Last data update: Sep 23, 2024. (Total: 47723 publications since 2009)
Records 1-8 (of 8 Records) |
Query Trace: Leap R [original query] |
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Modeling treatment of latent TB: Shortening the leap of faith
Vernon A , Bishai W . Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019 201 (4) 405-406 In the 64 years since preventive therapy for latent tuberculosis (TB) was first pioneered by Comstock and colleagues in Alaska, impressive treatment shortening has been achieved with two simple drug classes: isoniazid and rifamycins. In the last decade, the duration of therapy for latent TB infection (LTBI) has progressively decreased, going from 9 months to 3 to 4 months, and perhaps to 1 month. To guide these advances and design phase 3 prevention trials, investigators have designed and tested regimens of antimicrobial treatment in the chronic low-dose mouse model. Inconveniently, mice do not develop latent TB. Thus, to estimate drug/regimen efficacy, researchers have assessed rates of bacterial burden decline in mice as a surrogate for LTBI efficacy, coupled to a leap of faith. |
Mind the gap: Approaches to addressing the research-to-practice, practice-to-research chasm
Smith LS , Wilkins N . J Public Health Manag Pract 2018 24 Suppl 1 S6-s11 The 4-step public health model has been well-touted and applied as an approach toward improving population-level health.1–3 It outlines a 4-step sequential process that moves from studying a health problem epidemiologically (ie, defining the problem and identifying risk and protective factors) to empirically developing and testing effective interventions to address that problem and ending in widespread dissemination and adoption of evidence-based, effective interventions in practice and community-based settings (see the Figure).2 While public health has for the most part developed and successfully applied the first 2 steps in this model, which often take place in controlled, scientific-technical environments (eg, developing surveillance systems, etiological studies), there is a conceptual “leap of faith” that occurs between the third (development of effective interventions) and the fourth (widespread adoption) steps. Specifically, we continue to struggle as a field to ensure widespread adoption of interventions that have been studied and found to be effective—often described as the research-to-practice gap.3 There has also been concern around the “practice-to-research gap” or the relevance of research to the needs of decision makers and community stakeholders.4,5 To address this concern, there have been continuous calls for knowledge to flow from practice to the academic domain to inform more relevant research and transferrable science and ensure that important practice-based knowledge is included as evidence (or “what is known”), is valued, and disseminated.4,6,7 |
Glycosylation analysis of engineered H3N2 influenza A virus hemagglutinins with sequentially added historically relevant glycosylation sites
An Y , McCullers JA , Alymova I , Parsons LM , Cipollo JF . J Proteome Res 2015 14 (9) 3957-69 The influenza virus surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) is the major target of host neutralizing antibodies. The oligosaccharides of HA can contribute to HA's antigenic characteristics. After a leap to humans from a zoonotic host, influenza can gain N-glycosylation sequons over time as part of its fitness strategy. This glycosylation expansion has not been studied at the structural level. Here we examine HA N-glycosylation of H3N2 virus strains that we have engineered to closely mimic glycosylation sites gained between 1968 through 2002 starting with pandemic A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2: HK68). HAs studied include HK68 and engineered forms with 1, 2, and 4 added sites. We have used: nano-LC-MS(E) for glycopeptide composition, sequence and site occupancy analysis, and MALDI-TOF MS permethylation profiling for characterization of released glycans. Our study reveals that 1) the majority of N-sequons are occupied at ≥90%, 2) the class and complexity of the glycans varies by region over the landscape of the proteins, 3) Asn 165 and Asn 246, which are associated with interactions between HA and SP-D lung collectin, are exclusively high mannose type. Based on this study and previous reports we provide structural insight as to how the immune system responses may differ depending on HA glycosylation. |
Assessing sustainability of Lifestyle Education for Activity Program (LEAP)
Saunders RP , Pate RR , Dowda M , Ward DS , Epping JN , Dishman RK . Health Educ Res 2012 27 (2) 319-30 Sustained intervention effects are needed for positive health impacts in populations; however, few published examples illustrate methods for assessing sustainability in health promotion programs. This paper describes the methods for assessing sustainability of the Lifestyle Education for Activity Program (LEAP). LEAP was a comprehensive school-based intervention that targeted change in instructional practices and the school environment to promote physical activity (PA) in high school girls. Previous reports indicated that significantly more girls in the intervention compared with control schools reported engaging in vigorous PA, and positive long-term effects on vigorous PA also were observed for girls in schools that most fully implemented and maintained the intervention 3 years following the active intervention. In this paper, the seven steps used to assess sustainability in LEAP are presented; these steps provide a model for assessing sustainability in health promotion programs in other settings. Unique features of the LEAP sustainability model include assessing sustainability of changes in instructional practices and the environment, basing assessment on an essential element framework that defined complete and acceptable delivery at the beginning of the project, using multiple data sources to assess sustainability, and assessing implementation longitudinally. |
Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring and its relationship to neonatal and infant mortality in the United States
Klebanoff MA , Branum AM , Schoendorf KC , Lynch CD . Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012 206 (1) e18-9 The Journal recently published an article suggesting a causal association between electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) and decreased infant mortality.1 We have strong reservations regarding the ability of that paper to offer guidance regarding the effectiveness of EFM because it is inappropriate to use vital statistics data to make the leap from statistical association to causation. | Several years ago, two of us contributed to a set of American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology commentaries discussing the reasonable use of secondary vital statistics data.2, 3 Those commentaries raised important issues and limitations that should be considered, acknowledged, and addressed. |
Viral shedding duration of pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus during an elementary school outbreak - Pennsylvania, May-June 2009
Bhattarai A , Villanueva J , Palekar RS , Fagan R , Sessions W , Winter J , Berman L , Lute J , Leap R , Marchbanks T , Sodha SV , Moll M , Xu XY , Fry A , Fiore A , Ostroff S , Swerdlow DL . Clin Infect Dis 2011 52 S102-S108 We report shedding duration of 2009 pandemic influenza A (pH1N1) virus from a school-associated outbreak in Pennsylvania during May through June 2009. Outbreak-associated students or household contacts with influenza-like illness (ILI) onset within 7 days of interview were recruited. Nasopharyngeal specimens, collected every 48 hours until 2 consecutive nonpositive tests, underwent real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and culture for pH1N1 virus. Culture-positive specimens underwent virus titrations. Twenty-six (median age, 8 years) rRT-PCR-positive persons, for pH1N1 virus, were included in analysis. Median shedding duration from fever onset by rRT-PCR was 6 days (range, 1-13) and 5 days (range, 1-7) by culture. Following fever resolution virus was isolated for a median of 2 days (range, 0-5). Highest and lowest virus titers detected, 2 and 5 days following fever onset, were 3.2 and 1.2 log10 TCID50/mL respectively. Overall, shedding duration in children and adults were similar to seasonal influenza viruses. |
An outbreak of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in an elementary school in Pennsylvania
Marchbanks TL , Bhattarai A , Fagan RP , Ostroff S , Sodha SV , Moll ME , Lee BY , Chang CCH , Ennis B , Britz P , Fiore A , Nguyen M , Palekar R , Archer WR , Gift TL , Leap R , Nygren BL , Cauchemez S , Angulo FJ , Swerdlow D . Clin Infect Dis 2011 52 S154-S160 In May 2009, one of the earliest outbreaks of 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (pH1N1) infection resulted in the closure of a semi-rural Pennsylvania elementary school. Two sequential telephone surveys were administered to 1345 students (85% of the students enrolled in the school) and household members in 313 households to collect data on influenza-like illness (ILI). A total of 167 persons (12.4%) among those in the surveyed households, including 93 (24.0%) of the School A students, reported ILI. Students were 3.1 times more likely than were other household members to develop ILI (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-4.1). Fourth-grade students were more likely to be affected than were students in other grades (relative risk, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-3.9). pH1N1 was confirmed in 26 (72.2%) of the individuals tested by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The outbreak did not resume upon the reopening of the school after the 7-day closure. This investigation found that pH1N1 outbreaks at schools can have substantial attack rates; however, grades and classrooms are affected variably. Additioanl study is warranted to determine the effectiveness of school closure during outbreaks. |
Personal utility and genomic information: look before you leap.
Grosse SD , McBride CM , Evans JP , Khoury MJ . Genet Med 2009 11 (8) 575-6 In this issue, Foster et al.1 argue that the utility of personal genomic information and the level of evidence that is required to document utility depend on the context and audience. Similarly, others have suggested that the utility of genomic information be considered from three perspectives: the public health perspective, which emphasizes health improvements on a population level; the clinical perspective, which emphasizes the use of genomic information in diagnostic thinking and therapeutic choice; and the personal perspective, which may consider genomic information as having potential value per se, positive or negative, regardless of its clinical use or health outcomes.2 | Foster et al.1 suggest that personal utility can be measured and used to identify which individuals are most likely to benefit from or be harmed by personal genomic information. In the clinical setting, patient decision aids provide individuals and clinicians with tools for assessing potential benefits and harms of clinical treatment options. For example, a number of decision aids have been developed to help individuals considering genetic testing for hereditary breast cancer assess the probabilities and importance of medical and nonmedical consequences.3 No one doubts that there will be challenges to developing decision aids to help consumers assess the potential benefits and risks of genomic information associated with slight elevations in risk of disease. |
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