Last data update: Jan 27, 2025. (Total: 48650 publications since 2009)
Records 1-30 (of 56 Records) |
Query Trace: Hammond D[original query] |
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Complete genome sequences of four representative Corynebacterium belfantii strains
Peng Y , Fueston H , Irfan M , Hammond J , Morales D , Ju H , Bentz ML , Heuser J , Burroughs M , Tondella ML , Weigand MR . Microbiol Resour Announc 2024 e0075524 ![]() ![]() This report describes the complete genome sequence assemblies from four representative isolates of the human pathogen Corynebacterium belfantii. These data provide necessary references to aid accurate sequence-based species discrimination among closely related Corynebacterium spp. pathogens. |
Epidemiology of pediatric astrovirus gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan Birth Cohort
Rubinstein RJ , Gutiérrez L , Toval-Ruíz C , Hammond K , Bode L , Vinjé J , Vilchez S , Becker-Dreps S , Bucardo F , Vielot NA , Reyes Y . Open Forum Infect Dis 2024 11 (9) ofae465 ![]() BACKGROUND: Astrovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. However, few prospective studies have analyzed astrovirus in community-dwelling pediatric populations in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: We assessed the incidence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, genotypes, viral coinfections, and time distribution of astrovirus gastroenteritis in 443 healthy Nicaraguan children born in 2017 to 2018 who were followed for 36 months. Children were recruited from hospitals and birth records in an economically diverse neighborhood of León city. Astrovirus-positive episodes and genotypes were identified from stool with reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: Of 1708 total specimens tested, 80 children (18%) experienced at least 1 astrovirus episode, and 9 experienced repeat episodes, mostly during the rainy season (May-October). Initial astrovirus episodes were not associated with a lowered risk against future episodes. In exploratory analyses, home toilets were associated with a lower risk of future astrovirus episodes (hazard ratio, 0.19; 95% CI, .04-.91). Human astrovirus 5 episodes, representing 15% of all typed episodes, were associated with longer diarrhea and more symptomatic rotavirus coinfections. CONCLUSIONS: Astrovirus was a common cause of gastroenteritis in this cohort, and future studies should clarify the role of astrovirus genotype in clinical infection severity. |
Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)
Kuhn JH , Abe J , Adkins S , Alkhovsky SV , Avšič-Županc T , Ayllón MA , Bahl J , Balkema-Buschmann A , Ballinger MJ , Kumar Baranwal V , Beer M , Bejerman N , Bergeron É , Biedenkopf N , Blair CD , Blasdell KR , Blouin AG , Bradfute SB , Briese T , Brown PA , Buchholz UJ , Buchmeier MJ , Bukreyev A , Burt F , Büttner C , Calisher CH , Cao M , Casas I , Chandran K , Charrel RN , Kumar Chaturvedi K , Chooi KM , Crane A , Dal Bó E , Carlos de la Torre J , de Souza WM , de Swart RL , Debat H , Dheilly NM , Di Paola N , Di Serio F , Dietzgen RG , Digiaro M , Drexler JF , Duprex WP , Dürrwald R , Easton AJ , Elbeaino T , Ergünay K , Feng G , Firth AE , Fooks AR , Formenty PBH , Freitas-Astúa J , Gago-Zachert S , Laura García M , García-Sastre A , Garrison AR , Gaskin TR , Gong W , Gonzalez JJ , de Bellocq J , Griffiths A , Groschup MH , Günther I , Günther S , Hammond J , Hasegawa Y , Hayashi K , Hepojoki J , Higgins CM , Hongō S , Horie M , Hughes HR , Hume AJ , Hyndman TH , Ikeda K , Jiāng D , Jonson GB , Junglen S , Klempa B , Klingström J , Kondō H , Koonin EV , Krupovic M , Kubota K , Kurath G , Laenen L , Lambert AJ , Lǐ J , Li JM , Liu R , Lukashevich IS , MacDiarmid RM , Maes P , Marklewitz M , Marshall SH , Marzano SL , McCauley JW , Mirazimi A , Mühlberger E , Nabeshima T , Naidu R , Natsuaki T , Navarro B , Navarro JA , Neriya Y , Netesov SV , Neumann G , Nowotny N , Nunes MRT , Ochoa-Corona FM , Okada T , Palacios G , Pallás V , Papa A , Paraskevopoulou S , Parrish CR , Pauvolid-Corrêa A , Pawęska JT , Pérez DR , Pfaff F , Plemper RK , Postler TS , Rabbidge LO , Radoshitzky SR , Ramos-González PL , Rehanek M , Resende RO , Reyes CA , Rodrigues TCS , Romanowski V , Rubbenstroth D , Rubino L , Runstadler JA , Sabanadzovic S , Sadiq S , Salvato MS , Sasaya T , Schwemmle M , Sharpe SR , Shi M , Shimomoto Y , Kavi Sidharthan V , Sironi M , Smither S , Song JW , Spann KM , Spengler JR , Stenglein MD , Takada A , Takeyama S , Tatara A , Tesh RB , Thornburg NJ , Tian X , Tischler ND , Tomitaka Y , Tomonaga K , Tordo N , Tu C , Turina M , Tzanetakis IE , Maria Vaira A , van den Hoogen B , Vanmechelen B , Vasilakis N , Verbeek M , von Bargen S , Wada J , Wahl V , Walker PJ , Waltzek TB , Whitfield AE , Wolf YI , Xia H , Xylogianni E , Yanagisawa H , Yano K , Ye G , Yuan Z , Zerbini FM , Zhang G , Zhang S , Zhang YZ , Zhao L , Økland AL . J Gen Virol 2023 104 (8) ![]() In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV. |
Implementation of BPaL in the United States: Experience using a novel all-oral treatment regimen for treatment of rifampin-resistant or rifampin-intolerant TB disease
Haley CA , Schechter MC , Ashkin D , Peloquin CA , Cegielski JP , Andrino BB , Burgos M , Caloia LA , Chen L , Colon-Semidey A , DeSilva MB , Dhanireddy S , Dorman SE , Dworkin FF , Hammond-Epstein H , Easton AV , Gaensbauer JT , Ghassemieh B , Gomez ME , Horne D , Jasuja S , Jones BA , Kaplan LJ , Khan AE , Kracen E , Labuda S , Landers KM , Lardizabal AA , Lasley MT , Letzer DM , Lopes VK , Lubelchek RJ , Macias CP , Mihalyov A , Misch EA , Murray JA , Narita M , Nilsen DM , Ninneman MJ , Ogawa L , Oladele A , Overman M , Ray SM , Ritger KA , Rowlinson MC , Sabuwala N , Schiller TM , Schwartz LE , Spitters C , Thomson DB , Tresgallo RR , Valois P , Goswami ND . Clin Infect Dis 2023 77 (7) 1053-1062 BACKGROUND: Rifampin-resistant tuberculosis is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide; only one-third of persons initiate treatment and outcomes are often inadequate. Several trials demonstrate 90% efficacy using an all-oral, six-month regimen of bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid (BPaL), but significant toxicity occurred using 1200 mg linezolid. After U.S. FDA approval in 2019, some U.S. clinicians rapidly implemented BPaL using an initial linezolid 600 mg dose adjusted by serum drug concentrations and clinical monitoring. METHODS: Data from U.S. patients treated with BPaL between 10/14/2019 and 4/30/2022 were compiled and analyzed by the BPaL Implementation Group (BIG), including baseline examination and laboratory, electrocardiographic, and clinical monitoring throughout treatment and follow-up. Linezolid dosing and clinical management was provider-driven, and most had linezolid adjusted by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). RESULTS: Of 70 patients starting BPaL, two changed to rifampin-based therapy, 68 (97.1%) completed BPaL, and two of these 68 (2.9%) patients relapsed after completion. Using an initial 600 mg linezolid dose daily adjusted by TDM and careful clinical and laboratory monitoring for side effects, supportive care, and expert consultation throughout BPaL treatment, three (4.4%) patients with hematologic toxicity and four (5.9%) with neurotoxicity required a change in linezolid dose or frequency. The median BPaL duration was 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: BPaL has transformed treatment for rifampin-resistant or intolerant tuberculosis. In this cohort, effective treatment required less than half the duration recommended in ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA 2019 guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Use of individualized linezolid dosing and monitoring likely enhanced safety and treatment completion. The BIG cohort demonstrates that early implementation of new tuberculosis treatments in the U.S. is feasible. |
Large-Format Additive Manufacturing and Machining Using High-Melt-Temperature Polymers. Part I: Real-Time Particulate and Gas-Phase Emissions
Stefaniak AB , Bowers LN , Martin SB Jr , Hammond DR , Ham JE , Wells JR , Fortner AR , Knepp AK , du Preez S , Pretty JR , Roberts JL , du Plessis JL , Schmidt A , Duling MG , Bader A , Virji MA . J Chem Health Saf 2021 28 (3) 190-200 The literature on emissions during material extrusion additive manufacturing with 3-D printers is expanding; however, there is a paucity of data for large-format additive manufacturing (LFAM) machines that can extrude high-melt-temperature polymers. Emissions from two LFAM machines were monitored during extrusion of six polymers: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), high-melt-temperature polysulfone (PSU), poly(ether sulfone) (PESU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), and Ultem (poly(ether imide)). Particle number, total volatile organic compound (TVOC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentrations were monitored in real-time. Particle emission rate values (no./min) were as follows: ABS (1.7 × 10(11) to 7.7 × 10(13)), PC (5.2 × 10(11) to 3.6 × 10(13)), Ultem (5.7 × 10(12) to 3.1 × 10(13)), PPS (4.6 × 10(11) to 6.2 × 10(12)), PSU (1.5 × 10(12) to 3.4 × 10(13)), and PESU (2.0 to 5.0 × 10(13)). For print jobs where the mass of extruded polymer was known, particle yield values (g(-1) extruded) were as follows: ABS (4.5 × 10(8) to 2.9 × 10(11)), PC (1.0 × 10(9) to 1.7 × 10(11)), PSU (5.1 × 10(9) to 1.2 × 10(11)), and PESU (0.8 × 10(11) to 1.7 × 10(11)). TVOC emission yields ranged from 0.005 mg/g extruded (PESU) to 0.7 mg/g extruded (ABS). The use of wall-mounted exhaust ventilation fans was insufficient to completely remove airborne particulate and TVOC from the print room. Real-time CO monitoring was not a useful marker of particulate and TVOC emission profiles for Ultem, PPS, or PSU. Average CO(2) and particle concentrations were moderately correlated (r (s) = 0.76) for PC polymer. Extrusion of ABS, PC, and four high-melt-temperature polymers by LFAM machines released particulate and TVOC at levels that could warrant consideration of engineering controls. LFAM particle emission yields for some polymers were similar to those of common desktop-scale 3-D printers. |
Large-Format Additive Manufacturing and Machining Using High-Melt-Temperature Polymers. Part II: Characterization of Particles and Gases
Stefaniak AB , Bowers LN , Martin SB Jr , Hammond DR , Ham JE , Wells JR , Fortner AR , Knepp AK , du Preez S , Pretty JR , Roberts JL , du Plessis JL , Schmidt A , Duling MG , Bader A , Virji MA . J Chem Health Saf 2021 28 (4) 268-278 Extrusion of high-melt-temperature polymers on large-format additive manufacturing (LFAM) machines releases particles and gases, though there is no data describing their physical and chemical characteristics. Emissions from two LFAM machines were monitored during extrusion of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) polymers as well as high-melt-temperature Ultem (poly(ether imide)), polysulfone (PSU), poly(ether sulfone) (PESU), and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) polymers. Filter samples of particles were collected for quantification of elements and bisphenol A and S (BPA, BPS) and visualization of morphology. Individual gases were quantified on substance-specific media. Aerosol sampling demonstrated that concentrations of elements were generally low for all polymers, with a maximum of 1.6 mg/m(3) for iron during extrusion of Ultem. BPA, an endocrine disruptor, was released into air during extrusion of PC (range: 0.4 ± 0.1 to 21.3 ± 5.3 μg/m(3)). BPA and BPS (also an endocrine disruptor) were released into air during extrusion of PESU (BPA, 2.0-8.7 μg/m(3); BPS, 0.03-0.07 μg/m(3)). Work surfaces and printed parts were contaminated with BPA (<8-587 ng/100 cm(2)) and BPS (<0.22-2.5 ng/100 cm(2)). Gas-phase sampling quantified low levels of respiratory irritants (phenol, SO(2), toluene, xylenes), possible or known asthmagens (caprolactam, methyl methacrylate, 4-oxopentanal, styrene), and possible occupational carcinogens (benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde) in air. Characteristics of particles and gases released by high-melt-temperature polymers during LFAM varied, which indicated the need for polymer-specific exposure and risk assessments. The presence of BPA and BPS on surfaces revealed a previously unrecognized source of dermal exposure for additive manufacturing workers using PC and PESU polymers. |
Use of a negative pressure containment pod within ambulance-workspace during pandemic response
Pena M , Neu DT , Feng HA , Hammond DR , Mead KR , Banerjee RK . J Med Device 2023 17 (1) 011009 Emergency medical service (EMS) providers have a higher potential exposure to infectious agents than the general public (Nguyen et al., 2020, "Risk of COVID-19 Among Frontline Healthcare Workers and the General Community: A Prospective Cohort Study," Lancet Pub. Health, 5(9), pp. e475-e483; Brown et al., 2021, "Risk for Acquiring Coronavirus Disease Illness Among Emergency Medical Service Personnel Exposed to Aerosol-Generating Procedures," Emer. Infect. Disease J., 27(9), p. 2340). The use of protective equipment may reduce, but does not eliminate their risk of becoming infected as a result of these exposures. Prehospital environments have a high risk of disease transmission exposing EMS providers to bioaerosols and droplets from infectious patients. Field intubation procedures may be performed causing the generation of bioaerosols, thereby increasing the exposure of EMS workers to pathogens. Additionally, ambulances have a reduced volume compared to a hospital treatment space, often without an air filtration system, and no control mechanism to reduce exposure. This study evaluated a containment plus filtration intervention for reducing aerosol concentrations in the patient module of an ambulance. Aerosol concentration measurements were taken in an unoccupied research ambulance at National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Cincinnati using a tracer aerosol and optical particle counters (OPCs). The evaluated filtration intervention was a containment pod with a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-filtered extraction system that was developed and tested based on its ability to contain, capture, and remove aerosols during the intubation procedure. Three conditions were tested (1) baseline (without intervention), (2) containment pod with HEPA-1, and (3) containment pod with HEPA-2. The containment pod with HEPA-filtered extraction intervention provided containment of 95% of the total generated particle concentration during aerosol generation relative to the baseline condition, followed by rapid air cleaning within the containment pod. This intervention can help reduce aerosol concentrations within ambulance patient modules while performing aerosol-generating procedures. |
2022 taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.
Kuhn JH , Adkins S , Alkhovsky SV , Avi-upanc T , Aylln MA , Bahl J , Balkema-Buschmann A , Ballinger MJ , Bandte M , Beer M , Bejerman N , Bergeron , Biedenkopf N , Bigarr L , Blair CD , Blasdell KR , Bradfute SB , Briese T , Brown PA , Bruggmann R , Buchholz UJ , Buchmeier MJ , Bukreyev A , Burt F , Bttner C , Calisher CH , Candresse T , Carson J , Casas I , Chandran K , Charrel RN , Chiaki Y , Crane A , Crane M , Dacheux L , B ED , delaTorre JC , deLamballerie X , deSouza WM , deSwart RL , Dheilly NM , DiPaola N , DiSerio F , Dietzgen RG , Digiaro M , Drexler JF , Duprex WP , Drrwald R , Easton AJ , Elbeaino T , Ergnay K , Feng G , Feuvrier C , Firth AE , Fooks AR , Formenty PBH , Freitas-Asta J , Gago-Zachert S , Garca ML , Garca-Sastre A , Garrison AR , Godwin SE , Gonzalez JJ , deBellocq JG , Griffiths A , Groschup MH , Gnther S , Hammond J , Hepojoki J , Hierweger MM , Hong S , Horie M , Horikawa H , Hughes HR , Hume AJ , Hyndman TH , Jing D , Jonson GB , Junglen S , Kadono F , Karlin DG , Klempa B , Klingstrm J , Koch MC , Kond H , Koonin EV , Krsov J , Krupovic M , Kubota K , Kuzmin IV , Laenen L , Lambert AJ , L J , Li JM , Lieffrig F , Lukashevich IS , Luo D , Maes P , Marklewitz M , Marshall SH , Marzano SL , McCauley JW , Mirazimi A , Mohr PG , Moody NJG , Morita Y , Morrison RN , Mhlberger E , Naidu R , Natsuaki T , Navarro JA , Neriya Y , Netesov SV , Neumann G , Nowotny N , Ochoa-Corona FM , Palacios G , Pallandre L , Palls V , Papa A , Paraskevopoulou S , Parrish CR , Pauvolid-Corra A , Pawska JT , Prez DR , Pfaff F , Plemper RK , Postler TS , Pozet F , Radoshitzky SR , Ramos-Gonzlez PL , Rehanek M , Resende RO , Reyes CA , Romanowski V , Rubbenstroth D , Rubino L , Rumbou A , Runstadler JA , Rupp M , Sabanadzovic S , Sasaya T , Schmidt-Posthaus H , Schwemmle M , Seuberlich T , Sharpe SR , Shi M , Sironi M , Smither S , Song JW , Spann KM , Spengler JR , Stenglein MD , Takada A , Tesh RB , Tkov J , Thornburg NJ , Tischler ND , Tomitaka Y , Tomonaga K , Tordo N , Tsunekawa K , Turina M , Tzanetakis IE , Vaira AM , vandenHoogen B , Vanmechelen B , Vasilakis N , Verbeek M , vonBargen S , Wada J , Wahl V , Walker PJ , Whitfield AE , Williams JV , Wolf YI , Yamasaki J , Yanagisawa H , Ye G , Zhang YZ , kland AL . Arch Virol 2022 167 (12) 2857-2906 ![]() In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by two new families (bunyaviral Discoviridae and Tulasviridae), 41 new genera, and 98 new species. Three hundred forty-nine species were renamed and/or moved. The accidentally misspelled names of seven species were corrected. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV. |
Engineering controls for respirable crystalline silica hazards: investigations by NIOSH's Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch
Alexander BM , Echt A , Qi C , Hammond D , Garcia A . Synergist 2022 33 (4) 20-25 Respirable crystalline silica is one of the oldest occupational hazards, yet exposures to RCS still cause illness today. Inhalation of RCS is associated with a range of serious illnesses, but it is known primarily for causing silicosis, an incurable and often fatal fibrotic lung disease. Although engineering controls to reduce inhalation of RCS have been known and available for decades, people continue to succumb to its associated health effects. Researchers in the Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch (EPHB), in the Division of Field Studies and Engineering (DFSE) at NIOSH, have extensively studied engineering controls for tasks that produce RCS. In other NIOSH divisions, research on RCS controls also continues to be a priority. Silica, or silicon dioxide (SiO2), can be found in crystalline or amorphous forms. Its most abundant crystalline form is alpha quartz, an extremely common mineral found in sand, gravel, soil, clay, shale, slate, sandstone, granite, calcined diatomaceous earth, portland cement concrete, asphalt pavement, ceramics, brick, tile, masonry, mortar, and other materials. It is frequently found alongside deposits of ores and other resources that are mined, such as coal. We are surrounded by it-we walk on it, drive on it, eat and drink from it, and build with it. Although it can comprise many useful materials, it becomes hazardous after it is pulverized, aerosolized, and inhaled. |
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention support for influenza surveillance, 2013-2021.
McCarron M , Kondor R , Zureick K , Griffin C , Fuster C , Hammond A , Lievre M , Vandemaele K , Bresee J , Xu X , Dugan VG , Weatherspoon V , Williams T , Vance A , Fry AM , Samaan M , Fitzner J , Zhang W , Moen A , Wentworth DE , Azziz-Baumgartner E . Bull World Health Organ 2022 100 (6) 366-374 ![]() ![]() OBJECTIVE: To assess the stability of improvements in global respiratory virus surveillance in countries supported by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) after reductions in CDC funding and with the stress of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: We assessed whether national influenza surveillance systems of CDC-funded countries: (i) continued to analyse as many specimens between 2013 and 2021; (ii) participated in activities of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System; (iii) tested enough specimens to detect rare events or signals of unusual activity; and (iv) demonstrated stability before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used CDC budget records and data from the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System. FINDINGS: While CDC reduced per-country influenza funding by about 75% over 10 years, the number of specimens tested annually remained stable (mean 2261). Reporting varied substantially by country and transmission zone. Countries funded by CDC accounted for 71% (range 61-75%) of specimens included in WHO consultations on the composition of influenza virus vaccines. In 2019, only eight of the 17 transmission zones sent enough specimens to WHO collaborating centres before the vaccine composition meeting to reliably identify antigenic variants. CONCLUSION: Great progress has been made in the global understanding of influenza trends and seasonality. To optimize surveillance to identify atypical influenza viruses, and to integrate molecular testing, sequencing and reporting of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 into existing systems, funding must continue to support these efforts. |
Evaluation of pulmonary effects of 3-D printer emissions from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene using an air-liquid interface model of primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells
Farcas MT , McKinney W , Coyle J , Orandle M , Mandler WK , Stefaniak AB , Bowers L , Battelli L , Richardson D , Hammer MA , Friend SA , Service S , Kashon M , Qi C , Hammond DR , Thomas TA , Matheson J , Qian Y . Int J Toxicol 2022 41 (4) 10915818221093605 This study investigated the inhalation toxicity of the emissions from 3-D printing with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament using an air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro model. Primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEs) were exposed to ABS filament emissions in an ALI for 4 hours. The mean and mode diameters of ABS emitted particles in the medium were 175 ± 24 and 153 ± 15 nm, respectively. The average particle deposition per surface area of the epithelium was 2.29 × 10(7) ± 1.47 × 10(7) particle/cm(2), equivalent to an estimated average particle mass of 0.144 ± 0.042 μg/cm(2). Results showed exposure of NHBEs to ABS emissions did not significantly affect epithelium integrity, ciliation, mucus production, nor induce cytotoxicity. At 24 hours after the exposure, significant increases in the pro-inflammatory markers IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A, VEGF, MCP-1, and MIP-1α were noted in the basolateral cell culture medium of ABS-exposed cells compared to non-exposed chamber control cells. Results obtained from this study correspond with those from our previous in vivo studies, indicating that the increase in inflammatory mediators occur without associated membrane damage. The combination of the exposure chamber and the ALI-based model is promising for assessing 3-D printer emission-induced toxicity. |
Virus decay rates should not be used to reduce recommended room air clearance times
Lindsley WG , Martin SB , Mead KR , Hammond DR . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2021 43 (12) 1-2 We read with concern the letter by Hurlburt et al Reference Hurlburt, DeKleer and Bryce1 proposing revisions to the recommended room air clearance times for infectious aerosols in healthcare facilities. We believe that the calculations performed to justify the changes are based on flawed assumptions and an erroneous calculation. Experimental data on the survival of airborne SARS-CoV-2 virus and the dynamics of room ventilation do not support their conclusions. |
2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.
Kuhn JH , Adkins S , Agwanda BR , Al Kubrusli R , Alkhovsky Aльxoвcкий Cepгeй Bлaдимиpoвич SV , Amarasinghe GK , Avšič-Županc T , Ayllón MA , Bahl J , Balkema-Buschmann A , Ballinger MJ , Basler CF , Bavari S , Beer M , Bejerman N , Bennett AJ , Bente DA , Bergeron É , Bird BH , Blair CD , Blasdell KR , Blystad DR , Bojko J , Borth WB , Bradfute S , Breyta R , Briese T , Brown PA , Brown JK , Buchholz UJ , Buchmeier MJ , Bukreyev A , Burt F , Büttner C , Calisher CH , Cao 曹孟籍 M , Casas I , Chandran K , Charrel RN , Cheng Q , Chiaki 千秋祐也 Y , Chiapello M , Choi IR , Ciuffo M , Clegg JCS , Crozier I , Dal Bó E , de la Torre JC , de Lamballerie X , de Swart RL , Debat H , Dheilly NM , Di Cicco E , Di Paola N , Di Serio F , Dietzgen RG , Digiaro M , Dolnik O , Drebot MA , Drexler JF , Dundon WG , Duprex WP , Dürrwald R , Dye JM , Easton AJ , Ebihara 海老原秀喜 H , Elbeaino T , Ergünay K , Ferguson HW , Fooks AR , Forgia M , Formenty PBH , Fránová J , Freitas-Astúa J , Fu 付晶晶 J , Fürl S , Gago-Zachert S , Gāo 高福 GF , García ML , García-Sastre A , Garrison AR , Gaskin T , Gonzalez JJ , Griffiths A , Goldberg TL , Groschup MH , Günther S , Hall RA , Hammond J , Han 韩彤 T , Hepojoki J , Hewson R , Hong 洪健 J , Hong 洪霓 N , Hongo 本郷誠治 S , Horie 堀江真行 M , Hu JS , Hu T , Hughes HR , Hüttner F , Hyndman TH , Ilyas M , Jalkanen R , Jiāng 姜道宏 D , Jonson GB , Junglen S , Kadono 上遠野冨士夫 F , Kaukinen KH , Kawate M , Klempa B , Klingström J , Kobinger G , Koloniuk I , Kondō 近藤秀樹 H , Koonin EV , Krupovic M , Kubota 久保田健嗣 K , Kurath G , Laenen L , Lambert AJ , Langevin SL , Lee B , Lefkowitz EJ , Leroy EM , Li 李邵蓉 S , Li 李龙辉 L , Lǐ 李建荣 J , Liu 刘华珍 H , Lukashevich IS , Maes P , de Souza WM , Marklewitz M , Marshall SH , Marzano SL , Massart S , McCauley JW , Melzer M , Mielke-Ehret N , Miller KM , Ming TJ , Mirazimi A , Mordecai GJ , Mühlbach HP , Mühlberger E , Naidu R , Natsuaki 夏秋知英 T , Navarro JA , Netesov Heтёcoв Cepгeй Bиктopoвич SV , Neumann G , Nowotny N , Nunes MRT , Olmedo-Velarde A , Palacios G , Pallás V , Pályi B , Papa Άννα Παπά A , Paraskevopoulou Σοφία Παρασκευοπούλου S , Park AC , Parrish CR , Patterson DA , Pauvolid-Corrêa A , Pawęska JT , Payne S , Peracchio C , Pérez DR , Postler TS , Qi 亓立莹 L , Radoshitzky SR , Resende RO , Reyes CA , Rima BK , Luna GR , Romanowski V , Rota P , Rubbenstroth D , Rubino L , Runstadler JA , Sabanadzovic S , Sall AA , Salvato MS , Sang R , Sasaya 笹谷孝英 T , Schulze AD , Schwemmle M , Shi 施莽 M , Shí 石晓宏 X , Shí 石正丽 Z , Shimomoto 下元祥史 Y , Shirako Y , Siddell SG , Simmonds P , Sironi M , Smagghe G , Smither S , Song 송진원 JW , Spann K , Spengler JR , Stenglein MD , Stone DM , Sugano J , Suttle CA , Tabata A , Takada 高田礼人 A , Takeuchi 竹内繁治 S , Tchouassi DP , Teffer A , Tesh RB , Thornburg NJ , Tomitaka 冨高保弘 Y , Tomonaga 朝長啓造 K , Tordo N , Torto B , Towner JS , Tsuda 津田新哉 S , Tu 涂长春 C , Turina M , Tzanetakis IE , Uchida J , Usugi 宇杉富雄 T , Vaira AM , Vallino M , van den Hoogen B , Varsani A , Vasilakis Νίκος Βασιλάκης N , Verbeek M , von Bargen S , Wada 和田治郎 J , Wahl V , Walker PJ , Wang 王林发 LF , Wang 王国平 G , Wang 王雁翔 Y , Wang 王亚琴 Y , Waqas M , Wèi 魏太云 T , Wen 温少华 S , Whitfield AE , Williams JV , Wolf YI , Wu 吴建祥 J , Xu 徐雷 L , Yanagisawa 栁澤広宣 H , Yang 杨彩霞 C , Yang 杨作坤 Z , Zerbini FM , Zhai 翟立峰 L , Zhang 张永振 YZ , Zhang 张松 S , Zhang 张靖国 J , Zhang 张哲 Z , Zhou 周雪平 X . Arch Virol 2021 166 (12) 3513-3566 ![]() In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV. |
Host Genetic Risk Factors for Chlamydia trachomatis-Related Infertility in Women.
Zheng X , Zhong W , O'Connell CM , Liu Y , Haggerty CL , Geisler WM , Anyalechi GE , Kirkcaldy RD , Wiesenfeld HC , Hillier SL , Steinkampf MP , Hammond KR , Fine J , Li Y , Darville T . J Infect Dis 2021 224 S64-s71 ![]() BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection ascending to the upper genital tract can cause infertility. Direct association of genetic variants as contributors is challenging because infertility may not be diagnosed until years after infection. Investigating the intermediate trait of ascension bridges this gap. METHODS: We identified infertility genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci using deoxyribonucleic acid from Ct-seropositive cisgender women in a tubal factor infertility study and Ct-infected cisgender women from a longitudinal pelvic inflammatory disease cohort with known fertility status. Deoxyribonucleic acid and blood messenger ribonucleic acid from 2 additional female cohorts with active Ct infection and known endometrial infection status were used to investigate the impact of infertility single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on Ct ascension. A statistical mediation test examined whether multiple infertility SNPs jointly influenced ascension risk by modulating expression of mediator genes. RESULTS: We identified 112 candidate infertility GWAS loci, and 31 associated with Ct ascension. The SNPs altered chlamydial ascension by modulating expression of 40 mediator genes. Mediator genes identified are involved in innate immune responses including type I interferon production, T-cell function, fibrosis, female reproductive tract health, and protein synthesis and degradation. CONCLUSIONS: We identified Ct-related infertility loci and their potential functional effects on Ct ascension. |
Tick extracellular vesicles enable arthropod feeding and promote distinct outcomes of bacterial infection
Oliva Chávez AS , Wang X , Marnin L , Archer NK , Hammond HL , Carroll EEM , Shaw DK , Tully BG , Buskirk AD , Ford SL , Butler LR , Shahi P , Morozova K , Clement CC , Lawres L , Neal AJO , Mamoun CB , Mason KL , Hobbs BE , Scoles GA , Barry EM , Sonenshine DE , Pal U , Valenzuela JG , Sztein MB , Pasetti MF , Levin ML , Kotsyfakis M , Jay SM , Huntley JF , Miller LS , Santambrogio L , Pedra JHF . Nat Commun 2021 12 (1) 3696 Extracellular vesicles are thought to facilitate pathogen transmission from arthropods to humans and other animals. Here, we reveal that pathogen spreading from arthropods to the mammalian host is multifaceted. Extracellular vesicles from Ixodes scapularis enable tick feeding and promote infection of the mildly virulent rickettsial agent Anaplasma phagocytophilum through the SNARE proteins Vamp33 and Synaptobrevin 2 and dendritic epidermal T cells. However, extracellular vesicles from the tick Dermacentor andersoni mitigate microbial spreading caused by the lethal pathogen Francisella tularensis. Collectively, we establish that tick extracellular vesicles foster distinct outcomes of bacterial infection and assist in vector feeding by acting on skin immunity. Thus, the biology of arthropods should be taken into consideration when developing strategies to control vector-borne diseases. |
Chlamydial Pgp3 seropositivity and population attributable fraction among women with tubal factor infertility
Anyalechi GE , Hong J , Kirkcaldy RD , Wiesenfeld HC , Horner P , Wills GS , McClure MO , Hammond KR , Haggerty CL , Kissin DM , Hook EW3rd , Steinkampf MP , Bernstein K , Geisler WM . Sex Transm Dis 2021 49 (8) 527-533 BACKGROUND: Chlamydial infection is associated with tubal factor infertility (TFI); however, assessment of prior chlamydial infection and TFI is imperfect. We previously evaluated a combination of serological assays for association with TFI. We now describe the chlamydial contribution to TFI using a newer Chlamydia trachomatis Pgp3 enhanced serological (Pgp3) assay. METHODS: In our case-control study of women 19-42 years old with hysterosalpingogram-diagnosed TFI (cases) and non-TFI (controls) in two U.S. infertility clinics, we assessed possible associations and effect modifiers between Pgp3 seropositivity and TFI using adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) stratified by race. We then estimated the adjusted chlamydia population attributable fraction (aPAF) with 95% CI of TFI. RESULTS: All black (n=107) and 618 of 620 non-black women had Pgp3 results. Pgp3 seropositivity was 25.9% (19.3-33.8%) for non-black cases, 15.2% (12.3-18.7%) for non-black controls, 66.0% (95% CI 51.7-77.8%) for black cases, and 71.7% (59.2-81.5%) for black controls. Among 476 non-black women without endometriosis (n=476), Pgp3 was associated with TFI (aOR 2.6 [1.5-4.4]), adjusting for clinic, age, and income; chlamydia TFI aPAF was 19.8% (95% CI 7.7-32.2%) in these women. Pgp3 positivity was not associated with TFI among non-black women with endometriosis nor among black women (regardless of endometriosis). CONCLUSIONS: Among non-black infertile women without endometriosis in these clinics, 20% of TFI was attributed to chlamydia. Better biomarkers are needed to estimate chlamydia TFI PAF, especially in black women. |
Tubal factor infertility, in vitro fertilization, and racial disparities: a retrospective cohort in two US clinics
Anyalechi GE , Wiesenfeld HC , Kirkcaldy RD , Kissin DM , Haggerty CL , Hammond KR , Hook EW 3rd , Bernstein KT , Steinkampf MP , Geisler WM . Sex Transm Dis 2021 48 (10) 748-753 BACKGROUND: Nearly 14% of US women report any lifetime infertility which is associated with healthcare costs and psychosocial consequences. Tubal factor infertility (TFI) often occurs as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and subsequent pelvic inflammatory disease. We sought to evaluate for and describe potential racial disparities in TFI and in vitro fertilization (IVF) prevalence. METHODS: Records of women aged 19-42 years in our retrospective cohort from two US infertility clinics were reviewed. We calculated TFI prevalence, IVF initiation prevalence, and prevalence ratios (PR), with 95% confidence intervals for each estimate, overall and by race. RESULTS: Among 660 infertile women, 110 (16.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 13.8-19.5%) had TFI which was higher in black compared to white women (30.3% [33/109] vs. 13.9% [68/489]; PR 2.2 [95% CI 1.5-3.1]). For women with TFI, IVF was offered to similar proportions of women by race (51.5% [17/33] versus 52.9% [36/68] for black versus white women); however, fewer black than white women with TFI started IVF (6.7% [1/15] versus 31.0% [9/29]; PR 0.2 [95% CI 0-1.0]), although the difference was not statistically different. CONCLUSIONS: TFI prevalence was two-fold higher among black than white women seeking care for infertility. Among women with TFI, data suggested a lower likelihood of black women starting IVF than white women. Improved sexually transmitted disease prevention and treatment might ameliorate disparities in TFI. |
An application of agent-based modeling to explore the impact of decreasing incarceration rates and increasing drug treatment access on sero-discordant partnerships among people who inject drugs
Linton SL , Jarlais DCD , Ornstein JT , Kasman M , Hammond R , Kianian B , Smith JC , Wolfe ME , Ross Z , German D , Flynn C , Raymond HF , Klevens RM , Spencer E , Schacht JM , Finlayson T , Paz-Bailey G , Wejnert C , Cooper HLF . Int J Drug Policy 2021 94 103194 BACKGROUND: People who inject drugs (PWID) lag behind other key populations in HIV care continuum outcomes. The impacts of criminal justice reform and increasing drug treatment access on HIV have been underexplored. METHODS: We developed agent-based models (ABM) of sexual partnerships among PWID and non-PWID, and injection equipment-sharing partnerships among PWID in five US cities (Baltimore, Boston, Miami, New York City, San Francisco) over 3 years. The first set of ABM projected changes in partnership discordance among PWID as a function of decreasing ZIP code-level incarceration rates. The second set projected discordance as a function of increasing ZIP code-level drug treatment access. ABM were parameterized and validated overall, and by city and PWID race/ethnicity (Black, Latino, White) using National HIV Behavioral Surveillance data, administrative ZIP code-level data, surveillance reports and prior literature. Informed by research on prisoner release and community-level HIV prevalence, reductions in incarceration rates were fixed at 5% and 30% and respectively projected to increase ZIP code-level HIV prevalence by 2% and 12%. Increases in drug treatment access were fixed at 30% and 58%. RESULTS: In each city, a 30% reduction in ZIP code-level incarceration rates and 12% increase in ZIP code-level HIV prevalence significantly increased sero-discordance among at least one racial/ethnic group of PWID by 1-3 percentage points. A 5% reduction in incarceration rates, and 30% and 58% increases in drug treatment access, led to isolated significant changes in sero-discordance among Black and White PWID that were less than 1 percentage point. CONCLUSION: Reductions in incarceration rates may lead to short-term increases in sero-discordant partnerships among some PWID by increasing community-level HIV prevalence. Efforts to increase HIV testing, engagement in care and community reintegration post release, should be strengthened in the wake of incarceration reform. Additional research should confirm these findings and explore the lack of widespread impacts of drug treatment in this study. |
Pulmonary and systemic toxicity in rats following inhalation exposure of 3-D printer emissions from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament
Farcas MT , McKinney W , Qi C , Mandler KW , Battelli L , Friend SA , Stefaniak AB , Jackson M , Orandle M , Winn A , Kashon M , LeBouf RF , Russ KA , Hammond DR , Burns D , Ranpara A , Thomas TA , Matheson J , Qian Y . Inhal Toxicol 2020 32 1-16 BACKGROUND: Fused filament fabrication 3-D printing with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament emits ultrafine particulates (UFPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the toxicological implications of the emissions generated during 3-D printing have not been fully elucidated. AIM AND METHODS: The goal of this study was to investigate the in vivo toxicity of ABS-emissions from a commercial desktop 3-D printer. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a single concentration of ABS-emissions or air for 4 hours/day, 4 days/week for five exposure durations (1, 4, 8, 15, and 30 days). At 24 hours after the last exposure, rats were assessed for pulmonary injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress as well as systemic toxicity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 3-D printing generated particulate with average particle mass concentration of 240 ± 90 µg/m³, with an average geometric mean particle mobility diameter of 85 nm (geometric standard deviation = 1.6). The number of macrophages increased significantly at day 15. In bronchoalveolar lavage, IFN-γ and IL-10 were significantly higher at days 1 and 4, with IL-10 levels reaching a peak at day 15 in ABS-exposed rats. Neither pulmonary oxidative stress responses nor histopathological changes of the lungs and nasal passages were found among the treatments. There was an increase in platelets and monocytes in the circulation at day 15. Several serum biomarkers of hepatic and kidney functions were significantly higher at day 1. CONCLUSIONS: At the current experimental conditions applied, it was concluded that the emissions from ABS filament caused minimal transient pulmonary and systemic toxicity. |
2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.
Kuhn JH , Adkins S , Alioto D , Alkhovsky SV , Amarasinghe GK , Anthony SJ , Avšič-Županc T , Ayllón MA , Bahl J , Balkema-Buschmann A , Ballinger MJ , Bartonička T , Basler C , Bavari S , Beer M , Bente DA , Bergeron É , Bird BH , Blair C , Blasdell KR , Bradfute SB , Breyta R , Briese T , Brown PA , Buchholz UJ , Buchmeier MJ , Bukreyev A , Burt F , Buzkan N , Calisher CH , Cao M , Casas I , Chamberlain J , Chandran K , Charrel RN , Chen B , Chiumenti M , Choi IR , Clegg JCS , Crozier I , da Graça JV , Dal Bó E , Dávila AMR , de la Torre JC , de Lamballerie X , de Swart RL , Di Bello PL , Di Paola N , Di Serio F , Dietzgen RG , Digiaro M , Dolja VV , Dolnik O , Drebot MA , Drexler JF , Dürrwald R , Dufkova L , Dundon WG , Duprex WP , Dye JM , Easton AJ , Ebihara H , Elbeaino T , Ergünay K , Fernandes J , Fooks AR , Formenty PBH , Forth LF , Fouchier RAM , Freitas-Astúa J , Gago-Zachert S , Gāo GF , García ML , García-Sastre A , Garrison AR , Gbakima A , Goldstein T , Gonzalez JJ , Griffiths A , Groschup MH , Günther S , Guterres A , Hall RA , Hammond J , Hassan M , Hepojoki J , Hepojoki S , Hetzel U , Hewson R , Hoffmann B , Hongo S , Höper D , Horie M , Hughes HR , Hyndman TH , Jambai A , Jardim R , Jiāng D , Jin Q , Jonson GB , Junglen S , Karadağ S , Keller KE , Klempa B , Klingström J , Kobinger G , Kondō H , Koonin EV , Krupovic M , Kurath G , Kuzmin IV , Laenen L , Lamb RA , Lambert AJ , Langevin SL , Lee B , Lemos ERS , Leroy EM , Li D , Lǐ J , Liang M , Liú W , Liú Y , Lukashevich IS , Maes P , Marciel de Souza W , Marklewitz M , Marshall SH , Martelli GP , Martin RR , Marzano SL , Massart S , McCauley JW , Mielke-Ehret N , Minafra A , Minutolo M , Mirazimi A , Mühlbach HP , Mühlberger E , Naidu R , Natsuaki T , Navarro B , Navarro JA , Netesov SV , Neumann G , Nowotny N , Nunes MRT , Nylund A , Økland AL , Oliveira RC , Palacios G , Pallas V , Pályi B , Papa A , Parrish CR , Pauvolid-Corrêa A , Pawęska JT , Payne S , Pérez DR , Pfaff F , Radoshitzky SR , Rahman AU , Ramos-González PL , Resende RO , Reyes CA , Rima BK , Romanowski V , Robles Luna G , Rota P , Rubbenstroth D , Runstadler JA , Ruzek D , Sabanadzovic S , Salát J , Sall AA , Salvato MS , Sarpkaya K , Sasaya T , Schwemmle M , Shabbir MZ , Shí X , Shí Z , Shirako Y , Simmonds P , Širmarová J , Sironi M , Smither S , Smura T , Song JW , Spann KM , Spengler JR , Stenglein MD , Stone DM , Straková P , Takada A , Tesh RB , Thornburg NJ , Tomonaga K , Tordo N , Towner JS , Turina M , Tzanetakis I , Ulrich RG , Vaira AM , van den Hoogen B , Varsani A , Vasilakis N , Verbeek M , Wahl V , Walker PJ , Wang H , Wang J , Wang X , Wang LF , Wèi T , Wells H , Whitfield AE , Williams JV , Wolf YI , Wú Z , Yang X , Yáng X , Yu X , Yutin N , Zerbini FM , Zhang T , Zhang YZ , Zhou G , Zhou X . Arch Virol 2020 165 (12) 3023-3072 ![]() In March 2020, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. At the genus rank, 20 new genera were added, two were deleted, one was moved, and three were renamed. At the species rank, 160 species were added, four were deleted, ten were moved and renamed, and 30 species were renamed. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV. |
Mortality secondary to unintentional poisoning after inpatient rehabilitation among individuals with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury
Hammond F , Ketchum J , Dams-O'Connor K , Corrigan JD , Miller AC , Haarbauer-Krupa J , Faul M , Trexler LE , Harrison-Felix CL . J Neurotrauma 2020 37 (23) 2507-2516 Studies have shown reduced life expectancy following moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with death due to unintentional poisoning (UP) 11x higher following TBI than in the general population. The characteristics of those who die of unintentional poisoning are compared to those who die of other causes (OC) in a retrospective cohort who received inpatient rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and enrolled in the TBI Model Systems National Database between 1989 and 2017 (n = 15,835 cases with 2,238 deaths recorded). Seventy-eight cases (3.5%) of deaths were due to UP, 76% were due to OC, and 20.5% died of unknown cause. Among the UP deaths, 90% involved drugs (of these 67% involved narcotic drugs and 14% psychostimulants) and 8% involved alcohol. Age- adjusted risk for UP death was associated with: White/Non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, living alone, non-institutionalization, pre- and post-injury illicit drug use and alcohol/drug problem use, any alcohol use at last follow up, better Functional Independence Measure TM (FIM) scores, history of arrest, moderate disability (vs severe disability or good recovery), less supervision needed, and greater anxiety. Adults who receive inpatient rehabilitation for TBI who die due to UP are distinguishable from those who die of OC. Factors such as pre-injury substance use in the context of functional independence may be regarded as targets for prevention and/or intervention to reduce substance use and substance-related mortality among survivors of moderate-severe TBI. The current findings may have implications for medical care, surveillance, prevention, and health promotion. |
Reducing ultrafine particulate emission from multiple 3D printers in an office environment using a prototype engineering control
Dunn KL , Hammond D , Menchaca K , Roth G , Dunn KH . J Nanopart Res 2020 22 (5) Recent studies have shown that high concentrations of ultrafine particles can be emitted during the 3D printing process. This study characterized the emissions from different filaments using common fused deposition modeling printers. It also assessed the effectiveness of a novel engineering control designed to capture emissions directly at the extruder head. Airborne particle and volatile organic compound concentrations were measured, and particle emission rates were calculated for several different 3D printer and filament combinations. Each printer and filament combination was tested inside a test chamber to measure overall emissions using the same print design for approximately 2 h. Emission rates ranged from 0.71 × 107 to 1400 × 107 particles/min, with particle geometric mean diameters ranging from 45.6 to 62.3 nm. To assess the effectiveness of a custom-designed engineering control, a 1-h print program using a MakerBot Replicator+ with Slate Gray Tough polylactic acid filament was employed. Emission rates and particle counts were evaluated both with and without the extruder head emission control installed. Use of the control showed a 98% reduction in ultrafine particle concentrations from an individual 3D printer evaluated in a test chamber. An assessment of the control in a simulated makerspace with 20 printers operating showed particle counts approached or exceeded 20,000 particles/cm3 without the engineering controls but remained at or below background levels (< 1000 particles/cm3) with the engineering controls in place. This study showed that a low-cost control could be added to existing 3D printers to significantly reduce emissions to the work environment. |
Three-dimensional printer emissions and employee exposures to ultrafine particles during the printing of thermoplastic filaments containing carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofibers
Dunn KL , Dunn KH , Hammond D , Lo S . J Nanopart Res 2020 22 (2) Recent studies have reported emission rates of up to 1012 ultrafine particles/min from fused filament fabrication three-dimensional printers when operated in unventilated or minimally ventilated test chambers. However, in these studies, there are no data to relate this rate to airborne concentrations in a manufacturing environment. An assessment of particle exposures of workers was conducted at a three-dimensional printing shop using multiple fused filament printers with unfilled and carbon nanotube and/or carbon nanofiber-infused polyetheletherketone filaments. The study simultaneously evaluated emissions in two environments: (1) in a field portable test chamber with one three-dimensional printer and (2) in the manufacturing area with multiple printers in use. Emission rates were calculated for a variety of filaments and ranged from 1.21 to 33.5 x 1011 particles/min, with geometric mean diameters ranging from 11.4 to 33.3 nm. The emission rates estimated by a scanning mobility particle sizer were much lower than from the fast mobility particle sizer due to differences in the lower size resolution. Samples collected in the chamber and manufacturing area by thermophoretic sampling included free (no polymer) carbon nanotubes and nanofibers and their bundles. The company reportedly never handled free carbon nanotubes or nanofibers, and prior research has indicated that the release of free nanomaterials through three-dimensional printing or mechanical action is highly unlikely. This presents the possibility that these materials are being released from the matrix during use or that these materials were brought into the facility through the supply chain, or by other means. |
Coordinating the real-time use of global influenza activity data for better public health planning
Biggerstaff M , Dahlgren FS , Fitzner J , George D , Hammond A , Hall I , Haw D , Imai N , Johansson MA , Kramer S , McCaw JM , Moss R , Pebody R , Read JM , Reed C , Reich NG , Riley S , Vandemaele K , Viboud C , Wu JT . Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019 14 (2) 105-110 Health planners from global to local levels must anticipate year-to-year and week-to-week variation in seasonal influenza activity when planning for and responding to epidemics to mitigate their impact. To help with this, countries routinely collect incidence of mild and severe respiratory illness and virologic data on circulating subtypes and use these data for situational awareness, burden of disease estimates and severity assessments. Advanced analytics and modelling are increasingly used to aid planning and response activities by describing key features of influenza activity for a given location and generating forecasts that can be translated to useful actions such as enhanced risk communications, and informing clinical supply chains. Here, we describe the formation of the Influenza Incidence Analytics Group (IIAG), a coordinated global effort to apply advanced analytics and modelling to public influenza data, both epidemiological and virologic, in real-time and thus provide additional insights to countries who provide routine surveillance data to WHO. Our objectives are to systematically increase the value of data to health planners by applying advanced analytics and forecasting and for results to be immediately reproducible and deployable using an open repository of data and code. We expect the resources we develop and the associated community to provide an attractive option for the open analysis of key epidemiological data during seasonal epidemics and the early stages of an influenza pandemic. |
Strategies for combating avian influenza in the Asia-Pacific
Peters L , Greene C , Azziz-Baumgartner E , Zhou S , Lupisan S , Dayan W , Hammond A , Claes F , Mumford E , Dueger E . Western Pac Surveill Response J 2018 9 8-10 Avian, swine and other zoonotic influenza viruses may cause disease with significant impact in both human and animal populations. The Asia Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases (APSED), long recognizing the increased global impact of zoonotic diseases on human populations, has been used as the foundation for improving national preparedness and regional coordination for response to zoonotic diseases in the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region. (1) APSED encourages multisectoral coordination at the human–animal–environment interface as the primary action required for zoonotic disease control. (2) In this article we emphasize the effectiveness of these multisectoral collaborations in responding to zoonotic diseases at the regional and country level, using avian influenza as an example. |
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) filaments three-dimensional (3-D) printer emissions-induced cell toxicity
Farcas MT , Stefaniak AB , Knepp AK , Bowers L , Mandler WK , Kashon M , Jackson SR , Stueckle TA , Sisler JD , Friend SA , Qi C , Hammond DR , Thomas TA , Matheson J , Castranova V , Qian Y . Toxicol Lett 2019 317 1-12 During extrusion of some polymers, fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3-D printers emit billions of particles per minute and numerous organic compounds. The scope of this study was to evaluate FFF 3-D printer emission-induced toxicity in human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). Emissions were generated from a commercially available 3-D printer inside a chamber, while operating for 1.5h with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polycarbonate (PC) filaments, and collected in cell culture medium. Characterization of the culture medium revealed that repeat print runs with an identical filament yield various amounts of particles and organic compounds. Mean particle sizes in cell culture medium were 201+/-18nm and 202+/-8nm for PC and ABS, respectively. At 24h post-exposure, both PC and ABS emissions induced a dose dependent significant cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in SAEC. Though the emissions may not completely represent all possible exposure scenarios, this study indicate that the FFF could induce toxicological effects. Further studies are needed to quantify the detected chemicals in the emissions and their corresponding toxicological effects. |
Evaluation of emissions and exposures at workplaces using desktop 3-dimensional printers
Stefaniak AB , Johnson AR , du Preez S , Hammond DR , Wells JR , Ham JE , LeBouf RF , Menchaca KW , Martin SBJr , Duling MG , Bowers LN , Knepp AK , Su FC , de Beer DJ , du Plessis JL . J Chem Health Saf 2019 26 (2) 19-30 There is a paucity of data on additive manufacturing process emissions and personal exposures in real-world workplaces. Hence, we evaluated atmospheres in four workplaces utilizing desktop "3-dimensional" (3-d) printers [fused filament fabrication (FFF) and sheer] for production, prototyping, or research. Airborne particle diameter and number concentration and total volatile organic compound concentrations were measured using real-time instruments. Airborne particles and volatile organic compounds were collected using time-integrated sampling techniques for off-line analysis. Personal exposures for metals and volatile organic compounds were measured in the breathing zone of operators. All 3-d printers that were monitored released ultrafine and fine particles and organic vapors into workplace air. Particle number-based emission rates (#/min) ranged from 9.4 times 109 to 4.4 times 1011 (n = 9 samples) for FFF 3-d printers and from 1.9 to 3.8 times 109 (n = 2 samples) for a sheer 3-d printer. The large variability in emission rate values reflected variability from the printers as well as differences in printer design, operating conditions, and feedstock materials among printers. A custom-built ventilated enclosure evaluated at one facility was capable of reducing particle number and total organic chemical concentrations by 99.7% and 53.2%, respectively. Carbonyl compounds were detected in room air; however, none were specifically attributed to the 3-d printing process. Personal exposure to metals (aluminum, iron) and 12 different organic chemicals were all below applicable NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit values, but results are not reflective of all possible exposure scenarios. More research is needed to understand 3- d printer emissions, exposures, and efficacy of engineering controls in occupational settings. |
Functional outcome trajectories following inpatient rehabilitation for TBI in the United States: A NIDILRR TBIMS and CDC Interagency Collaboration
Dams-O'Connor K , Ketchum JM , Cuthbert JP , Corrigan JD , Hammond FM , Haarbauer-Krupa J , Kowalski RG , Miller AC . J Head Trauma Rehabil 2019 35 (2) 127-139 OBJECTIVE: To describe trajectories of functioning up to 5 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI) that required inpatient rehabilitation in the United States using individual growth curve models conditioned on factors associated with variability in functioning and independence over time. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of population-weighted data from a multicenter longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Acute inpatient rehabilitation facilities. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4624 individuals 16 years and older with a primary diagnosis of TBI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ratings of global disability and supervision needs as reported by participants or proxy during follow-up telephone interviews at 1, 2, and 5 years postinjury. RESULTS: Many TBI survivors experience functional improvement through 1 and 2 years postinjury, followed by a decline in functioning and decreased independence by 5 years. However, there was considerable heterogeneity in outcomes across individuals. Factors such as older age, non-White race, lower preinjury productivity, public payer source, longer length of inpatient rehabilitation stay, and lower discharge functional status were found to negatively impact trajectories of change over time. CONCLUSIONS: These findings can inform the content, timing, and target recipients of interventions designed to maximize functional independence after TBI. |
Insights into emissions and exposures from use of industrial-scale additive manufacturing machines
Stefaniak AB , Johnson AR , du Preez S , Hammond DR , Wells JR , Ham JE , LeBouf RF , Martin SB , Duling MG , Bowers LN , Knepp AK , de Beer DJ , du Plessis JL . Saf Health Work 2018 10 (2) 229-236 Background Emerging reports suggest the potential for adverse health effects from exposure to emissions from some additive manufacturing (AM) processes. There is a paucity of real-world data on emissions from AM machines in industrial workplaces and personal exposures among AM operators. Methods Airborne particle and organic chemical emissions and personal exposures were characterized using real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques in four manufacturing facilities using industrial-scale material extrusion and material jetting AM processes. Results Using a condensation nuclei counter, number-based particle emission rates (ERs) (number/min) from material extrusion AM machines ranged from 4.1 x 1010 (Ultem filament) to 2.2 x 1011 [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate filaments). For these same machines, total volatile organic compound ERs (microg/min) ranged from 1.9 x 104 (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate) to 9.4 x 104 (Ultem). For the material jetting machines, the number-based particle ER was higher when the lid was open (2.3 x 1010 number/min) than when the lid was closed (1.5-5.5 x 109 number/min); total volatile organic compound ERs were similar regardless of the lid position. Low levels of acetone, benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylene were common to both AM processes. Carbonyl compounds were detected; however, none were specifically attributed to the AM processes. Personal exposures to metals (aluminum and iron) and eight volatile organic compounds were all below National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-recommended exposure levels. Conclusion Industrial-scale AM machines using thermoplastics and resins released particles and organic vapors into workplace air. More research is needed to understand factors influencing real-world industrial-scale AM process emissions and exposures. |
Evaluation of a 24-Hour Caffeine Intake Assessment Compared with Urinary Biomarkers of Caffeine Intake among Young Adults in Canada
Vanderlee L , Reid JL , White CM , Acton RB , Kirkpatrick SI , Pao CI , Rybak ME , Hammond D . J Acad Nutr Diet 2018 118 (12) 2245-2253.e1 BACKGROUND: Caffeine is a widely consumed stimulant, and caffeine-containing products are increasingly available on the market. Few tools are available to capture caffeine intake, particularly among young adults. To estimate caffeine consumption in the previous 24 hours, the 24-Hour Caffeine Intake Recall (CIR-24) was modeled after the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool, using a brand-specific database of caffeine-containing foods, beverages, and supplements. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of the CIR-24 compared with caffeine concentration biomarkers in urine and a caffeinated beverage intake frequency screener (CBQ) designed to assess usual intake among a young adult population in Canada. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS: In all, 79 young adults, aged 18 to 29 years, provided 24-hour urine samples and completed the CIR-24 and CBQ. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Excretion for caffeine and eight caffeine metabolites were quantified from urine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography-polarity switching electrospray ionization-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry with stable isotope-labeled internal standards. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Pearson correlations and weighted κ coefficients were calculated for the self-report tools and caffeine biomarkers. RESULTS: The CIR-24 was significantly positively associated with all caffeine biomarkers (r(p)=0.28 to 0.52, κ=0.39 to 0.59), and the CBQ was significantly positively associated with all but one biomarker (r(p)=0.21 to 0.40, κ=0.32 to 0.45). The CIR-24 yielded a higher mean intake of caffeine than the CBQ. There was strong linear correlation between the CIR-24 and CBQ (r(p)=0.60, P<0.001), but poor agreement in absolute caffeine consumed (t=2.83, P=0.006); quartile ranking concordance was 0.44 (P<0.001). The CIR-24 performed better than the CBQ across all biomarkers in both linear correlation and quartile ranking. CONCLUSIONS: Although both the CIR-24 and CBQ performed reasonably well in capturing caffeine intake compared with urinary biomarkers of caffeine consumption, the CIR-24 had stronger agreement than the CBQ. The results suggest that the CIR-24 is a promising tool for evaluating caffeine intake among this population. |
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