Last data update: Jan 27, 2025. (Total: 48650 publications since 2009)
Records 1-3 (of 3 Records) |
Query Trace: Hale GL[original query] |
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Detection of coxsackievirus A6 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens using immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR
Denison AM , Bhatnagar J , Jahan-Tigh RR , Fair P , Hale GL . J Clin Virol Plus 2021 1(1-2) (no pagination) Background: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), classically a childhood viral infection, has an atypical and severe clinical presentation in adults. Coxsackievirus A6 is a leading cause of atypical HFMD, but current diagnostic methods utilizing formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens often lack sensitivity and specificity. Method(s): Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsies from seven case patients with clinical and histopathological suspicion of atypical HFMD were evaluated by coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) immunohistochemistry, enterovirus-specific conventional reverse transcriptase-PCR with subsequent Sanger sequencing targeting the 5'UTR, and CVA6-specific real-time PCR targeting the VP1 gene. Result(s): The CVA6-specific antibody demonstrated appropriate antigen distribution and staining intensity in keratinocytes in all cases. Conventional RT-PCR and sequencing also detected the presence of enterovirus, and CVA6-specific real-time RT-PCR analysis identified CVA6. Conclusion(s): Applying these immunohistochemistry and molecular techniques to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, CVA6 was determined to be the causative infectious agent in seven cases of atypical hand, foot, and mouth disease. Copyright © 2021 |
Zika virus enhances monocyte adhesion and transmigration favoring viral dissemination to neural cells.
Ayala-Nunez NV , Follain G , Delalande F , Hirschler A , Partiot E , Hale GL , Bollweg BC , Roels J , Chazal M , Bakoa F , Carocci M , Bourdoulous S , Faklaris O , Zaki SR , Eckly A , Uring-Lambert B , Doussau F , Cianferani S , Carapito C , Jacobs FMJ , Jouvenet N , Goetz JG , Gaudin R . Nat Commun 2019 10 (1) 4430 ![]() Zika virus (ZIKV) invades and persists in the central nervous system (CNS), causing severe neurological diseases. However the virus journey, from the bloodstream to tissues through a mature endothelium, remains unclear. Here, we show that ZIKV-infected monocytes represent suitable carriers for viral dissemination to the CNS using human primary monocytes, cerebral organoids derived from embryonic stem cells, organotypic mouse cerebellar slices, a xenotypic human-zebrafish model, and human fetus brain samples. We find that ZIKV-exposed monocytes exhibit higher expression of adhesion molecules, and higher abilities to attach onto the vessel wall and transmigrate across endothelia. This phenotype is associated to enhanced monocyte-mediated ZIKV dissemination to neural cells. Together, our data show that ZIKV manipulates the monocyte adhesive properties and enhances monocyte transmigration and viral dissemination to neural cells. Monocyte transmigration may represent an important mechanism required for viral tissue invasion and persistence that could be specifically targeted for therapeutic intervention. |
Optimization of commercially available Zika virus antibodies for use in a laboratory-developed immunohistochemical assay
Bollweg BC , Silva-Flannery L , Spivey P , Hale GL . J Pathol Clin Res 2018 4 (1) 19-25 Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can cause adverse fetal outcomes and severe irreversible congenital birth defects including microcephaly. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a valuable diagnostic tool for detecting ZIKV antigens in tissues from cases of fetal loss in women infected with ZIKV, and for providing insights into disease pathogenesis. As a result, there is increasing demand for commercially available ZIKV antibodies for use in IHC assays. ZIKV antibodies were selected and obtained from commercial sources to include both mouse and rabbit hosts, and a variety of antigenic targets. Pretreatment conditions and antibody concentrations resulting in optimal immunohistochemical staining were determined using ZIKV cell control and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed ZIKV case control material (fetal brain tissue). Cross-reactivity of the antibodies against other flaviviruses (dengue virus serogroups 1-4, yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus) and chikungunya virus was also evaluated. Immunostaining using the commercially available antibodies was compared to a previously validated ZIKV IHC assay used for primary diagnosis. Four antibodies demonstrated optimal staining similar to the previously validated ZIKV IHC assay. Two of the four antibodies cross-reacted with dengue virus, while the other two antibodies showed no cross-reactivity with dengue, other flaviviruses, or chikungunya virus. Differences in the cross-reactivity profiles could not be entirely explained by the antigenic target. Commercially available ZIKV antibodies can be optimized for use in IHC testing to aid in ZIKV diagnostic testing and an evaluation of tissue tropism. |
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