Last data update: Sep 16, 2024. (Total: 47680 publications since 2009)
Records 1-3 (of 3 Records) |
Query Trace: Morello-Frosch R [original query] |
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Income inequality and U.S. Children's secondhand smoke exposure: Distinct associations by race-ethnicity
Shenassa ED , Rossen LM , Cohen J , Morello-Frosch R , Payne-Sturges DC . Nicotine Tob Res 2016 19 (11) 1292-1299 INTRODUCTION: Prior studies have found considerable racial and ethnic disparities in second-hand smoke exposure. Although a number of individual-level determinants of this disparity have been identified, contextual determinants of racial and ethnic disparities in second-hand smoke exposure remain unexamined. The objective of this study was to examine disparities in serum cotinine in relation to area-level income inequality among 14,649 children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: We fit log-normal regression models to examine disparities in serum cotinine in relation to Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) level income inequality among 14,649 non-smoking children aged 3-15 from the NHANES (1999-2012). RESULT: Non-Hispanic black children had significantly lower serum cotinine than non-Hispanic white children (-0.26; 95% CI: -0.38, -0.15) in low income inequality areas, but this difference was attenuated in areas with high income inequality (0.01; 95% CI: -0.16, 0.18). Serum cotinine declined for non-Hispanic white and Mexican American children with increasing income inequality. Serum cotinine did not change as a function of the level of income inequality among non-Hispanic black children. CONCLUSIONS: We have found evidence of differential associations between SHS exposure and income inequality by race and ethnicity. Further examination of environments which engender SHS exposure among children across various racial/ethnic subgroups can foster a better understanding of how area-level income inequality relates to health outcomes such as levels of SHS exposure and how those associations differ by race/ethnicity. IMPLICATIONS: In the US, the association between children's risk of secondhand smoke exposure and income inequality is modified by race/ethnicity in a manner that is inconsistent with theories of income inequality. In overall analysis this association appears to be as predicted by theory. However, race-specific analyses reveal that higher levels of income inequality are associated with lower levels of SHS exposure among white children, while levels of secondhand smoke exposure among non-Hispanic black children are largely invariant to area-level income inequality. Future examination of the link between income inequality and smoking related health outcomes should consider differential associations across racial and ethnic subpopulations. |
Maternal exposure to particulate air pollution and term birth weight: a multi-country evaluation of effect and heterogeneity
Dadvand P , Parker J , Bell ML , Bonzini M , Brauer M , Darrow LA , Gehring U , Glinianaia SV , Gouveia N , Ha EH , Leem JH , van den Hooven EH , Jalaludin B , Jesdale BM , Lepeule J , Morello-Frosch R , Morgan GG , Pesatori AC , Pierik FH , Pless-Mulloli T , Rich DQ , Sathyanarayana S , Seo J , Slama R , Strickland M , Tamburic L , Wartenberg D , Nieuwenhuijsen MJ , Woodruff TJ . Environ Health Perspect 2013 121 (3) 267-373 BACKGROUND: A growing body of evidence has associated maternal exposure to air pollution with adverse effects on fetal growth; however, the existing literature is inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to quantify the association between maternal exposure to particulate air pollution and term birth weight and low birth weight (LBW) across 14 centers from 9 countries, and to explore the influence of site characteristics and exposure assessment methods on between-center heterogeneity in this association. METHODS: Using a common analytical protocol, International Collaboration on Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcomes (ICAPPO) centers generated effect estimates for term LBW and continuous birth weight associated with PM10 and PM2.5 (particulate matter ≤ 10 and 2.5 microm). We used meta-analysis to combine the estimates of effect across centers (~3 million births) and used meta-regression to evaluate the influence of center characteristics and exposure assessment methods on between-center heterogeneity in reported effect estimates. RESULTS: In random-effects meta-analyses, term LBW was positively associated with a 10-mcg/m3 increase in PM10 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05] and PM2.5 (OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.18) exposure during the entire pregnancy, adjusted for maternal socioeconomic status. A 10-mcg/m3 increase in PM10 exposure was also negatively associated with term birth weight as a continuous outcome in the fully adjusted random-effects meta-analyses (-8.9 g; 95% CI: -13.2, -4.6 g). Meta-regressions revealed that centers with higher median PM2.5 levels and PM2.5:PM10 ratios, and centers that used a temporal exposure assessment (compared with spatiotemporal), tended to report stronger associations. CONCLUSION: Maternal exposure to particulate pollution was associated with LBW at term across study populations. We detected three site characteristics and aspects of exposure assessment methodology that appeared to contribute to the variation in associations reported by centers. |
The International Collaboration on Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcomes: initial results
Parker J , Rich DQ , Glinianaia SV , Leem JH , Wartenberg D , Bell ML , Bonzini M , Brauer M , Darrow L , Gehring U , Gouveia N , Grillo P , Ha E , van den Hooven EH , Jalaludin B , Jesdale BM , Lepeule J , Morello-Frosch R , Morgan GG , Slama R , Pierik FH , Pesatori AC , Sathyanarayana S , Seo J , Strickland M , Tamburic L , Woodruff TJ . Environ Health Perspect 2011 119 (7) 1023-8 BACKGROUND: The findings of prior studies of air pollution effects on adverse birth outcomes are difficult to synthesize due to differences in study design. OBJECTIVES: The International Collaboration on Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcome was formed to understand how differences in research methods contribute to variations in findings. We initiated a feasibility study to: 1) assess the ability of geographically diverse research groups to analyze their datasets using a common protocol and 2) perform location-specific analyses of air pollution effects on birth weight using a standardized statistical approach. RESULTS: Fourteen research groups from nine countries participated. We developed a protocol to estimate odds ratios (OR) for the association between particulate matter (PM10) and low birthweight (LBW) among term births, adjusted first for socioeconomic status and second for additional location-specific variables. Among locations with data for the PM10 analysis, ORs estimating the relative risk of term-LBW associated with a 10 mug/m3 increase in average PM10 concentration during pregnancy adjusted for socioeconomic status ranged from 0.63 (95% confidence interval, CI= 0.30, 1.35, the Netherlands) to 1.15 (CI=0.61, 2.18, Vancouver), with 6 research groups reporting statistically significant adverse associations. We found evidence of statistically significant heterogeneity in estimated effects among locations. CONCLUSIONS: Variability in PM10-LBW relationships among study locations remained, despite use of a common statistical approach. A more detailed meta-analysis and use of more complex protocols for future analysis may uncover reasons for heterogeneity across locations. However, our findings confirm the potential for a diverse group of researchers to analyze their data in a standardized way to improve understanding of air pollution effects on birth outcomes. |
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