Last data update: Jan 27, 2025. (Total: 48650 publications since 2009)
Records 1-23 (of 23 Records) |
Query Trace: Manuel P[original query] |
---|
HIV-1 pretreatment and acquired antiretroviral drug resistance before tenofovir/ /lamivudine /dolutegravir (TLD) roll-out in Mozambique
Ismael N , Gemusse H , Mahumane I , Laurindo O , Magul C , Baxter C , Wilkinson E , Hofstra LM , Wagar N , Bila D , Mabunda N , da Silva J , Oliveira T , Raizes E , Preiser W , Manuel P , Ramos A , Vúbil A . BMC Infect Dis 2024 24 (1) 748 ![]() ![]() BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that HIV treatment scale-up is accompanied by a robust assessment of drug resistance emergence and transmission. The WHO HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) monitoring and surveillance strategy includes HIVDR testing in adults both initiating and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Due to limited information about HIVDR in Mozambique, we conducted two nationally representative surveys of adults initiating and receiving first-line ART regimes to better inform the HIV program. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study between March 2017 and December 2019. Adults (older than 15 years) living with HIV (PLHIV) initiating ART or receiving first-line ART for between 9-15 months at 25 health facilities across all eleven provinces in Mozambique were included. Genotypic HIVDR was assessed on dried blood spots (DBS) when viral loads were ≥ 1000 copies/ml. Genotypic resistance for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) was determined using the Stanford HIV database algorithm 9.5 and calibrated population resistance tool 8.1. RESULTS: Of 828 participants -enrolled, viral load (VL) testing was performed on 408 initiators and 409 ART experienced. Unsuppressed VL was found in 68.1% 419 initiators and 18.8% (77/409) of the ART experienced. Of the 278 initiators and 70 ART experienced who underwent sequencing, 51.7% (144/278) and 75.7% (53/70) were sequenced successfully. Among the new initiators, pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) for NNRTI and PI was found in 16.0% (23/144) and 1.4% (2/144) of the participants, respectively. Acquired drug resistance (ADR) was found in 56.5% (30/53) of the ART-experienced participants of whom 24.5% (13/53) were resistant to both NRTI and NNRTI. CONCLUSION: High rates of PDR and ADR for NNRTI and ADR for NRTI were observed in our study. These findings support the replacement of NNRTIs with dolutegravir (DTG) but high levels of NRTI resistance in highly treatment-experienced individuals still require attention when transitioning to new regimens. Moreover, the study underlines the need for routine VL testing and HIVDR surveillance to improve treatment management strategies. |
Adverse childhood experiences, HIV and sexual risk behaviors - Five sub-Saharan countries, 2018-2020
Kanagasabai U , Thorsen V , Zhu L , Annor FB , Chiang L , McOwen J , Augusto A , Manuel P , Kambona C , Coomer R , Kamagate F , Ramphalla P , Denhard L , Cain M , Hegle J , de Barros RB , Saenz S , Kamami M , Patel P . Child Abuse Negl 2023 106541 BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been shown to have negative, lasting effects on health including increasing the likelihood of engaging in sexual risk behaviors. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify associations between exposures to ACEs and sexual risk behaviors and HIV service utilization among young people. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A sample of 8023 sexually active young people (19-24 year olds) from five sub-Saharan African countries participated Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys (VACS). METHODS: Descriptive analysis of demographic variables, individual ACEs, cumulative ACEs, sexual risk behaviors, HIV testing, antiretroviral treatment (ART) and Antenatal Care (ANC) attendance were completed. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the associations between both individual and cumulative ACEs, sexual HIV risk behaviors, and service utilization while controlling for important covariates such as demographic, having ever been pregnant, had an STI, and used contraception. RESULTS: Exposure to three or more ACEs was higher among males (26.1 %) compared to females (21.3 %); p = 0.003. The most prominent sexual risk behavior for females was having sexual partners who were at least 5 years older (45.7 % compared to males 3.7 %; p < 0.0001) whereas in males it was no or infrequent condom use (45.3 % compared to females 30.1 %; p < 0.0001). Males and females exposed to childhood sexual violence had seven and four times the odds of engaging in transactional sex (aOR = 7.34, 95 % CI: [3.5-15.0]) and (aOR =3.75, 95 % CI: [2.3-6.2], respectively. Females exposed to three or more ACEs were four times more likely to engage in transactional sex (aOR = 4.85, 95 %, CI: [1.6-14.4]) compared to those who did not experience any ACEs. Males exposed to three or more ACEs were two times more likely to engage in early sexual debut (aOR = 2.2, 95 % CI: [1.3-3.4]),]) compared to those who did not experience any ACEs. Females who had witnessed IPV or violence in the community had significantly higher odds of getting tested for HIV (aOR = 2.16, 95 % CI: [1.63-2.87]) and (aOR = 1.36, 95 % CI: [1.03-1.81]), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that experiencing ACEs during childhood is associated with higher HIV risk behaviors in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with unique differences between males and females. |
Parental absence as an adverse childhood experience among young adults in sub-Saharan Africa
Annor FB , Amene EW , Zhu L , Stamatakis C , Picchetti V , Matthews S , Miedema SS , Brown C , Thorsen VC , Manuel P , Gilbert LK , Kambona C , Coomer R , Trika J , Kamuingona R , Dube SR , Massetti GM . Child Abuse Negl 2023 106556 BACKGROUND: Parental absence in childhood has been associated with multiple negative consequences, such as depression and anxiety in young adulthood. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether parental absence for six months or more in childhood is associated with poor mental health and substance use in young adulthood and whether parental absence accounts for additional variance beyond those explained by other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among youth in sub-Saharan Africa. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS: We used combined Violence Against Children and Youth Survey (VACS) data from Cote d'Ivoire (2018), Lesotho (2018), Kenya (2019), Namibia (2019), and Mozambique (2019). Analyses were restricted to 18-24-year-olds (n(f) = 7699; n(m) = 2482). METHODS: We used logistic regression to examine sex-stratified relationships between parental absence in childhood (defined as biological mother or father being away for six months or more before age 18) and mental health problems and substance use and whether parental absence explained additional variance beyond those explained by other ACEs. RESULTS: In sub-Saharan Africa, parental absence in childhood was common (30.5 % in females and 25.1 % in males), significantly associated with poor mental health and substance use among females and males and accounted for additional variance beyond those explained by conventional ACEs. For example, after controlling for study covariates and other ACEs, females who experienced any parental absence had 1.52 (95 % CI = 1.02-2.26) higher odds of experiencing moderate/serious psychological distress compared with those who did not. CONCLUSION: The observed association between parental absence and poor mental health suggests that this experience has significant adverse consequences and merits consideration as an ACE. |
Adverse childhood experiences and associations with mental health, substance use, and violence perpetration among young adults in sub-Saharan Africa
Brown C , Nkemjika S , Ratto J , Dube SR , Gilbert L , Chiang L , Picchetti V , Coomer R , Kambona C , McOwen J , Akani B , Kamagate MF , Low A , Manuel P , Agusto A , Annor FB . Child Abuse Negl 2023 Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can have debilitating effects on child well-being, with consequences persisting into adulthood. Most ACE studies have been conducted in high-income countries and show a graded relationship between multiple ACE exposures and adverse health outcomes. Less is known about the types and burden of ACEs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Objective: To estimate the pooled prevalence of six individual and cumulative ACE exposures (physical, sexual, and emotional violence; orphanhood; witnessing interparental and community violence) and assess their association with mental health outcomes, substance use, and violence perpetration among young adults in SSA. Participants and setting: Aggregate data from the Violence Against Children and Youth Survey (VACS) in Cote d'Ivoire 2018, Kenya 2019, Lesotho 2018, Mozambique 2019, and Namibia 2019 included a sample of 11,498 young adults aged 18–24 years. Methods: Cumulative ACEs were defined by an integer count of the total number of individual ACEs (0 to 6). Weighted prevalence and adjusted odds ratios were estimated. Result: ACEs prevalence ranged from 7.8 % (emotional violence) to 55.0 % (witnessing community violence). Strong graded relationships between cumulative ACE exposure and all study outcomes for both males and females were observed. Among females, witnessing interparental violence was the only individual ACE risk factor significantly associated with increased odds of substance use; among males, emotional violence was significantly associated with all outcomes. Conclusion: ACEs are associated with adverse mental health, substance use, and violence perpetration in SSA. Gender-specific and culturally sensitive intervention strategies are needed to effectively mitigate ACEs in this population. © 2023 |
Parenting-related positive childhood experiences, adverse childhood experiences, and mental health-Four sub-Saharan African countries
Seya MS , Matthews S , Zhu L , Brown C , Lefevre A , Agathis N , Chiang LF , Annor FB , McOwen J , Augusto A , Manuel P , Kamagate MF , Nobah MT , Coomer R , Kambona C , Low A . Child Abuse Negl 2023 106493 BACKGROUND: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are associated with poor mental health outcomes and risk-taking behaviors. Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) may mitigate these negative impacts. OBJECTIVE: This study 1) assessed the associations between ACEs and negative health outcomes and risk-taking behaviors among young adults, and 2) evaluated whether - and which - PCEs moderate the association between ACEs and these outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: This multi-country analysis combined cross-sectional representative survey data from young adults, ages 18-24 years, from the 2019 Kenya, 2018 Lesotho, 2019 Mozambique, and 2019 Namibia Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys. The association between experiencing any ACEs and each health outcome was assessed using Wald's chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression analyses assessed the association between each PCE and each outcome of interest. RESULTS: Females who experienced any ACEs had higher odds of experiencing moderate to severe mental distress (aOR = 2.7, 95%CI: 1.9, 3.9). Males who experienced any ACEs had higher odds of experiencing suicidal/self-harm behaviors (aOR = 6.7, 95%CI: 2.8, 16.0) and substance use (aOR = 2.5, 95%CI: 1.4, 4.2). In females, strong mother-child relationship was protective against moderate to severe mental distress (aOR = 0.7, 95%CI: 0.6, 0.9), suicidal/self-harm behaviors (aOR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.4, 0.9), and substance use (aOR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.4, 0.9). For males, a strong mother-child relationship was protective against suicidal/self-harm behaviors (aOR = 0.5, 95%CI: 0.2, 0.9), and a strong father-child relationship was protective against suicidal/self-harm behaviors (aOR = 0.4, 95%CI: 0.2, 0.7) and substance use (aOR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.4, 0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Strong parenting programs may likely play an important role in improving the psychosocial health of young adults. |
Patterns of adverse childhood experiences and their associations with mental distress, substance use and sexual risk behaviors in Sub-Saharan Africa
Miedema SS , Stamatakis C , Tracy A , Hegle J , Kamagate MF , McOwen J , Augusto A , Manuel P , Coomer R , Kambona C , Ramphalla P , Niolon P , Patel P , Annor FB . Child Abuse Negl 2023 106494 BACKGROUND: Multiple adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with poor sexual and mental health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Less well understood is how discrete and gendered clustering of ACEs may influence health. OBJECTIVE: To assess how multiple ACEs co-occur and how dominant patterns of co-occurrence are associated with mental distress, substance use, and sexual risk behaviors among young women and men in Sub-Saharan Africa. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: We used pooled data of young men and women aged 19-24 from comparable, nationally representative Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys (VACS) conducted in Cote d'Ivoire, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, and Namibia (n(f) = 7183; n(m) = 2207). METHODS: We estimated sex-disaggregated latent classes of six ACEs among young women and men. We ran Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars (BCH) distal outcome analysis to test the sex-stratified relationships between ACEs latent classes and health outcomes. RESULTS: A six class solution best fit the female data. Classes included witnessing violence and experiencing physical violence (PV); experiencing PV; high ACEs; witnessing community violence; orphanhood; and low ACEs exposure. Among males, the best-fitting three-class solution included experiencing PV and witnessing community violence; high ACEs; and low ACEs exposure. Membership in the high ACEs class was associated with mental distress among females and males, and substance use among males. No differences in sexual risk behavior were identified by class membership among either females or males. CONCLUSIONS: Discrete clusters of co-occurring ACEs are associated with elevated odds of mental distress among females, and mental distress and substance use among males. Preventing ACEs may improve mental health among young women and men in LMICs in Sub-Saharan Africa. |
Service-seeking behaviors among male victims of violence in five African countries: The effects of positive and adverse childhood experiences
Denhard L , Brown C , Kanagasabai U , Thorsen V , Kambona C , Kamagate F , Ramphalla P , Benevides R , Kamami M , McOwen J , Augusto A , Manuel P , Coomer R , Matthews S , Patel P , Annor FB . Child Abuse Negl 2023 106452 BACKGROUND: Violence against boys and men is widely under-reported. Boys and men face unique and gendered barriers to accessing services following experiences of violence. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The study is a secondary data analysis of five nationally representative population-based Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys (VACS) conducted in Kenya (2019), Côte d'Ivoire (2018), Lesotho (2018), Mozambique (2019), and Namibia (2019). Analysis was limited to males between 18 and 24 years who experienced lifetime physical or sexual violence. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: We analyzed the association between positive and adverse childhood experiences (PCEs and ACEs), and seeking post-violence services among males using bivariate chi-squared tests and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: 8.02 % (5.55-10.50 %) of male victims between the ages of 18 and 24 sought services for any lifetime physical or sexual violence. Witnessing interparental violence and experiencing death of one or both parents were each associated with increased odds of having sought post-violence services (aOR 2.43; 95 % CI: 1.25-4.79; aOR 2.27; 95 % CI: 1.14-4.50), controlling for education, violence frequency, and violence type. High parental monitoring was associated with increased odds of service seeking (aOR 1.79; 95 % CI: 1.02-3.16), while strong father-child relationship was associated with lower odds (aOR 0.45; 95 % CI: 0.23-0.89). CONCLUSION: These findings contribute to limited research on service-seeking behaviors among men and boys. While some parent-youth relationship factors were associated with higher odds of service-seeking, the outcome remained rare. Age and gender-related barriers should be addressed where post-violence care services are offered. |
Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences in Sub-Saharan Africa: A multicounty analysis of the Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys (VACS)
Amene EW , Annor FB , Gilbert LK , McOwen J , Augusto A , Manuel P , N'Gouanma Nobah MTV , Massetti GM . Child Abuse Negl 2023 106353 BACKGROUND: Adverse Childhood Experiences are traumatic events early in life and have been associated with significant negative health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of ACEs in five low- and middle-income sub-Saharan African countries. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Nationally representative data from the Cote d'Ivoire (2018), Kenya (2019), Lesotho (2018), Mozambique (2019), and Namibia (2019) Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys (VACS) were used. Analyses were restricted to youth ages 18-24 years (n = 8766 females and 2732 males). METHODS: VACS data were analyzed to generate sex-stratified weighted prevalence of individual ACEs (including sexual, physical, and emotional violence; witnessing interparental violence and violence in the community; and orphanhood) and aggregate ACEs (total ACEs; 0, 1-2, and 3 or more), for each country and combined. RESULTS: The most common type of ACEs among both females and males was witnessing physical violence (males: 55.0 % [95 % CI: 51.1-58.8] and females: 37.2 % [95 % CI = 34.3-40.1]) followed by experiencing physical violence (males: 49.7 % [95 % CI = 45.5-53.9] and in females: 36.5 % [95 % CI = 33.8-39.2]). Prevalence of sexual violence was significantly higher in females than in males (16.0 % [95 % CI = 13.9-18.2] vs 8.3 % [95 % CI = 7.0-9.8]; p < 0.001). About 72 % of females and 82 % of males have experienced at least one form of ACE with 20 % of females and 24.2 % of males experiencing 3 or more ACEs. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that majority of the children in countries in sub-Saharan Africa have experienced multiple ACEs in their lifetime. Understanding the extent of the problem will help design early interventions to reduce childhood exposure to ACEs or mitigate against the harmful impact of ACEs. |
Comparison of COVID-19 pandemic waves in 10 countries in Southern Africa, 2020-2021
Smith-Sreen J , Miller B , Kabaghe AN , Kim E , Wadonda-Kabondo N , Frawley A , Labuda S , Manuel E , Frietas H , Mwale AC , Segolodi T , Harvey P , Seitio-Kgokgwe O , Vergara AE , Gudo ES , Dziuban EJ , Shoopala N , Hines JZ , Agolory S , Kapina M , Sinyange N , Melchior M , Mirkovic K , Mahomva A , Modhi S , Salyer S , Azman AS , McLean C , Riek LP , Asiimwe F , Adler M , Mazibuko S , Okello V , Auld AF . Emerg Infect Dis 2022 28 (13) S93-s104 We used publicly available data to describe epidemiology, genomic surveillance, and public health and social measures from the first 3 COVID-19 pandemic waves in southern Africa during April 6, 2020-September 19, 2021. South Africa detected regional waves on average 7.2 weeks before other countries. Average testing volume 244 tests/million/day) increased across waves and was highest in upper-middle-income countries. Across the 3 waves, average reported regional incidence increased (17.4, 51.9, 123.3 cases/1 million population/day), as did positivity of diagnostic tests (8.8%, 12.2%, 14.5%); mortality (0.3, 1.5, 2.7 deaths/1 million populaiton/day); and case-fatality ratios (1.9%, 2.1%, 2.5%). Beta variant (B.1.351) drove the second wave and Delta (B.1.617.2) the third. Stringent implementation of safety measures declined across waves. As of September 19, 2021, completed vaccination coverage remained low (8.1% of total population). Our findings highlight opportunities for strengthening surveillance, health systems, and access to realistically available therapeutics, and scaling up risk-based vaccination. |
The use of readily available laboratory tests for the identification of the emerging yeast Candida auris in Mexico
González-Durán E , Contreras-Pérez CU , Caceres DH , Ríos-Rosas C , Piñón-Ortega JJ , Téllez-Saucedo MD , Marín-Suro ES , Wong-Arámbula CE , Moreno-Escobar EA , Ramírez-González JE , Ramírez-Barrios JG , Montes-Colima NA , Lockhart SR , Martínez-Montiel N , Martínez-Contreras RD , García-Ruíz P , Salazar-Sánchez MI , Hernández-Rivas L , López-Martínez I . Arch Microbiol 2022 204 (9) 592 Identification of the emerging multidrug-resistant yeast Candida auris is challenging. Here, we describe the role of the Mexico national reference laboratory Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez (InDRE) and the Mexican national laboratory network in the identification of C. auris. Reference identification of six suspected isolates was done based on phenotypic and molecular laboratory methods, including growth in special media, evaluation of isolate micromorphology, and species-specific PCR and pan-fungal PCR and sequencing. The four C. auris isolates identified were able to grow on modified Sabouraud agar with 10% NaCl incubated at 42 °C. With one exception, isolates of C. auris were spherical to ovoid yeast-like cells and blastoconidia, with no hyphae or pseudohyphae on cornmeal agar. C. auris isolates were resistant to fluconazole. Species-specific and pan-fungal PCR confirmed isolates as C. auris. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of two different C. auris clades in Mexico, clade I (South Asia) and clade IV (South America). |
Sodium, added sugar and saturated fat intake in relation to mortality and cardiovascular disease events in adults: Canadian National Nutrition Survey linked with Vital Statistics and Health Administrative Databases
Jessri M , Hennessey D , Bader Eddeen A , Bennett C , Zhang Z , Yang Q , Sanmartin C , Manuel D . Br J Nutr 2023 129 (10) 1740-1750 This study aimed to determine whether higher intakes of Na, added sugars and saturated fat are prospectively associated with all-cause mortality and CVD incidence and mortality in a diverse population. The nationally representative Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition 2004 was linked with the Canadian Vital Statistics - Death Database and the Discharge Abstract Database (2004-2011). Outcomes were all-cause mortality and CVD incidence and mortality. There were 1722 mortality cases within 115 566 person-years of follow-up (median (interquartile range) of 7·48 (7·22-7·70) years). There was no statistically significant association between Na density or energy from saturated fat and all-cause mortality or CVD events for all models investigated. The association of usual percentage of energy from added sugars and all-cause mortality was significant in the base model with participants consuming 11·47 % of energy from added sugars having 1·34 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·77) times higher risk of all-cause mortality compared with those consuming 4·17 % of energy from added sugars. Overall, our results did not find statistically significant associations between the three nutrients and risk of all-cause mortality or CVD events at the population level in Canada. Large-scale linked national nutrition datasets may not have the discrimination to identify prospective impacts of nutrients on health measures. |
Influenza vaccine effectiveness within prospective cohorts of healthcare personnel in Israel and Peru 2016-2019
Thompson MG , Soto G , Perez A , Newes-Adeyim G , Yoo YM , Hirsch A , Katz M , Tinoco Y , Shemer Avni Y , Ticona E , Malosh R , Martin E , Matos E , Reynolds S , Wesley M , Ferdinands J , Cheung A , Levine M , Bravo E , Arriola CS , Ester Castillo M , Carlos Castro J , Dawood F , Goldberg D , Manuel Neyra Quijandría J , Azziz-Baumgartner E , Monto A , Balicer R . Vaccine 2021 39 (47) 6956-6967 BACKGROUND: There are limited data on influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza illness among healthcare personnel (HCP). METHODS: HCP with direct patient contact working full-time in hospitals were followed during three influenza seasons in Israel (2016-2017 to 2018-2019) and Peru (2016 to 2018). Trivalent influenza vaccines were available at all sites, except during 2018-2019 when Israel used quadrivalent vaccines; vaccination was documented by electronic medical records, vaccine registries, and/or self-report (for vaccinations outside the hospital). Twice-weekly active surveillance identified acute respiratory symptoms or febrile illness (ARFI); self-collected respiratory specimens were tested by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. IVE was 100 × 1-hazard ratio (adjusted for sex, age, occupation, and hospital). RESULTS: Among 5,489 HCP who contributed 10,041 person-seasons, influenza vaccination coverage was 47% in Israel and 32% in Peru. Of 3,056 ARFIs in Israel and 3,538 in Peru, A or B influenza virus infections were identified in 205 (7%) in Israel and 87 (2.5%) in Peru. IVE against all viruses across seasons was 1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = -30%, 25%) in Israel and 12% (95% CI = -61%, 52%) in Peru. CONCLUSION: Estimates of IVE were null using person-time models during six study seasons in Israel and Peru. |
Whole genome sequence based capsular typing and antimicrobial resistance prediction of Group B streptococcal isolates from colonized pregnant women in Nigeria.
Bob-Manuel M , McGee L , Igunma JA , Alex-Wele MA , Obunge OK , Wariso KT . BMC Genomics 2021 22 (1) 627 ![]() ![]() BACKGROUND: Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is one of the major bacterial pathogens responsible for neonatal sepsis. Whole genome sequencing has, in recent years, emerged as a reliable tool for capsular typing and antimicrobial resistance prediction. This study characterized vaginal and rectal isolates of Group B Streptococcus obtained from pregnant women in Port Harcourt, Nigeria using a whole-genome sequence-based approach. RESULTS: Capsular types Ia, Ib, II, III, IV and V were detected among the 43 isolates sequenced. Twelve sequence types (STs) were identified, with ST19 (n = 9, 27.3 %) and ST486 (n = 5, 15.2 %) the most frequent among non-duplicated isolates. Of the alpha-like proteins (alp) identified, Alp1 was the most prevalent in 11 (33.3 %) isolates. Macrolide and lincosamide resistance determinants were present in 15 (45.5 %) isolates; ermB was detected in 1 (3 %), ermTR in 7 (21.2 %) isolates, lnu gene was detected in 6 (18.2 %) and mef was identified in 3 (9.1 %) isolates. Resistance of GBS to erythromycin and clindamycin (predicted from presence of erm or mef genes) was found to be 30.3 % and 24.2 %, respectively. All isolates were predicted resistant to tetracycline with only the tetM gene identified. Fluoroquinolone-resistance conferring substitutions in gyrA + parC were detected in 9 (27.3 %) isolates and chloramphenicol resistance was predicted from presence of aac6'-aph2 gene in 11 (33.3 %). CONCLUSIONS: The data available from the whole genome sequencing of these isolates offers a small but insightful description of common serotypes and resistance features within colonizing GBS in Nigeria. |
Use of partial N-gene sequences as a tool to monitor progress on rabies control and elimination efforts in Ethiopia.
Binkley L , Deressa A , Shi M , Jara M , Escobar LE , Mauldin MR , Matheny A , O'Quin J , Pieracci EG , Kling C , Hartloge C , Yimer G , Abate E , Gebreyes W , Reynolds M , Belay E , Shiferaw M , Nakazawa Y , Velasco-Villa A . Acta Trop 2021 221 106022 ![]() ![]() ![]() Ethiopia is one of the African countries most affected by rabies. A coarse catalog of rabies viruses (RABV) was created as a benchmark to assess the impact of control and elimination activities. We evaluated a 726 bp amplicon at the end of the N-gene to infer viral lineages in circulation using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods for phylogenetic reconstruction. We sequenced 228 brain samples from wild and domestic animals collected in five Ethiopian regions during 2010-2017. Results identified co-circulating RABV lineages that are causing recurrent spillover infections into wildlife and domestic animals. We found no evidence of importation of RABVs from other African countries or vaccine-induced cases in the area studied. A divergent RABV lineage might be involved in an independent rabies cycle in jackals. This investigation provides a feasible approach to assess rabies control and elimination efforts in resource-limited countries. |
Molecular Techniques for Genus and Species Determination of Fungi From Fresh and Paraffin-Embedded Formalin-Fixed Tissue in the Revised EORTC/MSGERC Definitions of Invasive Fungal Infection.
Lockhart SR , Bialek R , Kibbler CC , Cuenca-Estrella M , Jensen HE , Kontoyiannis DP . Clin Infect Dis 2021 72 S109-s113 ![]() The EORTC/MSGERC have revised the definitions for proven, probable, and possible fungal diseases. The tissue diagnosis subcommittee was tasked with determining how and when species can be determined from tissue in the absence of culture. The subcommittee reached a consensus decision that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from tissue, but not immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization, can be used for genus or species determination under the new EORTC/MSGERC guidelines, but only when fungal elements are identified by histology. Fungal elements seen in tissue samples by histopathology and identified by PCR followed by sequencing should fulfill the definition of a proven fungal infection, identified to genus/species, even in the absence of culture. This summary discusses the issues that were deliberated by the subcommittee to reach the consensus decision and outlines the criteria a laboratory should follow in order to produce data that meet the EORTC/MSGERC definitions. |
Prevalence and genetic diversity of viral gastroenteritis viruses in children younger than 5 years of age in Guatemala, 2014-2015.
Diez-Valcarce M , Lopez MR , Lopez B , Morales O , Sagastume M , Cadena L , Kaydos-Daniels S , Jarquin C , McCracken JP , Bryan JP , Vinje J . J Clin Virol 2019 114 6-11 ![]() BACKGROUND: Acute diarrhea is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and is associated with approximately 500,000 deaths/year globally. Rotavirus and norovirus are leading causes of acute diarrhea accounting for more than half of this burden. OBJECTIVE/STUDY DESIGN: To determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of acute diarrhea caused by rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus and astrovirus among children <5 years of age at two departments in Guatemala from January 2014 to December 2015, we tested 471 stool specimens (202 samples from hospitalized children and 269 samples from children in ambulatory clinics) by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and genotyped positive samples. RESULTS: Rotavirus was detected in 20.4%, norovirus in 18.5%, sapovirus in 7% and astrovirus in 4.2% of the samples. Co-infection of rotavirus and norovirus was found in 2.6% of the samples. Most norovirus (87.4%) and rotavirus (81.3%) infections were detected in children in the 6-12 months age group. The proportion of patients with rotavirus (34%) and norovirus (23%) was higher in hospitalized patients compared to ambulatory patients, whereas the prevalence of sapovirus and astrovirus was similar in both settings. Of the 40 genotyped norovirus strains, 62.5% were GII.4 and 15% GII.3. Sapovirus genotypes included GI.1 (15.4%), GII.2 (15.4%), GII.5 (38.5%) and GIV.1 (30.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that in 2014-2015, gastroenteritis viruses account for 50% of acute diarrhea in children younger than 5 years of age in Guatemala, highlighting the importance of continuous surveillance to guide impact of the current rotavirus vaccine and formulation of future norovirus vaccines. |
Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2018.
Amarasinghe GK , Arechiga Ceballos NG , Banyard AC , Basler CF , Bavari S , Bennett AJ , Blasdell KR , Briese T , Bukreyev A , Cai Y , Calisher CH , Campos Lawson C , Chandran K , Chapman CA , Chiu CY , Choi KS , Collins PL , Dietzgen RG , Dolja VV , Dolnik O , Domier LL , Durrwald R , Dye JM , Easton AJ , Ebihara H , Echevarria JE , Fooks AR , Formenty PBH , Fouchier RAM , Freuling CM , Ghedin E , Goldberg TL , Hewson R , Horie M , Hyndman TH , Jiang D , Kityo R , Kobinger GP , Kondo H , Koonin EV , Krupovic M , Kurath G , Lamb RA , Lee B , Leroy EM , Maes P , Maisner A , Marston DA , Mor SK , Muller T , Muhlberger E , Ramirez VMN , Netesov SV , Ng TFF , Nowotny N , Palacios G , Patterson JL , Paweska JT , Payne SL , Prieto K , Rima BK , Rota P , Rubbenstroth D , Schwemmle M , Siddell S , Smither SJ , Song Q , Song T , Stenglein MD , Stone DM , Takada A , Tesh RB , Thomazelli LM , Tomonaga K , Tordo N , Towner JS , Vasilakis N , Vazquez-Moron S , Verdugo C , Volchkov VE , Wahl V , Walker PJ , Wang D , Wang LF , Wellehan JFX , Wiley MR , Whitfield AE , Wolf YI , Ye G , Zhang YZ , Kuhn JH . Arch Virol 2018 163 (8) 2283-2294 ![]() In 2018, the order Mononegavirales was expanded by inclusion of 1 new genus and 12 novel species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) and summarizes additional taxonomic proposals that may affect the order in the near future. |
Notes from the field: Investigation of patients testing positive for Yellow Fever viral RNA after vaccination during a mass yellow fever vaccination campaign - Angola, 2016
Boyd AT , Dombaxe D , Moreira R , Oliveira MS , Manuel E , Colorado CN , Lanzieri TM . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017 66 (10) 282-283 The yellow fever outbreak declared in Angola in January 2016 soon became the largest recorded yellow fever outbreak in the country’s history. In response, the Angola Ministry of Health, supported by the World Health Organization (WHO), conducted mass yellow fever vaccination campaigns beginning in February 2016 for all persons aged ≥6 months. By June 2016, a total of 11.6 million yellow fever vaccine doses had been distributed among a national population of 25 million. Because of the urgency of distributing vaccine to stop the outbreak, surveillance for cases of yellow fever after vaccination and serious adverse events after immunization (AEFIs) was not implemented. However, CDC and the Angola Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program conducted an investigation of patients with a history of yellow fever vaccination and symptoms of yellow fever disease whose specimens tested positive for yellow fever viral RNA by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to assess whether such cases could represent vaccine failure or AEFIs. | Although no yellow fever vaccine efficacy studies have been conducted, the vaccine is reliably immunogenic; worldwide, only five postvaccine yellow fever cases have been described (1). Neutralizing antibodies develop by day 10 after vaccination in 80% of yellow fever vaccinees (1). Primary yellow fever vaccine recipients have self-limited, vaccine-derived, physiologic viremia, typically during days 3–4, although this postvaccination viremia can last as long as 2 weeks. Thus, the detection of yellow fever viral RNA by RT-PCR testing before postvaccination day 3 or after day 13 could represent wild-type infection (acquired either before vaccination or later if there is vaccine failure) or yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (YEL-AVD), a rare but serious AEFI in which the vaccine-derived virus proliferates in multiple organs after primary vaccination. The symptoms of YEL-AVD are similar to those of naturally acquired yellow fever, typically beginning by postvaccination day 10; vaccine-derived viremia can persist beyond day 13. The risk for YEL-AVD is 0.3–0.4 cases per 100,000 yellow fever vaccine doses distributed among U.S. travelers; however, risk estimates in the context of mass vaccination campaigns in Africa are limited (2). Therefore, symptom onset within 10 days after vaccination and viremia on or after day 3 could represent YEL-AVD, physiologic viremia, or yellow fever after vaccine failure. |
Knockdown Resistance Mutations in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) From Puerto Rico.
Ponce-Garcia G , Del Rio-Galvan S , Barrera R , Saavedra-Rodriguez K , Villanueva-Segura K , Felix G , Amador M , Flores AE . J Med Entomol 2016 53 (6) 1410-1414 ![]() Permethrin resistance is widespread in Aedes aegypti (L.), the main dengue, zika, and chikungunya virus vector in Latin America and the Caribbean. A common mechanism of resistance to pyrethroids-knockdown resistance (kdr)-is conferred through mutations in the insect's voltage-dependent sodium channel. In this mosquito, around 10 replacement substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (vgsc) have been reported in pyrethroid-resistant strains. Two of these mutations, named Ile1,016 and Cys1,534, are widespread in mosquito populations from Latin America and the Caribbean. This study assessed the levels of permethrin resistance and the frequency of two kdr mutations in eight Ae. aegypti populations collected in Puerto Rico in 2013. Permethrin resistance factors ranged from 33-214-fold relative to the New Orleans reference strain. The frequency of kdr mutation Ile1,016 ranged from 0.65 to fixation (1.0), and for Cys1,534 frequencies varied from 0.8 to fixation. Alarmingly, two populations-Carolina and Caguas-reached fixation at both loci. Our results suggest that permethrin effectiveness for Ae. aegypti control is compromised in these collections from Puerto Rico. |
Identification and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers Derived from the Whole Genome Analysis of Taenia solium.
Pajuelo MJ , Eguiluz M , Dahlstrom E , Requena D , Guzman F , Ramirez M , Sheen P , Frace M , Sammons S , Cama V , Anzick S , Bruno D , Mahanty S , Wilkins P , Nash T , Gonzalez A , Garcia HH , Gilman RH , Porcella S , Zimic M . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015 9 (12) e0004316 ![]() BACKGROUND: Infections with Taenia solium are the most common cause of adult acquired seizures worldwide, and are the leading cause of epilepsy in developing countries. A better understanding of the genetic diversity of T. solium will improve parasite diagnostics and transmission pathways in endemic areas thereby facilitating the design of future control measures and interventions. Microsatellite markers are useful genome features, which enable strain typing and identification in complex pathogen genomes. Here we describe microsatellite identification and characterization in T. solium, providing information that will assist in global efforts to control this important pathogen. METHODS: For genome sequencing, T. solium cysts and proglottids were collected from Huancayo and Puno in Peru, respectively. Using next generation sequencing (NGS) and de novo assembly, we assembled two draft genomes and one hybrid genome. Microsatellite sequences were identified and 36 of them were selected for further analysis. Twenty T. solium isolates were collected from Tumbes in the northern region, and twenty from Puno in the southern region of Peru. The size-polymorphism of the selected microsatellites was determined with multi-capillary electrophoresis. We analyzed the association between microsatellite polymorphism and the geographic origin of the samples. RESULTS: The predicted size of the hybrid (proglottid genome combined with cyst genome) T. solium genome was 111 MB with a GC content of 42.54%. A total of 7,979 contigs (>1,000 nt) were obtained. We identified 9,129 microsatellites in the Puno-proglottid genome and 9,936 in the Huancayo-cyst genome, with 5 or more repeats, ranging from mono- to hexa-nucleotide. Seven microsatellites were polymorphic and 29 were monomorphic within the analyzed isolates. T. solium tapeworms were classified into two genetic groups that correlated with the North/South geographic origin of the parasites. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The availability of draft genomes for T. solium represents a significant step towards the understanding the biology of the parasite. We report here a set of T. solium polymorphic microsatellite markers that appear promising for genetic epidemiology studies. |
Genome of Rhodnius prolixus, an insect vector of Chagas disease, reveals unique adaptations to hematophagy and parasite infection.
Mesquita RD , Vionette-Amaral RJ , Lowenberger C , Rivera-Pomar R , Monteiro FA , Minx P , Spieth J , Carvalho AB , Panzera F , Lawson D , Torres AQ , Ribeiro JM , Sorgine MH , Waterhouse RM , Montague MJ , Abad-Franch F , Alves-Bezerra M , Amaral LR , Araujo HM , Araujo RN , Aravind L , Atella GC , Azambuja P , Berni M , Bittencourt-Cunha PR , Braz GR , Calderon-Fernandez G , Carareto CM , Christensen MB , Costa IR , Costa SG , Dansa M , Daumas-Filho CR , De-Paula IF , Dias FA , Dimopoulos G , Emrich SJ , Esponda-Behrens N , Fampa P , Fernandez-Medina RD , da Fonseca RN , Fontenele M , Fronick C , Fulton LA , Gandara AC , Garcia ES , Genta FA , Giraldo-Calderon GI , Gomes B , Gondim KC , Granzotto A , Guarneri AA , Guigo R , Harry M , Hughes DS , Jablonka W , Jacquin-Joly E , Juarez MP , Koerich LB , Latorre-Estivalis JM , Lavore A , Lawrence GG , Lazoski C , Lazzari CR , Lopes RR , Lorenzo MG , Lugon MD , Majerowicz D , Marcet PL , Mariotti M , Masuda H , Megy K , Melo AC , Missirlis F , Mota T , Noriega FG , Nouzova M , Nunes RD , Oliveira RL , Oliveira-Silveira G , Ons S , Pagola L , Paiva-Silva GO , Pascual A , Pavan MG , Pedrini N , Peixoto AA , Pereira MH , Pike A , Polycarpo C , Prosdocimi F , Ribeiro-Rodrigues R , Robertson HM , Salerno AP , Salmon D , Santesmasses D , Schama R , Seabra-Junior ES , Silva-Cardoso L , Silva-Neto MA , Souza-Gomes M , Sterkel M , Taracena ML , Tojo M , Tu ZJ , Tubio JM , Ursic-Bedoya R , Venancio TM , Walter-Nuno AB , Wilson D , Warren WC , Wilson RK , Huebner E , Dotson EM , Oliveira PL . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 112 (48) 14936-14941 ![]() Rhodnius prolixus not only has served as a model organism for the study of insect physiology, but also is a major vector of Chagas disease, an illness that affects approximately seven million people worldwide. We sequenced the genome of R. prolixus, generated assembled sequences covering 95% of the genome ( approximately 702 Mb), including 15,456 putative protein-coding genes, and completed comprehensive genomic analyses of this obligate blood-feeding insect. Although immune-deficiency (IMD)-mediated immune responses were observed, R. prolixus putatively lacks key components of the IMD pathway, suggesting a reorganization of the canonical immune signaling network. Although both Toll and IMD effectors controlled intestinal microbiota, neither affected Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, implying the existence of evasion or tolerance mechanisms. R. prolixus has experienced an extensive loss of selenoprotein genes, with its repertoire reduced to only two proteins, one of which is a selenocysteine-based glutathione peroxidase, the first found in insects. The genome contained actively transcribed, horizontally transferred genes from Wolbachia sp., which showed evidence of codon use evolution toward the insect use pattern. Comparative protein analyses revealed many lineage-specific expansions and putative gene absences in R. prolixus, including tandem expansions of genes related to chemoreception, feeding, and digestion that possibly contributed to the evolution of a blood-feeding lifestyle. The genome assembly and these associated analyses provide critical information on the physiology and evolution of this important vector species and should be instrumental for the development of innovative disease control methods. |
Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in children from Mexico.
Valenzuela O , Gonzalez-Diaz M , Garibay-Escobar A , Burgara-Estrella A , Cano M , Durazo M , Bernal RM , Hernandez J , Xiao L . PLoS One 2014 9 (4) e96128 ![]() Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium spp. In immunocompetent individuals, it usually causes an acute and self-limited diarrhea; in infants, infection with Cryptosporidium spp. can cause malnutrition and growth retardation, and declined cognitive ability. In this study, we described for the first time the distribution of C. parvum and C. hominis subtypes in 12 children in Mexico by sequence characterization of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60) gene of Cryptosporidium. Altogether, 7 subtypes belonging to 4 subtype families of C. hominis (Ia, Ib, Id and Ie) and 1 subtype family of C. parvum (IIa) were detected, including IaA14R3, IaA15R3, IbA10G2, IdA17, IeA11G3T3, IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA16G1R1. The frequency of the subtype families and subtypes in the samples analyzed in this study differed from what was observed in other countries. |
A community demand-driven approach toward sustainable water and sanitation infrastructure development
Hubbard B , Sarisky J , Gelting R , Baffigo V , Seminario R , Centurion C . Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011 214 (4) 326-34 In September 2001, Cooperative Assistance and Relief Everywhere, Peru Country Office (CARE Peru), obtained funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to implement community-supported, condominial water and sanitation interventions in Manuel Cardozo Davila, a settlement in Iquitos, Peru. With technical support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), CARE Peru's Urban Environmental Health Models (Modelos Urbanos de Salud Ambiental [MUSA]) project built on previous work from implementing the Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Environmental Health in this same community. The project led to the municipal water supply distribution system being extended 1.3 kilometers into the Southern zone of Iquitos, where it connected to the condominial water system. Altogether, 1030 households were connected to the water supply system after the installation of a condominial water and sewerage system in Cardozo. Diarrheal disease decreased by 37% for children less than 5 years of age from 2003 to 2004. This paper illustrates the strategy used by CARE Peru in conjunction with the Cardozo community to assure that the local demand for improved water and sanitation was met. |
- Page last reviewed:Feb 1, 2024
- Page last updated:Jan 27, 2025
- Content source:
- Powered by CDC PHGKB Infrastructure