Last data update: Apr 22, 2024. (Total: 46599 publications since 2009)
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Tropical data: Approach and methodology as applied to trachoma prevalence surveys
Harding-Esch EM , Burgert-Brucker CR , Jimenez C , Bakhtiari A , Willis R , Bejiga MD , Mpyet C , Ngondi J , Boyd S , Abdala M , Abdou A , Adamu Y , Alemayehu A , Alemayehu W , Al-Khatib T , Apadinuwe SC , Awaca N , Awoussi MS , Baayendag G , Badiane MD , Bailey RL , Batcho W , Bay Z , Bella A , Beido N , Bol YY , Bougouma C , Brady CJ , Bucumi V , Butcher R , Cakacaka R , Cama A , Camara M , Cassama E , Chaora SG , Chebbi AC , Chisambi AB , Chu B , Conteh A , Coulibaly SM , Courtright P , Dalmar A , Dat TM , Davids T , Djaker MEA , de Fátima Costa Lopes M , Dézoumbé D , Dodson S , Downs P , Eckman S , Elshafie BE , Elmezoghi M , Elvis AA , Emerson P , Epée EE , Faktaufon D , Fall M , Fassinou A , Fleming F , Flueckiger R , Gamael KK , Garae M , Garap J , Gass K , Gebru G , Gichangi MM , Giorgi E , Goépogui A , Gómez DVF , Gómez Forero DP , Gower EW , Harte A , Henry R , Honorio-Morales HA , Ilako DR , Issifou AAB , Jones E , Kabona G , Kabore M , Kadri B , Kalua K , Kanyi SK , Kebede S , Kebede F , Keenan JD , Kello AB , Khan AA , Khelifi H , Kilangalanga J , Kim SH , Ko R , Lewallen S , Lietman T , Logora MSY , Lopez YA , MacArthur C , Macleod C , Makangila F , Mariko B , Martin DL , Masika M , Massae P , Massangaie M , Matendechero HS , Mathewos T , McCullagh S , Meite A , Mendes EP , Abdi HM , Miller H , Minnih A , Mishra SK , Molefi T , Mosher A , M'Po N , Mugume F , Mukwiza R , Mwale C , Mwatha S , Mwingira U , Nash SD , Nassa C , Negussu N , Nieba C , Noah Noah JC , Nwosu CO , Olobio N , Opon R , Pavluck A , Phiri I , Rainima-Qaniuci M , Renneker KK , Saboyá-Díaz MI , Sakho F , Sanha S , Sarah V , Sarr B , Szwarcwald CL , Shah Salam A , Sharma S , Seife F , Serrano Chavez GM , Sissoko M , Sitoe HM , Sokana O , Tadesse F , Taleo F , Talero SL , Tarfani Y , Tefera A , Tekeraoi R , Tesfazion A , Traina A , Traoré L , Trujillo-Trujillo J , Tukahebwa EM , Vashist P , Wanyama EB , Warusavithana SDP , Watitu TK , West S , Win Y , Woods G , Yajima A , Yaya G , Zecarias A , Zewengiel S , Zoumanigui A , Hooper PJ , Millar T , Rotondo L , Solomon AW . Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2023 30 (6) 544-560 PURPOSE: Population-based prevalence surveys are essential for decision-making on interventions to achieve trachoma elimination as a public health problem. This paper outlines the methodologies of Tropical Data, which supports work to undertake those surveys. METHODS: Tropical Data is a consortium of partners that supports health ministries worldwide to conduct globally standardised prevalence surveys that conform to World Health Organization recommendations. Founding principles are health ministry ownership, partnership and collaboration, and quality assurance and quality control at every step of the survey process. Support covers survey planning, survey design, training, electronic data collection and fieldwork, and data management, analysis and dissemination. Methods are adapted to meet local context and needs. Customisations, operational research and integration of other diseases into routine trachoma surveys have also been supported. RESULTS: Between 29(th) February 2016 and 24(th) April 2023, 3373 trachoma surveys across 50 countries have been supported, resulting in 10,818,502 people being examined for trachoma. CONCLUSION: This health ministry-led, standardised approach, with support from the start to the end of the survey process, has helped all trachoma elimination stakeholders to know where interventions are needed, where interventions can be stopped, and when elimination as a public health problem has been achieved. Flexibility to meet specific country contexts, adaptation to changes in global guidance and adjustments in response to user feedback have facilitated innovation in evidence-based methodologies, and supported health ministries to strive for global disease control targets. |
New York State, New York City, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands' Health Department experiences promoting health equity during the initial COVID-19 Omicron variant period, 2021-2022
Cox H , Gebru Y , Horter L , Palomeque FS , Myers K , Stowell D , Easterling T , de Noguera NS , Medina-Forrester A , Bravo J , Pérez S , Chaparro J , Ekpo LP , Cranford H , Santibañez S , Valencia D . Health Secur 2023 21 S25-S34 In this case study, we aim to understand how health departments in 5 US jurisdictions addressed health inequities and implemented strategies to reach populations disproportionately affected by COVID-19 during the initial Omicron variant period. We used qualitative methods to examine health department experiences during the initial Omicron surge, from November 2021 to April 2022, assessing successful interventions, barriers, and lessons learned from efforts to promote health equity. Our findings indicate that government leadership supported prioritizing health equity from the beginning of the pandemic, seeing it as a need and vital part of the response framework. All jurisdictions acknowledged the historical trauma and distrust of the government. Health departments found that collaborating and communicating with trusted community leaders helped mitigate public distrust. Having partnerships, resources, and infrastructure in place before the pandemic facilitated the establishment of equity-focused COVID-19 response activities. Finally, misinformation about COVID-19 was a challenge for all jurisdictions. Addressing the needs of diverse populations involves community-informed decisionmaking, diversity of thought, and delivery measures that are tailored to the community. It is imperative to expand efforts to reduce and eliminate health inequities to ensure that individuals and communities recover equitably from the effects of COVID-19. |
Faith community engagement to mitigate COVID-19 transmission associated with mass gathering, Uman, Ukraine, September 2021
Erickson-Mamane L , Kryshchuk A , Gvozdetska O , Rossovskyi D , Glatt A , Katz D , Gluck Z , Butryn D , Gebru Y , Guerra L , Masor A , Blaney K , Papaharalambus CA , Barzilay EJ , Hakim AJ . Emerg Infect Dis 2022 28 (13) S197-s202 Annually, ≈30,000 Hasidic and Orthodox Jews travel to Uman, Ukraine, during the Jewish New Year to pray at the burial place of the founder of the Breslov Hasidic movement. Many pilgrims come from the northeastern United States. The global health implications of this event were seen in 2019 when measles outbreaks in the United States and Israel were linked to the pilgrimage. The 2020 pilgrimage was cancelled as part of the COVID-19 travel restrictions imposed by the government of Ukraine. To prepare for the 2021 event, the National Public Health Institute, the Public Health Center of Ukraine, organized mitigation measures for pilgrims arriving in Uman, and the CDC COVID-19 International Task Force assisted with mitigation measures for pilgrims coming from the United States. We describe efforts to support COVID-19 mitigation measures before, during, and after this mass gathering and lessons learned for future mass gatherings during pandemics. |
Late diagnosis of Lassa fever outbreak in endemic areas lead to high mortality, Kenema District, Sierra Leone, February-March 2019
Sesay U , Hakizimana L , Elduma A , Henderson A , Gebru GN . Pan Afr Med J 2022 42 256 Introduction: the Kenema District Surveillance team in Sierra Leone received notifications of patients with suspected Lassa fever on February 20th and March 2nd, 2019. On that day, an investigation started to confirm the diagnosis and search for additional cases. Methods: we used the Lassa fever surveillance case definition and collected demographic and exposure information from suspected cases through interviews and clinical records. Blood samples were collected from the cases to confirm the diagnosis. Active case finding was conducted in the community and health facility. Results: on February 10, 2019, an eight-year-old male developed a fever (>39.5°C) and a sore throat. On February 18, 2019, he was admitted to a hospital and treated for malaria and pneumonia. On February 20, 2019, Lassa fever was suspected because the patient was bleeding from orifices and testing. On February 15, a 5-year-old female developed fever and headache and was treated with anti-malarial drugs. On February 26ththe high fever re-emerged with severe bleeding from the orifices. She was admitted and treated with antibiotics, confirmed for Lassa fever, and died on March 2, 2019. Conclusion: the two children had Lassa fever, and no additional cases were identified. We sensitized clinicians on suspicion of Lassa fever to improve early detection and treatment. © Umaru Sesay et al. |
The Impact of Community-Based Testing Sites and Gift Incentives on COVID-19 Testing Uptake in Maryland, April 29 - May 9, 2021.
Turbyfill C , Thomas I , Agravat N , Prasher JM , Nett RJ , Stevens M , Ricaldi JN , Dunams TM , Brickhouse-Frazier L , Carter MD , Gebru Y , King A , May CS , Miller JD , Oguh C , Pullman A , Roman K , Rose C , Scherr R , Sidibe T , Soelaeman R , Weinstein J , Wilson T , Tran CH . Am J Health Promot 2022 37 (2) 8901171221119796 PURPOSE: Information on incentives for COVID-19 testing is needed to understand effective practices that encourage testing uptake. We describe characteristics of those who received an incentive after performing a rapid antigen test. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive analysis of survey data. SETTING: During April 29-May 9, 2021, COVID-19 rapid antigen testing was offered in 2 Maryland cities. SAMPLE: Convenience sample of 553 adults (≥18 years) who tested and received an incentive; 93% consented to survey. MEASURES: Survey questions assessed reasons for testing, testing history, barriers, and demographics. ANALYSIS: Robust Poisson regressions were used to determine characteristic differences based on testing history and between participants who would re-test in the future without an incentive vs participants who would not. RESULTS: The most common reasons for testing were the desire to be tested (n = 280; 54%) and convenience of location (n = 146; 28%). Those motivated by an incentive to test (n = 110; 21%) were 5.83 times as likely to state they would not test again without an incentive, compared to those with other reasons for testing (95% CI: 2.67-12.72, P < .001). CRITICAL LIMITATIONS: No comparative study group. CONCLUSION: Results indicate internal motivation and convenience were prominent factors supporting testing uptake. Incentives may increase community testing participation, particularly among people who have never tested. Keywords COVID-19, pandemic, incentives, health behavior, community testing. |
Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Associated With a Large Indoor Convention - New York City, November-December 2021.
Sami S , Horter L , Valencia D , Thomas I , Pomeroy M , Walker B , Smith-Jeffcoat SE , Tate JE , Kirking HL , Kyaw NTT , Burns R , Blaney K , Dorabawila V , Hoen R , Zirnhelt Z , Schardin C , Uehara A , Retchless AC , Brown VR , Gebru Y , Powell C , Bart SM , Vostok J , Lund H , Kaess J , Gumke M , Propper R , Thomas D , Ojo M , Green A , Wieck M , Wilson E , Hollingshead RJ , Nunez SV , Saady DM , Porse CC , Gardner K , Drociuk D , Scott J , Perez T , Collins J , Shaffner J , Pray I , Rust LT , Brady S , Kerins JL , Teran RA , Hughes V , Sepcic V , Low EW , Kemble SK , Berkley A , Cleavinger K , Safi H , Webb LM , Hutton S , Dewart C , Dickerson K , Hawkins E , Zafar J , Krueger A , Bushman D , Ethridge B , Hansen K , Tant J , Reed C , Boutwell C , Hanson J , Gillespie M , Donahue M , Lane P , Serrano R , Hernandez L , Dethloff MA , Lynfield R , Como-Sabetti K , Lutterloh E , Ackelsberg J , Ricaldi JN . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022 71 (7) 243-248 During November 19-21, 2021, an indoor convention (event) in New York City (NYC), was attended by approximately 53,000 persons from 52 U.S. jurisdictions and 30 foreign countries. In-person registration for the event began on November 18, 2021. The venue was equipped with high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration, and attendees were required to wear a mask indoors and have documented receipt of at least 1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine.* On December 2, 2021, the Minnesota Department of Health reported the first case of community-acquired COVID-19 in the United States caused by the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant in a person who had attended the event (1). CDC collaborated with state and local health departments to assess event-associated COVID-19 cases and potential exposures among U.S.-based attendees using data from COVID-19 surveillance systems and an anonymous online attendee survey. Among 34,541 attendees with available contact information, surveillance data identified test results for 4,560, including 119 (2.6%) persons from 16 jurisdictions with positive SARS-CoV-2 test results. Most (4,041 [95.2%]), survey respondents reported always wearing a mask while indoors at the event. Compared with test-negative respondents, test-positive respondents were more likely to report attending bars, karaoke, or nightclubs, and eating or drinking indoors near others for at least 15 minutes. Among 4,560 attendees who received testing, evidence of widespread transmission during the event was not identified. Genomic sequencing of 20 specimens identified the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant (AY.25 and AY.103 sublineages) in 15 (75%) cases, and the Omicron variant (BA.1 sublineage) in five (25%) cases. These findings reinforce the importance of implementing multiple, simultaneous prevention measures, such as ensuring up-to-date vaccination, mask use, physical distancing, and improved ventilation in limiting SARS-CoV-2 transmission, during large, indoor events.(†). |
Multistate Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Infections Among Persons in a Social Network Attending a Convention - New York City, November 18-December 20, 2021.
Smith-Jeffcoat SE , Pomeroy MA , Sleweon S , Sami S , Ricaldi JN , Gebru Y , Walker B , Brady S , Christenberry M , Bart S , Vostok J , Meyer S , Seys S , Markelz A , Ditto N , Newbern V , Thomas FJ , Thomas D , Cabredo E , Kellner S , Brown VR , Tate JE , Kirking HL . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022 71 (7) 238-242 On December 2, 2021, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) notified CDC of a COVID-19 case caused by sequence-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant in a Minnesota resident (patient A), the first such case identified in the state and one of the earliest identified in the United States. Patient A had attended a large indoor convention in New York, New York with approximately 53,000 attendees from 52 U.S jurisdictions and 30 foreign countries during November 19-21, 2021, and had close contact(†) during 5 days with 29 fellow attendees. The convention required attendees to have received ≥1 COVID-19 vaccine dose and enforced mask-use while indoors. On November 22, these close contact attendees were directly and immediately notified by patient A of their exposure to SARS-CoV-2, and they sought testing over the next few days while quarantined or isolated. As part of the larger investigation into SARS-CoV-2 transmission at the convention, a subinvestigation was conducted during December by CDC, MDH, and respective state and local health departments to characterize the epidemiology of Omicron variant infection among this group of close contacts and determine the extent of secondary household transmission. Among 30 convention attendees that included patient A (the index patient) and the 29 other close contacts, 23 were interviewed, among whom all were fully vaccinated, including 11 (48%) who had received a booster dose; all 23 sought testing, and 16 (70%) received a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. Fewer attendees who had received a booster dose before the convention received a positive test result (six of 11) compared with those who had not received a booster dose (10 of 12). The 16 attendees with positive test results had a total of 20 household contacts, 18 of whom sought testing after exposure; six received a positive test result for SARS-CoV-2. None of the persons with positive test results was hospitalized or died. There was limited convention-associated transmission identified outside of this cluster; the larger investigation included cases of both SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) and Omicron, and all Omicron cases were associated with this group (1). Data from this investigation reinforces the importance of COVID-19 booster doses in combination with early notification and other multicomponent prevention measures to limit transmission and prevent severe illness from Omicron and other SARS-CoV-2 variants. |
Effectiveness of clinical training on improving essential newborn care practices in Bossaso, Somalia: a pre and postintervention study
Amsalu R , Morris CN , Hynes M , Had HJ , Seriki JA , Meehan K , Ayella S , Barasa SO , Couture A , Myers A , Gebru B . BMC Pediatr 2020 20 (1) 215 BACKGROUND: Increasingly, neonatal mortality is concentrated in settings of conflict and political instability. To promote evidence-based practices, an interagency collaboration developed the Newborn Health in Humanitarian Settings: Field Guide. The essential newborn care component of the Field Guide was operationalized with the use of an intervention package encompassing the training of health workers, newborn kit provisions and the installation of a newborn register. METHODS: We conducted a quasi-experimental prepost study to test the effectiveness of the intervention package on the composite outcome of essential newborn care from August 2016 to December 2018 in Bossaso, Somalia. Data from the observation of essential newborn care practices, evaluation of providers' knowledge and skills, postnatal interviews, and qualitative information were analyzed. Differences in two-proportion z-tests were used to estimate change in essential newborn care practices. A generalized estimating equation was applied to account for clustering of practice at the health facility level. RESULTS: Among the 690 pregnant women in labor who sought care at the health facilities, 89.9% (n = 620) were eligible for inclusion, 84.7% (n = 525) were enrolled, and newborn outcomes were ascertained in 79.8% (n = 419). Providers' knowledge improved from pre to posttraining, with a mean difference in score of + 11.9% (95% CI: 7.2, 16.6, p-value < 0.001) and from posttraining to 18-months after training with a mean difference of + 10.9% (95% CI: 4.7, 17.0, p-value < 0.001). The proportion of newborns who received two or more essential newborn care practices (skin-to-skin contact, early breastfeeding, and dry cord care) improved from 19.9% (95% CI: 4.9, 39.7) to 94.7% (95% CI: 87.7, 100.0). In the adjusted model that accounted for clustering at health facilities, the odds of receiving two or more essential newborn practices was 64.5 (95% CI: 15.8, 262.6, p-value < 0.001) postintervention compared to preintervention. Predischarge education offered to mothers on breastfeeding 16.5% (95% CI: 11.8, 21.1) vs 44.2% (95% CI: 38.2, 50.3) and newborn illness danger signs 9.1% (95% CI: 5.4, 12.7) vs 5.0% (95% CI: 2.4, 7.7) remained suboptimal. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention package was feasible and effective in improving essential newborn care. Knowledge and skills gained after training were mostly retained at the 18-month follow-up. |
Injury-related gaining momentum as external causes of deaths in Ethiopian health and demographic surveillance sites: evidence from verbal autopsy study
Gelaye KA , Tessema F , Tariku B , Abera SF , Gebru AA , Assefa N , Zelalem D , Dedefo M , Kondal M , Kote M , Sisay MM , Mekonnen W , Terefe MW , Biks GA , Eshetu F , Abera M , Fekadu Y , Hailu GB , Tilahun E , Lakew Y . Glob Health Action 2018 11 (1) 1430669 BACKGROUND: In Ethiopia, though all kinds of mortality due to external causes are an important component of overall mortality often not counted or documented on an individual basis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the patterns of mortality from external causes using verbal autopsy (VA) method at the Ethiopian HDSS Network sites. METHODS: All deaths at Ethiopian HDSS sites were routinely registered and followed up with VA interviews. The VA forms comprised deaths up to 28 days, between four weeks and 14 years and 15 years and above. The cause of a death was ascertained based on an interview with next of families or other caregivers using a standardized questionnaire that draws information on signs, symptoms, medical history and circumstances preceding death after 45 days mourning period. Two physician assigned probable causes of death as underlying, immediate and contributing factors independently using information in VA forms based on the WHO ICD-10 and VA code system. Disagreed cases sent to third physician for independent review and diagnosis. The final cause of death considered when two of the three physicians assigned underlying cause of death; otherwise, labeled as undetermined. RESULTS: In the period from 2009 to 2013, a total of 9719 deaths were registered. Of the total deaths, 623 (6.4%) were from external causes. Of these, accidental drowning and submersion, 136 (21.8%), accidental fall, 113 (18.1%) and transport-related accidents, 112 (18.0%) were the topmost three leading external causes of deaths. About 436 (70.0%) of deaths were from the age group above 15 years old. Drowning and submersion and transport-related accidents were high in age group between 5 and 14 years old. CONCLUSION: In this study, external causes of death are significant public health problems and require attention as one of prior health agenda. |
Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
Fitzmaurice C , Allen C , Barber RM , Barregard L , Bhutta ZA , Brenner H , Dicker DJ , Chimed-Orchir O , Dandona R , Dandona L , Fleming T , Forouzanfar MH , Hancock J , Hay RJ , Hunter-Merrill R , Huynh C , Hosgood HD , Johnson CO , Jonas JB , Khubchandani J , Kumar GA , Kutz M , Lan Q , Larson HJ , Liang X , Lim SS , Lopez AD , MacIntyre MF , Marczak L , Marquez N , Mokdad AH , Pinho C , Pourmalek F , Salomon JA , Sanabria JR , Sandar L , Sartorius B , Schwartz SM , Shackelford KA , Shibuya K , Stanaway J , Steiner C , Sun J , Takahashi K , Vollset SE , Vos T , Wagner JA , Wang H , Westerman R , Zeeb H , Zoeckler L , Abd-Allah F , Ahmed MB , Alabed S , Alam NK , Aldhahri SF , Alem G , Alemayohu MA , Ali R , Al-Raddadi R , Amare A , Amoako Y , Artaman A , Asayesh H , Atnafu N , Awasthi A , Saleem HB , Barac A , Bedi N , Bensenor I , Berhane A , Bernabe E , Betsu B , Binagwaho A , Boneya D , Campos-Nonato I , Castaneda-Orjuela C , Catala-Lopez F , Chiang P , Chibueze C , Chitheer A , Choi JY , Cowie B , Damtew S , das Neves J , Dey S , Dharmaratne S , Dhillon P , Ding E , Driscoll T , Ekwueme D , Endries AY , Farvid M , Farzadfar F , Fernandes J , Fischer F , GHiwot TT , Gebru A , Gopalani S , Hailu A , Horino M , Horita N , Husseini A , Huybrechts I , Inoue M , Islami F , Jakovljevic M , James S , Javanbakht M , Jee SH , Kasaeian A , Kedir MS , Khader YS , Khang YH , Kim D , Leigh J , Linn S , Lunevicius R , El Razek HM , Malekzadeh R , Malta DC , Marcenes W , Markos D , Melaku YA , Meles KG , Mendoza W , Mengiste DT , Meretoja TJ , Miller TR , Mohammad KA , Mohammadi A , Mohammed S , Moradi-Lakeh M , Nagel G , Nand D , Le Nguyen Q , Nolte S , Ogbo FA , Oladimeji KE , Oren E , Pa M , Park EK , Pereira DM , Plass D , Qorbani M , Radfar A , Rafay A , Rahman M , Rana SM , Soreide K , Satpathy M , Sawhney M , Sepanlou SG , Shaikh MA , She J , Shiue I , Shore HR , Shrime MG , So S , Soneji S , Stathopoulou V , Stroumpoulis K , Sufiyan MB , Sykes BL , Tabares-Seisdedos R , Tadese F , Tedla BA , Tessema GA , Thakur JS , Tran BX , Ukwaja KN , Uzochukwu BS , Vlassov VV , Weiderpass E , Wubshet Terefe M , Yebyo HG , Yimam HH , Yonemoto N , Younis MZ , Yu C , Zaidi Z , Zaki ME , Zenebe ZM , Murray CJ , Naghavi M . JAMA Oncol 2016 3 (4) 524-548 Importance: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning. Objective: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Evidence Review: Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results. Findings: In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined. Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent. Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (-6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), -10.6% to -1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant. Conclusion and Relevance: As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against cancer. However, the major findings also highlight an unmet need for cancer prevention efforts, including tobacco control, vaccination, and the promotion of physical activity and a healthy diet. |
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