Last data update: Nov 04, 2024. (Total: 48056 publications since 2009)
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Timing of influenza antiviral therapy and risk of death in adults hospitalized with influenza-associated pneumonia, FluSurv-NET, 2012-2019
Tenforde MW , Noah KP , O'Halloran AC , Kirley PD , Hoover C , Alden NB , Armistead I , Meek J , Yousey-Hindes K , Openo KP , Witt LS , Monroe ML , Ryan PA , Falkowski A , Reeg L , Lynfield R , McMahon M , Hancock EB , Hoffman MR , McGuire S , Spina NL , Felsen CB , Gaitan MA , Lung K , Shiltz E , Thomas A , Schaffner W , Talbot HK , Crossland MT , Price A , Masalovich S , Adams K , Holstein R , Sundaresan D , Uyeki TM , Reed C , Bozio CH , Garg S . Clin Infect Dis 2024 BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is common in adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza, but the association between timeliness of influenza antiviral treatment and severe clinical outcomes in patients with influenza-associated pneumonia is not well characterized. METHODS: We included adults aged ≥18 years hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza and a discharge diagnosis of pneumonia over 7 influenza seasons (2012-2019) sampled from a multi-state population-based surveillance network. We evaluated 3 treatment groups based on timing of influenza antiviral initiation relative to admission date (day 0, day 1, days 2-5). Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes were compared across groups using unweighted counts and weighted percentages accounting for the complex survey design. Logistic regression models were generated to evaluate the association between delayed treatment and 30-day all-cause mortality. RESULTS: 26,233 adults were sampled in the analysis. Median age was 71 years and most (92.2%) had ≥1 non-immunocompromising condition. Overall, 60.9% started antiviral treatment on day 0, 29.5% on day 1, and 9.7% on days 2-5 (median 2 days). Baseline characteristics were similar across groups. Thirty-day mortality occurred in 7.5%, 8.5%, and 10.2% of patients who started treatment on day 0, day 1, and days 2-5, respectively. Compared to those treated on day 0, adjusted OR for death was 1.14 (95%CI: 1.01-1.27) in those starting treatment on day 1 and 1.40 (95%CI: 1.17-1.66) in those starting on days 2-5. DISCUSSION: Delayed initiation of antiviral treatment in patients hospitalized with influenza-associated pneumonia was associated with higher risk of death, highlighting the importance of timely initiation of antiviral treatment at admission. |
Severity of influenza-associated hospitalisations by influenza virus type and subtype in the USA, 2010-19: a repeated cross-sectional study
Sumner KM , Masalovich S , O'Halloran A , Holstein R , Reingold A , Kirley PD , Alden NB , Herlihy RK , Meek J , Yousey-Hindes K , Anderson EJ , Openo KP , Monroe ML , Leegwater L , Henderson J , Lynfield R , McMahon M , McMullen C , Angeles KM , Spina NL , Engesser K , Bennett NM , Felsen CB , Lung K , Shiltz E , Thomas A , Talbot HK , Schaffner W , Swain A , George A , Rolfes MA , Reed C , Garg S . Lancet Microbe 2023 4 (11) e903-e912 BACKGROUND: Influenza burden varies across seasons, partly due to differences in circulating influenza virus types or subtypes. Using data from the US population-based surveillance system, Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), we aimed to assess the severity of influenza-associated outcomes in individuals hospitalised with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections during the 2010-11 to 2018-19 influenza seasons. METHODS: To evaluate the association between influenza virus type or subtype causing the infection (influenza A H3N2, A H1N1pdm09, and B viruses) and in-hospital severity outcomes (intensive care unit [ICU] admission, use of mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO], and death), we used FluSurv-NET to capture data for laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalisations from the 2010-11 to 2018-19 influenza seasons for individuals of all ages living in select counties in 13 US states. All individuals had to have an influenza virus test within 14 days before or during their hospital stay and an admission date between Oct 1 and April 30 of an influenza season. Exclusion criteria were individuals who did not have a complete chart review; cases from sites that contributed data for three or fewer seasons; hospital-onset cases; cases with unidentified influenza type; cases of multiple influenza virus type or subtype co-infection; or individuals younger than 6 months and ineligible for the influenza vaccine. Logistic regression models adjusted for influenza season, influenza vaccination status, age, and FluSurv-NET site compared odds of in-hospital severity by virus type or subtype. When missing, influenza A subtypes were imputed using chained equations of known subtypes by season. FINDINGS: Data for 122 941 individuals hospitalised with influenza were captured in FluSurv-NET from the 2010-11 to 2018-19 seasons; after exclusions were applied, 107 941 individuals remained and underwent influenza A virus imputation when missing A subtype (43·4%). After imputation, data for 104 969 remained and were included in the final analytic sample. Averaging across imputed datasets, 57·7% (weighted percentage) had influenza A H3N2, 24·6% had influenza A H1N1pdm09, and 17·7% had influenza B virus infections; 16·7% required ICU admission, 6·5% received mechanical ventilation or ECMO, and 3·0% died (95% CIs had a range of less than 0·1% and are not displayed). Individuals with A H1N1pdm09 had higher odds of in-hospital severe outcomes than those with A H3N2: adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for A H1N1pdm09 versus A H3N2 were 1·42 (95% CI 1·32-1·52) for ICU admission; 1·79 (1·60-2·00) for mechanical ventilation or ECMO use; and 1·25 (1·07-1·46) for death. The adjusted ORs for individuals infected with influenza B versus influenza A H3N2 were 1·06 (95% CI 1·01-1·12) for ICU admission, 1·14 (1·05-1·24) for mechanical ventilation or ECMO use, and 1·18 (1·07-1·31) for death. INTERPRETATION: Despite a higher burden of hospitalisations with influenza A H3N2, we found an increased likelihood of in-hospital severe outcomes in individuals hospitalised with influenza A H1N1pdm09 or influenza B virus. Thus, it is important for individuals to receive an annual influenza vaccine and for health-care providers to provide early antiviral treatment for patients with suspected influenza who are at increased risk of severe outcomes, not only when there is high influenza A H3N2 virus circulation but also when influenza A H1N1pdm09 and influenza B viruses are circulating. FUNDING: The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. |
Interim Analysis of Risk Factors for Severe Outcomes among a Cohort of Hospitalized Adults Identified through the U.S. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) (preprint)
Kim L , Garg S , O'Halloran A , Whitaker M , Pham H , Anderson EJ , Armistead I , Bennett NM , Billing L , Como-Sabetti K , Hill M , Kim S , Monroe ML , Muse A , Reingold AL , Schaffner W , Sutton M , Talbot HK , Torres SM , Yousey-Hindes K , Holstein R , Cummings C , Brammer L , Hall AJ , Fry AM , Langley GE . medRxiv 2020 2020.05.18.20103390 Background As of May 15, 2020, the United States has reported the greatest number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths globally.Objective To describe risk factors for severe outcomes among adults hospitalized with COVID-19.Design Cohort study of patients identified through the Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network.Setting 154 acute care hospitals in 74 counties in 13 states.Patients 2491 patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 during March 1-May 2, 2020.Measurements Age, sex, race/ethnicity, and underlying medical conditions.Results Ninety-two percent of patients had ≥1 underlying condition; 32% required intensive care unit (ICU) admission; 19% invasive mechanical ventilation; 15% vasopressors; and 17% died during hospitalization. Independent factors associated with ICU admission included ages 50-64, 65-74, 75-84 and ≥85 years versus 18-39 years (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.53, 1.65, 1.84 and 1.43, respectively); male sex (aRR 1.34); obesity (aRR 1.31); immunosuppression (aRR 1.29); and diabetes (aRR 1.13). Independent factors associated with in-hospital mortality included ages 50-64, 65-74, 75-84 and ≥85 years versus 18-39 years (aRR 3.11, 5.77, 7.67 and 10.98, respectively); male sex (aRR 1.30); immunosuppression (aRR 1.39); renal disease (aRR 1.33); chronic lung disease (aRR 1.31); cardiovascular disease (aRR 1.28); neurologic disorders (aRR 1.25); and diabetes (aRR 1.19). Race/ethnicity was not associated with either ICU admission or death.Limitation Data were limited to patients who were discharged or died in-hospital and had complete chart abstractions; patients who were still hospitalized or did not have accessible medical records were excluded.Conclusion In-hospital mortality for COVID-19 increased markedly with increasing age. These data help to characterize persons at highest risk for severe COVID-19-associated outcomes and define target groups for prevention and treatment strategies.Funding Source This work was supported by grant CK17-1701 from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention through an Emerging Infections Program cooperative agreement and by Cooperative Agreement Number NU38OT000297-02-00 awarded to the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Competing Interest StatementH. Keipp Talbot reports personal fees from Seqirus outside the submitted work. William Schaffner reports personal fees from Pfizer and personal fees from Roche Diagnostics outside the submitted work. Evan Anderson reports personal fees from Abbvie and Pfizer outside the submitted work. H. Keipp Talbot reports grants from Sanofi outside the submitted work; Mary Hill reports grants from CSTE, during the conduct of the study; Melissa Sutton reports grants from CDC Emerging Infections Program during the conduct of the study; William Schaffner reports grants from CDC during the conduct of the study. Sue Kim reports grants from CSTE during the conduct of the study. Evan Anderson reports grants from Pfizer, grants from MedImmune, grants from Regeneron, grants from PaxVax, grants from Merck, grants from Novavax, grants from Sanofi-Pasteur, grants from Micron, outside the submitted work. Laurie Billing reports grants from the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during the conduct of the study.Funding StatementThis work was supported by grant CK17-1701 from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention through an Emerging Infections Program cooperative agreement and by Cooperative Agreement Number NU38OT000297-02-00 awarded to the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that al clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAggregate data is available on CDC’s COVID-NET Interactive website. https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/COVIDNet/COVID19_3.html https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/COVIDNet/COVID19_5.html |
Drug use and severe outcomes among adults hospitalized with influenza, 2016-2019
Parisi CE , Yousey-Hindes K , Holstein R , O'Halloran A , Kirley PD , Alden NB , Anderson EJ , Kim S , McMahon M , Khanlian SA , Spina N , Gaitan MA , Shiltz E , Thomas A , Schaffner W , Talbot K , Crossland MT , Cook RL , Garg S , Meek J , Hadler J . Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022 17 (1) e13052 BACKGROUND: Influenza is a persistent public health problem associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Drug use is related to myriad health complications, but the relationship between drug use and severe influenza outcomes is not well understood. The study objective was to evaluate the relationship between drug use and severe influenza-associated outcomes. METHODS: Data were collected by the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET) from the 2016-2017 through 2018-2019 influenza seasons. Among persons hospitalized with influenza, descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to analyze differences in demographic characteristics, risk and behavioral factors, and severe outcomes (intensive care unit [ICU] admission, mechanical ventilation, or death) between people who use drugs (PWUD), defined as having documented drug use within the past year, and non-PWUD. RESULTS: Among 48,430 eligible hospitalized influenza cases, 2019 were PWUD and 46,411 were non-PWUD. PWUD were younger than non-PWUD and more likely to be male, non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic/Latino, smoke tobacco, abuse alcohol, and have chronic conditions including asthma, chronic liver disease, chronic lung disease, or immunosuppressive conditions. PWUD had greater odds of ICU admission and mechanical ventilation, but not death compared with non-PWUD; however, these findings were not statistically significant after adjustment. Opioid use specifically was associated with increased risk of ICU admission and mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSION: These results support targeted initiatives to prevent influenza in this population, including influenza vaccination, which remains one of the most important tools to prevent influenza infection and associated severe outcomes. |
Comparison of influenza and COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among children < 18 years old in the United States-FluSurv-NET (October-April 2017-2021) and COVID-NET (October 2020-September 2021).
Delahoy MJ , Ujamaa D , Taylor CA , Cummings C , Anglin O , Holstein R , Milucky J , O'Halloran A , Patel K , Pham H , Whitaker M , Reingold A , Chai SJ , Alden NB , Kawasaki B , Meek J , Yousey-Hindes K , Anderson EJ , Openo KP , Weigel A , Teno K , Reeg L , Leegwater L , Lynfield R , McMahon M , Ropp S , Rudin D , Muse A , Spina N , Bennett NM , Popham K , Billing LM , Shiltz E , Sutton M , Thomas A , Schaffner W , Talbot HK , Crossland MT , McCaffrey K , Hall AJ , Burns E , McMorrow M , Reed C , Havers FP , Garg S . Clin Infect Dis 2022 76 (3) e450-e459 BACKGROUND: Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 are significant causes of respiratory illness in children. METHODS: Influenza and COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among children <18 years old were analyzed from FluSurv-NET and COVID-NET, two population-based surveillance systems with similar catchment areas and methodology. The annual COVID-19-associated hospitalization rate per 100 000 during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (October 1, 2020-September 30, 2021) was compared to influenza-associated hospitalization rates during the 2017-18 through 2019-20 influenza seasons. In-hospital outcomes, including intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death, were compared. RESULTS: Among children <18 years old, the COVID-19-associated hospitalization rate (48.2) was higher than influenza-associated hospitalization rates: 2017-18 (33.5), 2018-19 (33.8), and 2019-20 (41.7). The COVID-19-associated hospitalization rate was higher among adolescents 12-17 years old (COVID-19: 59.9; influenza range: 12.2-14.1), but similar or lower among children 5-11 (COVID-19: 25.0; influenza range: 24.3-31.7) and 0-4 (COVID-19: 66.8; influenza range: 70.9-91.5) years old. Among children <18 years old, a higher proportion with COVID-19 required ICU admission compared with influenza (26.4% vs 21.6%; p<0.01). Pediatric deaths were uncommon during both COVID-19- and influenza-associated hospitalizations (0.7% vs 0.5%; p=0.28). CONCLUSIONS: In the setting of extensive mitigation measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, the annual COVID-19-associated hospitalization rate during 2020-2021 was higher among adolescents and similar or lower among children <12 years old compared with influenza during the three seasons before the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 adds substantially to the existing burden of pediatric hospitalizations and severe outcomes caused by influenza and other respiratory viruses. |
Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Pregnant Women With Influenza, 2010 to 2019 : A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study
Holstein R , Dawood FS , O'Halloran A , Cummings C , Ujamaa D , Kirley PD , Yousey-Hindes K , Fawcett E , Monroe ML , Kim S , Lynfield R , McMullen C , Muse A , Bennett NM , Billing LM , Sutton M , Thomas A , Talbot HK , Schaffner W , Risk I , Reed C , Garg S . Ann Intern Med 2021 175 (2) 149-158 BACKGROUND: Pregnant women may be at increased risk for severe influenza-associated outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized pregnant women with influenza. DESIGN: Repeated cross-sectional study. SETTING: The population-based U.S. Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network during the 2010-2011 through 2018-2019 influenza seasons. PATIENTS: Pregnant women (aged 15 to 44 years) hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza identified through provider-initiated or facility-based testing practices. MEASUREMENTS: Clinical characteristics, interventions, and in-hospital maternal and fetal outcomes were obtained through medical chart abstraction. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between influenza A subtype and severe maternal influenza-associated outcomes, including intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or in-hospital death. RESULTS: Of 9652 women aged 15 to 44 years and hospitalized with influenza, 2690 (27.9%) were pregnant. Among the 2690 pregnant women, the median age was 28 years, 62% were in their third trimester, and 42% had at least 1 underlying condition. Overall, 32% were vaccinated against influenza and 88% received antiviral treatment. Five percent required ICU admission, 2% required mechanical ventilation, and 0.3% (n = 8) died. Pregnant women with influenza A H1N1 were more likely to have severe outcomes than those with influenza A H3N2 (adjusted risk ratio, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.3 to 2.8]). Most women (71%) were still pregnant at hospital discharge. Among 754 women who were no longer pregnant at discharge, 96% had a pregnancy resulting in live birth, and 3% experienced fetal loss. LIMITATION: Maternal and fetal outcomes that occurred after hospital discharge were not captured. CONCLUSION: Over 9 influenza seasons, one third of reproductive-aged women hospitalized with influenza were pregnant. Influenza A H1N1 was associated with more severe maternal outcomes. Pregnant women remain a high-priority target group for vaccination. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. |
Census tract socioeconomic indicators and COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates-COVID-NET surveillance areas in 14 states, March 1-April 30, 2020.
Wortham JM , Meador SA , Hadler JL , Yousey-Hindes K , See I , Whitaker M , O'Halloran A , Milucky J , Chai SJ , Reingold A , Alden NB , Kawasaki B , Anderson EJ , Openo KP , Weigel A , Monroe ML , Ryan PA , Kim S , Reeg L , Lynfield R , McMahon M , Sosin DM , Eisenberg N , Rowe A , Barney G , Bennett NM , Bushey S , Billing LM , Shiltz J , Sutton M , West N , Talbot HK , Schaffner W , McCaffrey K , Spencer M , Kambhampati AK , Anglin O , Piasecki AM , Holstein R , Hall AJ , Fry AM , Garg S , Kim L . PLoS One 2021 16 (9) e0257622 OBJECTIVES: Some studies suggested more COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among racial and ethnic minorities. To inform public health practice, the COVID-19-associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) quantified associations between race/ethnicity, census tract socioeconomic indicators, and COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates. METHODS: Using data from COVID-NET population-based surveillance reported during March 1-April 30, 2020 along with socioeconomic and denominator data from the US Census Bureau, we calculated COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates by racial/ethnic and census tract-level socioeconomic strata. RESULTS: Among 16,000 COVID-19-associated hospitalizations, 34.8% occurred among non-Hispanic White (White) persons, 36.3% among non-Hispanic Black (Black) persons, and 18.2% among Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) persons. Age-adjusted COVID-19-associated hospitalization rate were 151.6 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 147.1-156.1) in census tracts with >15.2%-83.2% of persons living below the federal poverty level (high-poverty census tracts) and 75.5 (95% CI: 72.9-78.1) in census tracts with 0%-4.9% of persons living below the federal poverty level (low-poverty census tracts). Among White, Black, and Hispanic persons living in high-poverty census tracts, age-adjusted hospitalization rates were 120.3 (95% CI: 112.3-128.2), 252.2 (95% CI: 241.4-263.0), and 341.1 (95% CI: 317.3-365.0), respectively, compared with 58.2 (95% CI: 55.4-61.1), 304.0 (95%: 282.4-325.6), and 540.3 (95% CI: 477.0-603.6), respectively, in low-poverty census tracts. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates were highest in high-poverty census tracts, but rates among Black and Hispanic persons were high regardless of poverty level. Public health practitioners must ensure mitigation measures and vaccination campaigns address needs of racial/ethnic minority groups and people living in high-poverty census tracts. |
Hospitalizations Associated with COVID-19 Among Children and Adolescents - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1, 2020-August 14, 2021.
Delahoy MJ , Ujamaa D , Whitaker M , O'Halloran A , Anglin O , Burns E , Cummings C , Holstein R , Kambhampati AK , Milucky J , Patel K , Pham H , Taylor CA , Chai SJ , Reingold A , Alden NB , Kawasaki B , Meek J , Yousey-Hindes K , Anderson EJ , Openo KP , Teno K , Weigel A , Kim S , Leegwater L , Bye E , Como-Sabetti K , Ropp S , Rudin D , Muse A , Spina N , Bennett NM , Popham K , Billing LM , Shiltz E , Sutton M , Thomas A , Schaffner W , Talbot HK , Crossland MT , McCaffrey K , Hall AJ , Fry AM , McMorrow M , Reed C , Garg S , Havers FP . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021 70 (36) 1255-1260 Although COVID-19-associated hospitalizations and deaths have occurred more frequently in adults,(†) COVID-19 can also lead to severe outcomes in children and adolescents (1,2). Schools are opening for in-person learning, and many prekindergarten children are returning to early care and education programs during a time when the number of COVID-19 cases caused by the highly transmissible B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is increasing.(§) Therefore, it is important to monitor indicators of severe COVID-19 among children and adolescents. This analysis uses Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET)(¶) data to describe COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among U.S. children and adolescents aged 0-17 years. During March 1, 2020-August 14, 2021, the cumulative incidence of COVID-19-associated hospitalizations was 49.7 per 100,000 children and adolescents. The weekly COVID-19-associated hospitalization rate per 100,000 children and adolescents during the week ending August 14, 2021 (1.4) was nearly five times the rate during the week ending June 26, 2021 (0.3); among children aged 0-4 years, the weekly hospitalization rate during the week ending August 14, 2021, was nearly 10 times that during the week ending June 26, 2021.** During June 20-July 31, 2021, the hospitalization rate among unvaccinated adolescents (aged 12-17 years) was 10.1 times higher than that among fully vaccinated adolescents. Among all hospitalized children and adolescents with COVID-19, the proportions with indicators of severe disease (such as intensive care unit [ICU] admission) after the Delta variant became predominant (June 20-July 31, 2021) were similar to those earlier in the pandemic (March 1, 2020-June 19, 2021). Implementation of preventive measures to reduce transmission and severe outcomes in children is critical, including vaccination of eligible persons, universal mask wearing in schools, recommended mask wearing by persons aged ≥2 years in other indoor public spaces and child care centers,(††) and quarantining as recommended after exposure to persons with COVID-19.(§§). |
Rates of influenza-associated hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and in-hospital death by race and ethnicity in the United States from 2009 to 2019
O'Halloran AC , Holstein R , Cummings C , Daily Kirley P , Alden NB , Yousey-Hindes K , Anderson EJ , Ryan P , Kim S , Lynfield R , McMullen C , Bennett NM , Spina N , Billing LM , Sutton M , Schaffner W , Talbot HK , Price A , Fry AM , Reed C , Garg S . JAMA Netw Open 2021 4 (8) e2121880 IMPORTANCE: Racial and ethnic minority groups, such as Black, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander persons, often experience higher rates of severe influenza disease. OBJECTIVE: To describe rates of influenza-associated hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and in-hospital death by race and ethnicity over 10 influenza seasons. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study used data from the Influenza-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), which conducts population-based surveillance for laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalizations in selected counties, representing approximately 9% of the US population. Influenza hospitalizations from the 2009 to 2010 season to the 2018 to 2019 season were analyzed. Data were analyzed from October 2020 to July 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcomes were age-adjusted and age-stratified rates of influenza-associated hospitalization, ICU admission, and in-hospital death by race and ethnicity overall and by influenza season. RESULTS: Among 113 352 persons with an influenza-associated hospitalization (34 436 persons [32.0%] aged ≥75 years; 61 009 [53.8%] women), 70 225 persons (62.3%) were non-Hispanic White (White), 24 850 persons (21.6%) were non-Hispanic Black (Black), 11 903 persons (10.3%) were Hispanic, 5517 persons (5.1%) were non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander, and 857 persons (0.7%) were non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native. Among persons aged younger than 75 years and compared with White persons of the same ages, Black persons were more likely to be hospitalized (eg, age 50-64 years: rate ratio [RR], 2.50 95% CI, 2.43-2.57) and to be admitted to an ICU (eg, age 50-64 years: RR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.96-2.23). Among persons aged younger than 50 years and compared with White persons of the same ages, American Indian or Alaska Native persons were more likely to be hospitalized (eg, age 18-49 years: RR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.51-1.96) and to be admitted to an ICU (eg, age 18-49 years: RR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.40-2.42). Among children aged 4 years or younger and compared with White children, hospitalization rates were higher in Black children (RR, 2.21; 95% CI, 2.10-2.33), Hispanic children (RR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.77-1.97), American Indian or Alaska Native children (RR, 3.00; 95% CI, 2.55-3.53), and Asian or Pacific Islander children (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.16-1.38), as were rates of ICU admission (Black children: RR, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.43-3.09; Hispanic children: RR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.73-2.23; American Indian and Alaska Native children: RR, 3.51; 95% CI, 2.45-5.05). In this age group and compared with White children, in-hospital death rates were higher among Hispanic children (RR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.23-7.19), Black children (RR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.40-8.18), and Asian or Pacific Islander children (RR, 4.35; 95% CI, 1.55-12.22). Few differences were observed in rates of severe influenza-associated outcomes by race and ethnicity among adults aged 75 years or older. For example, in this age group, compared with White adults, hospitalization rates were slightly higher only among Black adults (RR, 1.05; 95% CI 1.02-1.09). Overall, Black persons had the highest age-adjusted hospitalization rate (68.8 [95% CI, 68.0-69.7] hospitalizations per 100 000 population) and ICU admission rate (11.6 [95% CI, 11.2-11.9] admissions per 100 000 population). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This cross-sectional study found racial and ethnic disparities in rates of severe influenza-associated disease. These data identified subgroups for whom improvements in influenza prevention efforts could be targeted. |
Risk Factors for Intensive Care Unit Admission and In-hospital Mortality among Hospitalized Adults Identified through the U.S. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET).
Kim L , Garg S , O'Halloran A , Whitaker M , Pham H , Anderson EJ , Armistead I , Bennett NM , Billing L , Como-Sabetti K , Hill M , Kim S , Monroe ML , Muse A , Reingold AL , Schaffner W , Sutton M , Talbot HK , Torres SM , Yousey-Hindes K , Holstein R , Cummings C , Brammer L , Hall AJ , Fry AM , Langley GE . Clin Infect Dis 2020 72 (9) e206-e214 BACKGROUND: Currently, the United States has the largest number of reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths globally. Using a geographically diverse surveillance network, we describe risk factors for severe outcomes among adults hospitalized with COVID-19. METHODS: We analyzed data from 2,491 adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 during March 1-May 2, 2020 identified through the Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network comprising 154 acute care hospitals in 74 counties in 13 states. We used multivariable analyses to assess associations between age, sex, race and ethnicity, and underlying conditions with intensive care unit (ICU) admission and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent of patients had >/=1 underlying condition; 32% required ICU admission; 19% invasive mechanical ventilation; and 17% died. Independent factors associated with ICU admission included ages 50-64, 65-74, 75-84 and >/=85 years versus 18-39 years (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.53, 1.65, 1.84 and 1.43, respectively); male sex (aRR 1.34); obesity (aRR 1.31); immunosuppression (aRR 1.29); and diabetes (aRR 1.13). Independent factors associated with in-hospital mortality included ages 50-64, 65-74, 75-84 and >/=85 years versus 18-39 years (aRR 3.11, 5.77, 7.67 and 10.98, respectively); male sex (aRR 1.30); immunosuppression (aRR 1.39); renal disease (aRR 1.33); chronic lung disease (aRR 1.31); cardiovascular disease (aRR 1.28); neurologic disorders (aRR 1.25); and diabetes (aRR 1.19). CONCLUSION: In-hospital mortality increased markedly with increasing age. Aggressive implementation of prevention strategies, including social distancing and rigorous hand hygiene, may benefit the population as a whole, as well as those at highest risk for COVID-19-related complications. |
Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-30, 2020.
Garg S , Kim L , Whitaker M , O'Halloran A , Cummings C , Holstein R , Prill M , Chai SJ , Kirley PD , Alden NB , Kawasaki B , Yousey-Hindes K , Niccolai L , Anderson EJ , Openo KP , Weigel A , Monroe ML , Ryan P , Henderson J , Kim S , Como-Sabetti K , Lynfield R , Sosin D , Torres S , Muse A , Bennett NM , Billing L , Sutton M , West N , Schaffner W , Talbot HK , Aquino C , George A , Budd A , Brammer L , Langley G , Hall AJ , Fry A . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020 69 (15) 458-464 Since SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first detected in December 2019 (1), approximately 1.3 million cases have been reported worldwide (2), including approximately 330,000 in the United States (3). To conduct population-based surveillance for laboratory-confirmed COVID-19-associated hospitalizations in the United States, the COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) was created using the existing infrastructure of the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET) (4) and the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalization Surveillance Network (RSV-NET). This report presents age-stratified COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates for patients admitted during March 1-28, 2020, and clinical data on patients admitted during March 1-30, 2020, the first month of U.S. surveillance. Among 1,482 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, 74.5% were aged >/=50 years, and 54.4% were male. The hospitalization rate among patients identified through COVID-NET during this 4-week period was 4.6 per 100,000 population. Rates were highest (13.8) among adults aged >/=65 years. Among 178 (12%) adult patients with data on underlying conditions as of March 30, 2020, 89.3% had one or more underlying conditions; the most common were hypertension (49.7%), obesity (48.3%), chronic lung disease (34.6%), diabetes mellitus (28.3%), and cardiovascular disease (27.8%). These findings suggest that older adults have elevated rates of COVID-19-associated hospitalization and the majority of persons hospitalized with COVID-19 have underlying medical conditions. These findings underscore the importance of preventive measures (e.g., social distancing, respiratory hygiene, and wearing face coverings in public settings where social distancing measures are difficult to maintain)(dagger) to protect older adults and persons with underlying medical conditions, as well as the general public. In addition, older adults and persons with serious underlying medical conditions should avoid contact with persons who are ill and immediately contact their health care provider(s) if they have symptoms consistent with COVID-19 (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html) (5). Ongoing monitoring of hospitalization rates, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of hospitalized patients will be important to better understand the evolving epidemiology of COVID-19 in the United States and the clinical spectrum of disease, and to help guide planning and prioritization of health care system resources. |
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