years after a syphilis or gonorrhea diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of HIV diagnosis were high after women had STI, but not high enough to make PrEP cost-effective for them. Most women diagnosed with HIV did not have previously reported STI.

BACKGROUND: Chlamydial infections are common among young women and can lead to serious reproductive health complications. We assessed the risk of reported repeat chlamydial infection among young women in Louisiana and time interval between infections by age and race/ethnicity. METHODS: We analyzed surveillance data on chlamydial infections reported among women in Louisiana from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2015. Multiple reports for the same person were matched using unique codes. Chlamydial infections reported more than 30 days after a previous positive test were considered new infections. Women aged 15-34 years at first infection during 2000-2012 were censored after three years or after they had a repeat infection. Cumulative incidence and incidence rate of repeat chlamydial infection among women were determined by year of first infection. Race- and age-specific results were obtained using stratified analyses. RESULTS: One in four women diagnosed with a chlamydial infection at 15-34 years of age in Louisiana had a reported repeat infection in three years or less. Risk of repeat infection increased for younger women, racial/ethnic minorities, and women in more recent cohorts. Young black women aged 15-19 years in 2012 had the highest risk (44%). Black women also had shorter intervals between infections than white women. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat chlamydial infections were common, especially among young black women. The true number is likely higher because surveillance data only count infections that were detected and reported. Comprehensive prevention strategies are needed to address high rates of repeat chlamydial infections among women.

BACKGROUND: Screening pregnant women for HIV and syphilis is recommended by WHO in order to reduce mother-to-child transmission. We evaluated the field performance, feasibility, and acceptability of a dual rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for HIV and syphilis test in antenatal clinic settings in Nigeria. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Participants were recruited at 12 antenatal clinic sites in three states of Nigeria. All consenting individuals were tested according to the national HIV testing algorithm, as well as a dual RDT, the SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test (Alere, USA), in the clinic. To determine sensitivity, specificity and concordance, whole blood samples were obtained for repeat RDT performance in the laboratory, as well as reference tests for HIV and syphilis. Dual test acceptability and operational characteristics were assessed among participants and clinic staff. The prevalence of HIV among the 4,551 enrollees was 3.0% (138/4551) using the national clinic-based HIV testing algorithm. Positive and negative percent agreement of the HIV component of the dual RDT were 100.0% (95% CI 99.7-100.0) and 99.9% (95% CI 99.7-100.0) respectively, when compared with the national rapid testing algorithm. The prevalence of syphilis, using TPHA as the reference test, was low at 0.09% (4/4550). The sensitivity of the syphilis component of the dual RDT could not be calculated as no positive results were observed for patients that were positive for syphilis by TPHA. Each of the only four TPHA-positive specimens had RPR titers of 1:1 (neat), indicative of non-active syphilis. The specificity of the syphilis component of the dual RDT was 99.9% (95% CI 99.8-100.0). The dual RDT received favorable feasibility ratings among antenatal care clinic staff. Acceptability among study participants was high with most women reporting preference for rapid dual HIV/syphilis testing. CONCLUSIONS: The SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test showed a high overall diagnostic accuracy for HIV and a high specificity for syphilis diagnosis in antenatal clinic settings. This study adds to a growing body of evidence that supports the clinic-based use of dual tests for HIV and syphilis among pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: From 2012 to 2014, rates of congenital syphilis increased in Louisiana and Florida. We evaluated the effectiveness of early (first or second) and third trimester syphilis screening for the prevention of congenital syphilis in these high-morbidity states. METHODS: Reported syphilis cases among pregnant women in Louisiana and Florida during January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2014, were reviewed for documented screening for syphilis in the first 2 trimesters and third trimester. Pregnant women with syphilis were linked to congenital syphilis records and stratified by whether the pregnancy led to a reported congenital syphilis case. RESULTS: Seven hundred ten pregnant women with syphilis in Louisiana and Florida were linked to 155 congenital syphilis cases. Three hundred seventy (52%) pregnant women with syphilis were staged as early syphilis (n = 270) or high-titer late or unknown duration-latent syphilis (n = 100), and 109 (70% of the total) were linked to congenital syphilis cases. Screening in the first 2 trimesters identified 513 pregnant women who tested positive for syphilis, and 470 (92%) potential congenital syphilis were averted. One hundred nine pregnant women tested positive for syphilis in the third trimester, and 85 (78%) had babies without congenital syphilis. During their pregnancy, 85 (12%) women tested negative at least once, and 55 (65%) had babies with congenital syphilis. Thirty-nine women had no reported syphilis screening 30 days or longer before delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for syphilis both early and in the third trimester prevented many pregnant women with syphilis from having a baby with congenital syphilis. Preventing all congenital syphilis would likely require preventing all syphilis among women. © Copyright 2017 American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association

BACKGROUND: Incident syphilis among HIV-infected persons indicates the ongoing behavioral risk for HIV transmission. Detectable viral loads (VLs) among coinfected cases may amplify this risk. METHODS: Primary and secondary cases reported during 2009-2010 from 4 US sites were crossmatched with local HIV surveillance registries to identify syphilis case-persons infected with HIV before or shortly after the syphilis diagnosis. We examined HIV VL and CD4 results collected within 6 months before or after syphilis diagnosis for the coinfected cases identified. Independent correlates of detectable VLs (≥200 copies/mL) were determined. RESULTS: We identified 1675 cases of incident primary or secondary syphilis among persons with HIV. Median age was 37 years; 99.5% were men, 41.1% were African American, 24.5% were Hispanics, and 79.9% of the HIV diagnoses were made at least 1 year before syphilis diagnosis. Among those coinfected, there were no VL results reported for 188 (11.2%); of the 1487 (88.8%) with reported VL results, 809 (54.4%) had a detectable VL (median, 25,101 copies/mL; range, 206-3,590,000 copies/mL). Detectable VLs independently correlated with syphilis diagnosed at younger age, at an sexually transmitted disease clinic, and closer in time to HIV diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of syphilis case-persons identified with HIV had a detectable VL collected within 6 months of the syphilis diagnosis. This suggests virologic and active behavioral risk for transmitting HIV.

BACKGROUND: From 2003 to 2012, the Philadelphia High School STD Screening Program screened 126,053 students, identifying 8089 Chlamydia trachomatis (CT)/Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) infections. We examined sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with CT/GC diagnoses among a sample of this high-risk population. METHODS: Standardized interviews were given to infected students receiving in-school CT/GC treatment (2009-2012) and to uninfected students calling for results (2011-2012). Sex-stratified multivariable logistic models were created to examine factors independently associated with a CT/GC diagnosis. A simple risk index was developed using variables significant on multivariable analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1489 positive and 318 negative students were interviewed. Independent factors associated with a GC/CT diagnosis among females were black race (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.27; confidence interval, 1.12-4.58), history of arrest (AOR, 2.26; 1.22-4.21), higher partner number (AOR, 1.75; 1.05-2.91), meeting partners in own neighborhood (AOR, 1.92; 1.29-2.86), and meeting partners in venues other than own school, neighborhood, or through friends ("all other"; AOR, 9.44; 3.70-24.09). For males, factors included early sexual debut (AOR, 1.99; 1.21-3.26) and meeting partners at "all other" venues (AOR, 2.76; 1.2-6.4); meeting through friends was protective (AOR, 0.63; 0.41-0.96). Meeting partners at own school was protective for both sexes (males: AOR, 0.33; 0.20-0.55; females: AOR, 0.65; 0.44-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: Although factors associated with a GC/CT infection differed between males and females in our sample, partner meeting place was associated with infection for both sexes. School-based screening programs could use this information to target high-risk students for effective interventions.

PURPOSE: Chlamydia trachomatis is a very common infection among young women in the United States; information on cumulative risk of infection is limited. We sought to estimate the cumulative risk of chlamydial infection for young women. METHODS: We measured cumulative risk of reported chlamydial infection for 14- to 34-year-old women in Florida between 2000 and 2011 using surveillance records and census estimates. We calculated reported infections per woman, analyzed first infections to get cumulative risk, and calculated risk of repeat infection over the 12-year period. RESULTS: There were 457,595 infections reported among 15- to 34-year-old women. Reports increased annually from 25,390 to 51,536. Nineteen-year-olds were at highest risk with 5.1 infections reported per 100 women in 2011. There were 341,671 different women infected. Among women aged 14-17 years in 2000, over 20% had at least one infection reported within 12 years, and among blacks, this risk was over 36%, and that underestimates risk because 18% of cases were missing race/ethnicity information. Repeat infections were common. Among 53,109 with chlamydia at the age of 15-20 years during 2000-2003, 36.7% had additional infections reported by 2011. CONCLUSIONS: More than one out of five women in Florida was reported as having chlamydia during her young-adult years; risk was highest for black women. True infection risks were likely much higher because many infections were not diagnosed or reported. Young women who had chlamydia were very likely to get reinfected. Rates of infection remain high despite years of screening. More information is needed on how to prevent chlamydial infection.

BACKGROUND: Several effective interventions are available for preventing HIV in women. Targeting interventions requires understanding their risk of acquiring HIV. METHODS: We used surveillance data to estimate risks of HIV acquisition for 13-59-year-old women following a diagnosis of syphilis, gonorrhoea or chlamydia in Florida during 2000-2009. We excluded women reported with HIV before their STI, and measured HIV reported subsequent to STI (through 2011). Rates were compared to women with no reported STI. RESULTS: A total of 328,456 women had: syphilis (3325), gonorrhoea (67,784) or chlamydia (257,347). During 2,221,944 person-years of follow-up, 2118 of them were diagnosed with HIV. For women with no STI reported, during 64,763,832 person-years, 19,531 were reported with HIV. The crude rate of subsequent HIV diagnosis (per 100,000 person-years) was higher for women diagnosed with syphilis (597.9), gonorrhoea (171.3) or chlamydia (66.3) than women with no STI (30.2). Annual rates of HIV decreased over-all by 61.8% between 2001 and 2011. CONCLUSION: Women with syphilis or gonorrhoea were at highest risk for HIV and therefore might benefit from intensive counselling. However, they represented only a small fraction of the women who acquired HIV. Most cases of HIV infection among women occurred among the large group of women who were not at highest risk.

OBJECTIVE: Multiple interventions have been shown to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition, including preexposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral medications, but high costs require targeting interventions to people at the highest risk. We identified the risk of HIV following a syphilis diagnosis for men in Florida. METHODS: We analyzed surveillance records of 13- to 59-year-old men in Florida who were reported as having syphilis from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2009. We excluded men who had HIV infection reported before their syphilis diagnosis (and within 60 days after), then searched the database to see if the remaining men were reported as having HIV infection by December 31, 2011. RESULTS: Of the 9,512 men with syphilis we followed, 1,323 were subsequently diagnosed as having HIV infection 60-3,753 days after their syphilis diagnosis. The risk of a subsequent diagnosis of HIV infection was 3.6% in the first year after syphilis was diagnosed and reached 17.5% 10 years after a syphilis diagnosis. The risk of HIV was higher for non-Hispanic white men (3.4% per year) than for non-Hispanic black men (1.8% per year). The likelihood of developing HIV was slightly lower for men diagnosed with syphilis in 2000 and 2001 compared with subsequent years. Of men diagnosed with syphilis in 2003, 21.5% were reported as having a new HIV diagnosis by December 31, 2011. CONCLUSION: Men who acquire syphilis are at very high risk of HIV infection.

BACKGROUND: Screening and treatment for syphilis among pregnant women is the primary means of prevention of congenital syphilis. Sentinel surveillance for syphilis can inform these prevention efforts. METHODS: We reviewed antenatal syphilis screening results to assess trends and to identify correlates of seropositivity among women attending antenatal care clinics in the Democratic Republic of Congo during 2011. RESULTS: Syphilis seropositivity among the 17,669 women attending the antenatal care clinics during 2011 was 4.2% (range 0.4%-16.9%). Syphilis seropositivity was significantly higher among women attending rural clinics (5.0%) as compared to urban clinics (3.0%) and those tested in antenatal care clinics in the provinces of Equateur (7.6%) and Orientale (7.7%) as compared to other provinces (p < 0.001). Based on the ANC syphilis seroprevalence and national pregnancy estimates, we estimate that approximately 128,591 pregnant women countrywide would have tested seropositive for syphilis during 2011. Over 85,000 adverse pregnancy outcomes would have resulted from these maternal infections, assuming prenatal syphilis diagnosis and treatment were not available. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of syphilis was highest in rural areas, but exceeded 1% in every area, indicating a need to assure screening and treatment throughout Democratic Republic of Congo. These sentinel surveillance estimates can be used to guide national congenital syphilis prevention efforts.

Persons living with HIV/AIDS who acquire new sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) pose a risk for enhanced transmission of both HIV and STDs. To describe the frequency of HIV coinfection among gonorrhea cases (GC), HIV and GC surveillance databases (2000-2008) were cross-matched in New York City (NYC), Washington, DC (DC), Miami/Dade County (MDC), and Arizona (AZ). During 2000-2008, 4.6% (9471/205,689) of reported GCs occurred among persons with previously diagnosed HIV: NYC (5.5%), DC (7.3%), MDC (4%), and AZ (2%). The overall HIV-GC coinfection rates increased over the study period in all 4 sites. Real-time data integration could allow for enhanced prevention among persons with HIV infection and acute STDs.

BACKGROUND: Syphilis screening algorithms have been reversed to take advantage of new automated treponemal tests. Screening that begins with a treponemal test identifies persons with positive treponemal and negative nontreponemal test results who were missed when screening began with a nontreponemal test. The significance of these results is uncertain. We wondered if mothers with persistently negative nontreponemal test results could transmit syphilis to their newborns. METHODS: We reviewed congenital syphilis cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to identify all instances where (1) the mother had persistently negative nontreponemal test results (best evidence would be multiple negative nontreponemal test results with at least one >30 days after birth) and (2) the child had evidence of infection (best evidence a confirmed case, older child, stillbirth, or "probable" by the criteria of Kaufman et al.). RESULTS: A total of 23,863 patients with congenital syphilis had birthdates between 1991 and 2009. Of 106 mothers initially classified as having only negative nontreponemal test results reported, 20 were misclassified; the remaining 86 mothers had no infants with confirmed syphilis and no syphilitic stillbirths. The 23,757 other mothers had 284 (1.2%) infants with confirmed syphilis and 1271 (5.4%) syphilitic stillbirths. Twelve of the 86 mothers had negative nontreponemal test results more than 30 days after delivery; none of their children had convincing evidence of infection. One mother had a negative nontreponemal test result 27 days after delivery of a child with "positive x-rays" and elevated cerebrospinal fluid cell count or protein, but details were unavailable. Fifty-nine children were diagnosed at age 1 year or older; nontreponemal test results were available for 13 of the mothers, and all were positive. CONCLUSIONS: We found no convincing evidence of syphilis transmission from mothers with persistently negative nontreponemal test results. Only 1 case suggested that transmission may have occurred, and records were incomplete.

BACKGROUND: Performance measures were developed in order to improve the performance of sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention programs. METHODS: A consultant worked with persons from STD programs and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to identify possible measures. Measures were pilot tested for feasibility and relevance in several programs, then implemented nationwide in 2004. Data were collated and shared with programs and presented at national meetings. Site visits, webinars, and technical assistance focused on program improvement related to the measures. Reported data were analyzed to see if national performance improved on the activities measured. RESULTS: Some measures were dropped or revised, and quality of reported data improved over time. There was little evidence that overall program performance improved. CONCLUSIONS: Performance measures are one way to monitor performance, and might contribute to program improvement, but additional efforts are needed to improve performance.

BACKGROUND: The last 3 syphilis epidemics in the United States peaked after 5 to 6 years, but rates have now increased for 8 years. We questioned whether persons with multiple syphilis diagnoses (repeaters) are fueling the epidemic. METHODS: The Florida Department of Health database of all syphilis cases reported between 2000 and 2008 was used to examine demographics and disease presentation of repeaters and nonrepeaters using bivariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Of 26,070 persons diagnosed with syphilis, 643 (2.5%) were repeaters (range, 2-5 diagnoses): 82 women, 444 men who have sex with men (MSM), and 117 men identified as either heterosexual (n = 43) or unknown sexual orientation (n = 74). The mean time between first and second diagnosis was approximately 3 years. Median titer increase among those with a second diagnosis of early latent was 32-fold. In multivariate analysis, compared with nonrepeaters, repeaters were more likely to be MSM (odds ratio [OR], 5.3), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected (OR, 2.0), white (OR, 1.5), ages 35 to 39 (OR, 1.8), and to live in Miami-Dade or Broward Counties (OR, 1.7). Overall, the stage at diagnosis was similar for repeaters, whether it was their initial or subsequent diagnosis. However, HIV-infected MSM were more likely to be diagnosed with early latent at second diagnosis compared with initial diagnosis (P ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Most syphilis diagnosed in the current Florida epidemic is among persons infected for the first time. Repeaters are mainly MSM who present with symptoms or large increases in titers. HIV-infected MSM may have higher rates of early asymptomatic disease because of more frequent screening. These are likely to be true new infections.

BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis screening test positivity among women in the United States has remained high, leading researchers to suggest that programs should also screen men. Men have been screened in Philadelphia prisons since 2002. Philadelphia prisons are similar to jails in other jurisdictions; in 2003 the median duration of incarceration was 17 days. We studied whether screening and treating men in prison influenced C. trachomatis infection among women living in their communities. METHODS: We divided the city into 2 areas: "high-treatment" (high percentage of men were treated for C. trachomatis detected in prison) and "low-treatment" (low percentage of men were treated for C. trachomatis detected in prison). We compared changes in test positivity among women from those areas, who were tested in family planning clinics during the 2 years before versus the 3 years after the male prison screening program began. RESULTS: In 2002 to 2004, prison screening led to treatment of 1054 infections among 23,203 men aged 20 to 24 years living in high-treatment areas and 98 infections among 21,057 men aged 20 to 24 years in low-treatment areas. Test positivity declined among 20- to 24-year-old women in both areas. In high-treatment areas, positivity decreased 9.1% per year from 1999 to 2001 and 4.9% per year from 2001 to 2004. In low-treatment areas, positivity decreased 13.2% per year from 1999 to 2001 and 7.5% per year from 2001 to 2004. CONCLUSION: C. trachomatis test positivity among 20- to 24-year-old women tested in family planning clinics continued to decrease after men were treated for C. trachomatis; however, we found no evidence that the continued decrease was due to the new prison screening program.