Last data update: Jan 27, 2025. (Total: 48650 publications since 2009)
Records 1-11 (of 11 Records) |
Query Trace: Grytdal SP[original query] |
---|
Investigation of presumptive HIV transmission associated with receipt of platelet-rich plasma microneedling facials at a spa among former spa clients - New Mexico, 2018-2023
Stadelman-Behar AM , Gehre MN , Atallah L , Clarke T , Leonso AA , Jojola F , Zheng H , Jia H , Lyss SB , Switzer WM , Grytdal SP , Durham M , Salas NM , Sievers M , Smelser C . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024 73 (16) 372-376 ![]() ![]() HIV transmitted through cosmetic injection services via contaminated blood has not been previously documented. During summer 2018, the New Mexico Department of Health (NMDOH) was notified of a diagnosis of HIV infection in a woman with no known HIV risk factors who reported exposure to needles from cosmetic platelet-rich plasma microneedling facials (vampire facials) received at a spa in spring 2018. An investigation of the spa's services began in summer 2018, and NMDOH and CDC identified four former spa clients, and one sexual partner of a spa client, all of whom received HIV infection diagnoses during 2018-2023, despite low reported behavioral risks associated with HIV acquisition. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed highly similar HIV strains among all cases. Although transmission of HIV via unsterile injection practices is a known risk, determining novel routes of HIV transmission among persons with no known HIV risk factors is important. This investigation identified an HIV cluster associated with receipt of cosmetic injection services at an unlicensed facility that did not follow recommended infection control procedures or maintain client records. Requiring adequate infection control practices and maintenance of client records at spa facilities offering cosmetic injection services can help prevent the transmission of HIV and other bloodborne pathogens and ensure adequate traceback and notification in the event of adverse clinical outcomes, respectively. |
Epidemiology of intussusception in infants less than one year of age in Ghana, 2012-2016
Glover-Addy H , Ansong D , Enweronu-Laryea C , Tate JE , Amponsa-Achiano K , Sarkodie B , Mwenda JM , Diamenu S , Owusu SK , Nimako B , Mensah NK , Armachie J , Narh C , Pringle K , Grytdal SP , Binka F , Lopman B , Parashar UD , Armah G . Pan Afr Med J 2021 39 8 INTRODUCTION: we examined the epidemiology, clinical and demographic characteristics of intussusception in Ghanaian infants. METHODS: active sentinel surveillance for pediatric intussusception was conducted at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi and Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra. From March 2012 to December 2016, infants < 1 year of age who met the Brighton Collaboration level 1 diagnostic criteria for intussusception were enrolled. Data were collected through parental interviews and medical records abstraction. RESULTS: a total of 378 children < 1 year of age were enrolled. Median age at onset of intussusception was 27 weeks; only 12 cases (1%) occurred in infants < 12 weeks while most occurred in infants aged 22-34 weeks. Median time from symptom onset until referral to a tertiary hospital was 2 days (IQR: 1-4 days). Overall, 35% of infants were treated by enema, 33% had surgical reduction and 32% required surgical reduction and bowel resection. Median length of hospital stay was 5 days (IQR: 3-8 days) with most patients (95%) discharged home. Eleven (3%) infants died. Infants undergoing enema reduction were more likely than those treated surgically to present for treatment sooner after symptom onset (median 1 vs 3 days; p < 0.0001) and have shorter hospital stays (median 3 vs 7 days; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Ghanaian infants had a relatively low case fatality rate due to intussusception, with a substantial proportion of cases treated non-surgically. Early presentation for treatment, possibly enhanced by community-based health education programs and health information from various media platforms during the study period might contribute to both the low fatality rate and high number of successful non-surgical treatments in this population. |
Water quality, availability, and acute gastroenteritis on the Navajo Nation - a pilot case-control study
Grytdal SP , Weatherholtz R , Esposito DH , Campbell J , Reid R , Gregoricus N , Schneeberger C , Lusk TS , Xiao L , Garrett N , Bopp C , Hammitt LL , Vinje J , Hill VR , O'Brien KL , Hall AJ . J Water Health 2018 16 (6) 1018-1028 The Navajo Nation includes approximately 250,000 American Indians living in a remote high desert environment with limited access to public water systems. We conducted a pilot case-control study to assess associations between acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and water availability, use patterns, and quality. Case patients with AGE and non-AGE controls who presented for care to two Indian Health Service hospitals were recruited. Data on demographics and water use practices were collected using a standard questionnaire. Household drinking water was tested for presence of pathogens, coliforms, and residual chlorine. Sixty-one subjects (32 cases and 29 controls) participated in the study. Cases and controls were not significantly different with respect to water sources, quality, or patterns of use. Twenty-one percent (n = 12) of study participants resided in dwellings not connected to a community water system. Eleven percent (n = 7) of subjects reported drinking hauled water from unregulated sources. Coliform bacteria were present in 44% (n = 27) of household water samples, and 68% (n = 40) of samples contained residual chlorine concentrations of <0.2 mg/L. This study highlights issues with water availability, quality, and use patterns within the Navajo Nation, including sub-optimal access to community water systems, and use of water hauled from unregulated sources. |
Sustained decline in acute gastroenteritis-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits among American Indian/Alaska Native children after rotavirus vaccine introduction, 2001-2014
Grytdal SP , Haberling DL , Kennedy JL , McCollum JT , Parashar UD . J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017 7 (2) e37-e39 We examined the uptake of rotavirus vaccine and compared trends in acute gastroenteritis (AGE)-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) children aged <5 years before and after introduction of the rotavirus vaccine. The rates of AGE-associated hospitalization and outpatient visits among AI/AN children remained below prevaccine levels. |
The unwelcome houseguest: secondary household transmission of norovirus
Marsh ZA , Grytdal SP , Beggs JC , Leshem E , Gastanaduy PA , Rha B , Nyaku M , Lopman BA , Hall AJ . Epidemiol Infect 2017 146 (2) 1-9 Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in the USA. Although secondary household transmission of norovirus is frequently reported in outbreaks, little is known about specific risk factors for susceptibility and infectiousness in the household. Three norovirus outbreaks were investigated and data were collected on individuals exposed in the primary outbreak setting and their household members. Potential individual- and household-level risk factors for susceptibility and infectiousness were assessed using univariate and multivariate generalised linear mixed models. In the univariate models, the secondary attack rate (SAR) was significantly higher when living in a household with two or more primary cases (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37-3.29), more than one primary case with vomiting (IRR = 1.9; CI 1.11-3.37), and at least one primary case with diarrhoea (IRR = 3.0; CI 1.46-6.01). After controlling for other risk factors in the multivariate models, the SAR was significantly higher among those living in a household with two or more primary cases (adjusted IRR = 2.0; CI 1.17-3.47) and at least one primary case with diarrhoea (adjusted IRR = 2.8; CI 1.35-5.93). These findings underscore the importance of maintaining proper hygiene and isolating ill household members to prevent norovirus transmission in the household. |
Incidence of Norovirus and Other Viral Pathogens That Cause Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) among Kaiser Permanente Member Populations in the United States, 2012-2013
Grytdal SP , DeBess E , Lee LE , Blythe D , Ryan P , Biggs C , Cameron M , Schmidt M , Parashar UD , Hall AJ . PLoS One 2016 11 (4) e0148395 Noroviruses and other viral pathogens are increasingly recognized as frequent causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE). However, few laboratory-based data are available on the incidence of AGE caused by viral pathogens in the U.S. This study examined stool specimens submitted for routine clinical diagnostics from patients enrolled in Kaiser Permanente (KP) health plans in metro Portland, OR, and the Maryland, District of Columbia, and northern Virginia geographic areas to estimate the incidence of viral enteropathogens in these populations. Over a one-year study period, participating laboratories randomly selected stools submitted for routine clinical diagnostics for inclusion in the study along with accompanying demographic and clinical data. Selected stools were tested for norovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus using standardized real-time RT-PCR protocols. Each KP site provided administrative data which were used in conjunction with previously published data on healthcare utilization to extrapolate pathogen detection rates into population-based incidence rates. A total of 1,099 specimens collected during August 2012 to September 2013 were included. Mean age of patients providing stool specimens was 46 years (range: 0-98 years). Noroviruses were the most common viral pathogen identified among patients with AGE (n = 63 specimens, 6% of specimens tested). In addition, 22 (2%) of specimens were positive for rotavirus; 19 (2%) were positive for sapovirus; and 7 (1%) were positive for astrovirus. Incidence of norovirus-associated outpatient visits was 5.6 per 1,000 person-years; incidence of norovirus disease in the community was estimated to be 69.5 per 1,000 person-years. Norovirus incidence was highest among children <5 years of age (outpatient incidence = 25.6 per 1,000 person-years; community incidence = 152.2 per 1,000 person-years), followed by older adults aged >65 years (outpatient incidence = 7.8 per 1,000 person-years; community incidence = 75.8 per 1,000 person-years). Outpatient incidence rates of rotavirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus were 2.0, 1.6, 0.6 per 1,000 person-years, respectively; community incidence rates for these viruses were 23.4, 22.5, and 8.5 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. This study provides the first age-group specific laboratory-based community and outpatient incidence rates for norovirus AGE in the U.S. Norovirus was the most frequently detected viral enteropathogen across the age spectrum with the highest rates of norovirus disease observed among young children and, to a lesser extent, the elderly. These data provide a better understanding of the norovirus disease burden in the United States, including variations within different age groups, which can help inform the development, targeting, and future impacts of interventions, including vaccines. |
Incidence of medically-attended norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis in four Veteran's Affairs Medical Center populations in the United States, 2011-2012
Grytdal SP , Rimland D , Shirley SH , Rodriguez-Barradas MC , Goetz MB , Brown ST , Lucero-Obusan C , Holodniy M , Graber C , Parashar U , Vinje J , Lopman B . PLoS One 2015 10 (5) e0126733 An estimated 179 million acute gastroenteritis (AGE) illnesses occur annually in the United States. The role of noroviruses in hospital-related AGE has not been well-documented in the U. S. We estimated the population incidence of community- acquired outpatient and inpatient norovirus AGE encounters, as well as hospital-acquired inpatient norovirus AGE among inpatients at four Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers (VAMCs). Fifty (4%) of 1,160 stool specimens collected ≤7 days from symptom onset tested positive for norovirus. During a one year period, the estimated incidence of outpatient, community- and hospital-acquired inpatient norovirus AGE was 188 cases, 11 cases, and 54 cases/ 100,000 patients, respectively. This study demonstrates the incidence of outpatient and community- and hospital-acquired inpatient norovirus AGE among the VA population seeking care at these four VAMCs. |
Novel risk factors associated with hepatitis E virus infection in a large outbreak in northern Uganda: results from a case-control study and environmental analysis
Howard CM , Handzel T , Hill VR , Grytdal SP , Blanton C , Kamili S , Drobeniuc J , Hu D , Teshale E . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010 83 (5) 1170-3 ![]() An outbreak of hepatitis E virus (HEV) began in October 2007 in northern Uganda. To determine risk factors and sources for ongoing transmission, we conducted both a case-control study and an environmental investigation. A case patient was defined as having serologic evidence of HEV infection, whereas controls were seronegative. We identified risk factors for infection by univariable and multivariable analyses using conditional logistic regression. Several water sources were tested for HEV RNA. Among 112 cases and 145 controls, storage of drinking water in large-mouthed vessels (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] = 2.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-6.94) and washing hands in a group basin (AOR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.07-3.38) were associated with HEV infection. HEV RNA was detected from communal hand-rinse and surface-water samples. The epidemiologic and environmental water-testing results suggest that household-level factors played an important role in the transmission of HEV-modalities that have been previously underappreciated. |
Evidence of person-to-person transmission of hepatitis E virus during a large outbreak in northern Uganda
Teshale EH , Grytdal SP , Howard C , Barry V , Kamili S , Drobeniuc J , Hill VR , Okware S , Hu DJ , Holmberg SD . Clin Infect Dis 2010 50 (7) 1006-10 BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) are frequently attributed to contaminated drinking water, even if direct evidence for this is lacking. METHODS: We conducted several epidemiologic investigations during a large HEV infection outbreak in Uganda. RESULTS: Of 10,535 residents, 3218 had HEV infection; of these, 2531 lived in households with >1 case. HEV was not detected in drinking water or zoonotic sources. Twenty-five percent of cases occurred 8 weeks after onset of hepatitis in an index case in the household. Households with 2 cases were more likely to have a member(s) who attended a funeral, had close contact with a jaundiced person, or washed hands in a common basin with others (P < .05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: A high attack rate in households, lack of a common source of infection, and poor hygienic practices in households with 2 cases suggest person-to-person transmission of HEV during this outbreak. |
Hepatitis E epidemic, Uganda
Teshale EH , Howard CM , Grytdal SP , Handzel TR , Barry V , Kamili S , Drobeniuc J , Okware S , Downing R , Tappero JW , Bakamutumaho B , Teo CG , Ward JW , Holmberg SD , Hu DJ . Emerg Infect Dis 2010 16 (1) 126-9 In October 2007, an epidemic of hepatitis E was suspected in Kitgum District of northern Uganda where no previous epidemics had been documented. This outbreak has progressed to become one of the largest hepatitis E outbreaks in the world. By June 2009, the epidemic had caused illness in >10,196 persons and 160 deaths. |
Evaluation of institutional practices for prevention of phlebotomy-associated percutaneous injuries in hospital settings
Knapp MB , Grytdal SP , Chiarello LA , Sinkowitz-Cochran RL , Zombeck A , Klein C , Warden B , Lyden J , Pearson ML . Am J Infect Control 2009 37 (6) 490-4 BACKGROUND: To reduce the incidence of phlebotomy-related percutaneous injuries (PIs), factors that contribute to these injuries must be identified. This study examined institutional phlebotomy practices, policies, perceptions, and culture to identify facilitators and barriers that appear to have the greatest impact in preventing injuries. METHODS: During site visits at study hospitals, observational data were collected during the performance of phlebotomy. In addition, interviews and focus groups were conducted with hospital personnel involved in phlebotomy procedures. RESULTS: Nine hospitals participated in the study. A total of 126 phlebotomy procedures were observed. Health care personnel chose devices with safety features for the majority of observed procedures (n = 122, 97%). Recommended phlebotomy practices for handling needles after use were observed in 42% to 92% of procedures. Adherence varied by type of device, occupation, and facility PI rate. In the 23 interviews and 9 focus groups, participants identified factors that facilitated PI prevention such as the availability and use of devices with safety mechanisms, adherence to recommended safe needle-handling practices, and institutional phlebotomy training. CONCLUSION: The quantitative and qualitative data indicate that a wide array of factors can affect phlebotomy-related practices and perceptions. Prevention of PIs may require comprehensive, multifaceted intervention efforts to improve the safety culture and reduce PIs and exposure to bloodborne pathogens in health care facilities. |
- Page last reviewed:Feb 1, 2024
- Page last updated:Jan 27, 2025
- Content source:
- Powered by CDC PHGKB Infrastructure