Last data update: Sep 23, 2024. (Total: 47723 publications since 2009)
Records 1-8 (of 8 Records) |
Query Trace: Hayat W [original query] |
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Effectiveness of Four Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Kazakhstan (preprint)
Nabirova D , Horth R , Smagul M , Nukenova G , Yesmagambetova A , Singer D , Henderson A , Tsoy A . medRxiv 2022 18 BACKGROUND In February 2021 Kazakhstan began offering COVID-19 vaccines to adults. Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections raised concerns about real-world vaccine effectiveness. We aimed to evaluate effectiveness of four vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis among adults in Almaty using aggregated vaccination data and individual-level breakthrough COVID-19 cases (>=14 days from 2nd dose) using national surveillance data. We ran time-adjusted Cox-proportional-hazards model with sensitivity analysis accounting for varying entry into vaccinated cohort to assess vaccine effectiveness for each vaccine (measured as 1-adjusted hazard ratios) using the unvaccinated population as reference (N=565,390). We separately calculated daily cumulative hazards for COVID-19 breakthrough among vaccinated persons by age and vaccine month. RESULTS From February 22 to Sept 1, 2021 in Almaty, 747,558 (57%) adults were fully vaccinated (received 2 doses) and 108,324 COVID-19 cases (11,472 breakthrough) were registered. Vaccine effectiveness against infection was 78% (sensitivity estimates: 74-82%) for QazVac, 77% (72-81%) for Sputnik V, 71% (69-72%) for Hayat-Vax, and 69% (64-72%) for CoronaVac. Among vaccinated persons, the 90-day follow-up cumulative hazard for breakthrough infection was 2.2%. Cumulative hazard was 2.9% among people aged >=60 years versus 1.9% among persons aged 18-39 years (p<0.001), and 1.2% for people vaccinated in February-May versus 3.3% in June-August (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Our analysis demonstrates high effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against infection in Almaty similar to other observational studies. Higher cumulative hazard of breakthrough among people >60 years of age and during variant surges warrants targeted booster vaccination campaigns. Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. This article is a US Government work. It is not subject to copyright under 17 USC 105 and is also made available for use under a CC0 license. |
Effectiveness of four vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in Almaty, Kazakhstan in 2021: retrospective population-based cohort study
Nabirova D , Horth R , Smagul M , Nukenova G , Yesmagambetova A , Singer D , Henderson A , Tsoy A . Front Public Health 2023 11 1205159 BACKGROUND: In February 2021 Kazakhstan began offering COVID-19 vaccines to adults. Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections raised concerns about real-world vaccine effectiveness. We aimed to evaluate effectiveness of four vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis among adults in Almaty using aggregated vaccination data and individual-level breakthrough COVID-19 cases (≥14 days from 2nd dose) using national surveillance data. We ran time-adjusted Cox-proportional-hazards model with sensitivity analysis accounting for varying entry into vaccinated cohort to assess vaccine effectiveness for each vaccine (measured as 1-adjusted hazard ratios) using the unvaccinated population as reference (N = 565,390). We separately calculated daily cumulative hazards for COVID-19 breakthrough among vaccinated persons by age and vaccination month. RESULTS: From February 22 to September 1, 2021, in Almaty, 747,558 (57%) adults were fully vaccinated (received 2 doses), and 108,324 COVID-19 cases (11,472 breakthrough) were registered. Vaccine effectiveness against infection was 79% [sensitivity estimates (SE): 74%-82%] for QazVac, 77% (SE: 71%-81%) for Sputnik V, 71% (SE: 69%-72%) for Hayat-Vax, and 70% (SE: 65%-72%) for CoronaVac. Among vaccinated persons, the 90-day follow-up cumulative hazard for breakthrough infection was 2.2%. Cumulative hazard was 2.9% among people aged ≥60 years versus 1.9% among persons aged 18-39 years (p < 0.001), and 1.2% for people vaccinated in February-May versus 3.3% in June-August (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our analysis demonstrates high effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against infection in Almaty similar to other observational studies. Higher cumulative hazard of breakthrough among people ≥60 years of age and during variant surges warrants targeted booster vaccination campaigns. |
Antibiotic Testing and Successful Treatment of Hospitalized Patients with Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Campylobacter jejuni Infections Linked to a Pet Store Puppy Outbreak.
Goyal D , Watkins LKF , Montgomery MP , Jones SMB , Caidi H , Friedman CR . J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021 26 84-90 OBJECTIVES: Most patients with Campylobacter infections do not require antibiotics; however, they are indicated in severe cases. Clinical breakpoints for many antibiotics have not yet been established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, making antibiotic selection for resistant infections challenging. During an outbreak of pet store puppy-associated extensively drug resistant (XDR) Campylobacter jejuni infections resistant to seven classes of antibiotics, several patients required antibiotics. The aims of this study were to describe the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the outbreak strain for various antibiotics and the successful treatment of two patients using imipenem-cilastatin, a drug not traditionally used to treat Campylobacter infections. METHODS: We used whole genome multi-locus sequence typing (wgMLST) to determine the genetic relatedness of Campylobacter isolates collected from two human patients' stool samples with the outbreak strain. We performed extended antimicrobial susceptibility testing on 14 outbreak isolates and 6 control strains to determine MICs for 30 antibiotics from 14 classes. RESULTS: Isolates from both patients were found to be highly related to the outbreak strain by wgMLST. MICs indicated resistance of outbreak strain to most antibiotic classes; exceptions included phenicols, glycylcyclines, and carbapenems. Due to potential side effects of phenicols and safety issues precluding use of glycylcyclines like tigecycline when alternatives agents are available, we used carbapenems to treat patients who got severely ill from the outbreak strain infections. CONCLUSIONS: Stewardship and clinical vigilance are warranted when deciding whether and how to treat patients with suspected C. jejuni diarrhea with antibiotics. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for XDR Campylobacter when patients fail to improve and consider use of carbapenems in such settings. |
A cluster randomized trial of the impact of education through listening (a novel behavior change technique) on household water treatment with chlorine in Vihiga District, Kenya, 2010-2011
Stauber CE , Person B , Otieno R , Oremo J , Schilling K , Hayat MJ , Ayers T , Quick R . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020 104 (1) 382-390 Despite multiple studies demonstrating the effectiveness of household water treatment with chlorine in disinfecting water and preventing diarrhea, social marketing of this intervention in low- and middle-income countries has resulted in only modest uptake. In a cluster randomized trial in Vihiga district, western Kenya, we compared uptake of household water treatment with chlorine among six villages served by community vendors trained in standard social marketing plus education through listening (ETL), an innovative behavior change method, and six villages served by community vendors trained in standard social marketing only. Water treatment uptake, water quality, and childhood diarrhea were measured over 6 months and compared between the two groups of villages. During the 6-month period, we found no association between ETL exposure and reported and confirmed household water treatment with chlorine. In both groups (ETL and comparison), reported use of water treatment was low and did not change during our 6-month follow-up. However, persons confirmed to have chlorinated water had improved bacteriologic water quality. Study findings suggest that ETL implementation was suboptimal, which, along with unexpected changes in the supply and price of chlorine, may have prevented an accurate assessment of the potential impact of ETL on water treatment behavior. Taken together, these observations exemplify the complexities of habits, practices, attitudes, and external factors that can create challenging conditions for implementing behavioral interventions. As a consequence, in this trial, ETL had no measurable impact on water treatment behavior. |
Comparison of Molecular Subtyping and Antimicrobial Resistance Detection Methods Used in a Large Multi-State Outbreak of Extensively Drug-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Infections Linked to Pet Store Puppies.
Joseph LA , Francois Watkins LK , Chen J , Tagg KA , Bennett C , Caidi H , Folster JP , Laughlin ME , Koski L , Silver R , Stevenson L , Robertson S , Pruckler J , Nichols M , Pouseele H , Carleton HA , Basler C , Friedman CR , Geissler A , Hise KB , Aubert RD . J Clin Microbiol 2020 58 (10) Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of enteric bacterial illness in the United States. Traditional molecular subtyping methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and 7-gene multilocus sequencing typing (MLST), provided limited resolution to adequately identify C. jejuni outbreaks and separate out sporadic isolates during outbreak investigations. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has emerged as a powerful tool for C. jejuni outbreak detection. In this investigation, 45 human and 11 puppy isolates obtained during a 2016-2018 outbreak linked to pet store puppies were sequenced. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) and high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (hqSNP) analysis of the sequence data separated the isolates into the same two clades containing minor within clade differences; however, cgMLST analysis does not require selection of an appropriate reference genome making this method preferable to hqSNP analysis for Campylobacter surveillance and cluster detection. The isolates were classified as ST2109-a rarely seen MLST sequence type. PFGE was performed on 38 human and 10 puppy isolates; PFGE patterns did not reliably predict clustering by cgMLST analysis. Genetic detection of antimicrobial resistance determinants predicted that all outbreak-associated isolates would be resistant to six drug classes. Traditional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) confirmed a high correlation between genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance determinations. WGS analysis linked C. jejuni isolates in humans and pet store puppies even when canine exposure information was unknown, aiding the epidemiological investigation during this outbreak. WGS data were also used to quickly identify the highly drug-resistant profile of these outbreak-associated C. jejuni isolates. |
Statistical methods used in the public health literature and implications for training of public health professionals
Hayat MJ , Powell A , Johnson T , Cadwell BL . PLoS One 2017 12 (6) e0179032 Statistical literacy and knowledge is needed to read and understand the public health literature. The purpose of this study was to quantify basic and advanced statistical methods used in public health research. We randomly sampled 216 published articles from seven top tier general public health journals. Studies were reviewed by two readers and a standardized data collection form completed for each article. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and frequency distributions. Results were summarized for statistical methods used in the literature, including descriptive and inferential statistics, modeling, advanced statistical techniques, and statistical software used. Approximately 81.9% of articles reported an observational study design and 93.1% of articles were substantively focused. Descriptive statistics in table or graphical form were reported in more than 95% of the articles, and statistical inference reported in more than 76% of the studies reviewed. These results reveal the types of statistical methods currently used in the public health literature. Although this study did not obtain information on what should be taught, information on statistical methods being used is useful for curriculum development in graduate health sciences education, as well as making informed decisions about continuing education for public health professionals. |
RSV Growth and Quantification by Microtitration and qRT-PCR Assays.
Caidi H , Harcourt JL , Haynes LM . Methods Mol Biol 2016 1442 13-32 Defective interfering viral particles have been reported as important determinants of the course of viral infection, and they can markedly temper the virulence of the infection. Here, we describe a simple method, based on limiting dilution, for the removal of defective interfering particles from RSV. This method results in a high-titer viral preparation from both HEp-2 and Vero cell lines. We evaluated two concentrations of sucrose to stabilize the virus preparation, and demonstrate that RSV is stable when prepared and stored in 25 % sucrose at -152 degrees C. In addition, this chapter describes some commonly used methods of RSV titration, detection using microtitration and quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and the use of immunostaining for antigenic characterization. |
Rabies virus pathogenesis in relationship to intervention with inactivated and attenuated rabies vaccines
Franka R , Wu X , Jackson FR , Velasco-Villa A , Palmer DP , Henderson H , Hayat W , Green DB , Blanton JD , Greenberg L , Rupprecht CE . Vaccine 2009 27 (51) 7149-55 Despite progress in vaccine development in the past century the mechanisms behind immune responses elicited by rabies biologics or via natural infection remain largely unknown. In this study, we compared protection elicited by standard, early, or delayed prophylaxis with a reduced number of vaccine doses using inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines. Two-month-old Syrian hamsters, 4-week-old ICR mice or adult rhesus macaques were inoculated with canine rabies virus variants. Thereafter, prophylaxis was initiated 6h, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days post-exposure (p.e.). One or several doses of inactivated (HDCV), or reverse genetically attenuated (live), or gamma-irradiated (inactivated)-ERAG333 vaccines were administered intramuscularly. The dynamics of virus spread were measured over time in the rodent models. Rabies virus reached the spinal cord at day 4 and brain at day 6 p.e. All hamsters succumbed in groups in which live ERAG333 was delayed until days 5 and 6 p.e. However, 78%, 44%, 56% and 22% of hamsters survived when one dose of live ERAG333 was administered 6h, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days p.e., respectively. Similarly, 67% survived when inactivated ERAG333 was administered at 24h p.e. All hamsters succumbed when standard prophylaxis (the Essen regimen) was delayed until days 3-6, but 67% and 33% of hamsters survived when PEP began 1 or 2 days p.e., respectively. Macaques were protected by one dose of attenuated ERAG333 at 24h p.e. The highly attenuated (live) and inactivated ERAG333 vaccines elicited potent protective immune responses, even when prophylaxis initiation was delayed. When 2-5 doses of commercial vaccine and HRIG were administered according to the Essen scheme, 89-100% of the animals survived. Reduced vaccine schedules provided efficacious intervention, regardless of the total number of vaccine doses administered. |
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