Last data update: Jan 27, 2025. (Total: 48650 publications since 2009)
Records 1-8 (of 8 Records) |
Query Trace: Carty D[original query] |
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Gestational diabetes prevalence estimates from three data sources, 2018
Bolduc MLF , Mercado CI , Zhang Y , Lundeen EA , Ford ND , Bullard KM , Carty DC . Matern Child Health J 2024 INTRODUCTION: We investigated 2018 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence estimates in three surveillance systems (National Vital Statistics System, State Inpatient Database, and Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Survey). METHODS: We calculated GDM prevalence for jurisdictions represented in each system; a subset of data was analyzed for people 18-39 years old in 22 jurisdictions present in all three systems to observe dataset-specific demographics and GDM prevalence using comparable categories. RESULTS: GDM prevalence estimates varied widely by data system and within the data subset despite comparable demographics. DISCUSSION: Understanding the differences between GDM surveillance data systems can help researchers better identify people and places at higher risk of GDM. |
Addressing racial disparities in pregnancy-related deaths: An analysis of maternal mortality-related federal legislation, 2017-2021
Carty DC , Mpofu JJ , Kress AC , Robinson D , Miller SA . J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2022 31 (9) 1222-1231 There has been increasing national attention to the issue of racial disparities in pregnancy-related deaths. Federal legislation can support approaches at multiple levels of intervention to improve maternal health. As part of the CDC Policy Academy, a team of CDC staff completed a policy analysis to determine the approaches addressed in federal legislation to reduce racial disparities in pregnancy-related deaths. We analyzed federal maternal mortality legislation introduced January 2017 through December 2021. Common approaches addressed by the legislation were categorized into themes and reviewed for their alignment with approaches identified in clinical and public health literature to reduce pregnancy-related deaths, with an emphasis on social determinants of health (SDOH) approaches and reducing racial disparities. Thirty-seven unduplicated bills addressed pregnancy-related deaths, including 27 House or Senate bills that were introduced but not passed, 6 resolutions highlighting the maternal health crisis, 2 bills that passed the House only, and 2 bills enacted into law (Preventing Maternal Deaths Act of 2018 and Protecting Moms Who Served Act). The most common themes mentioned in federal legislation were improving maternal health care, addressing health inequities and SDOH, enhancing data, and promoting women's health. Legislation focused on health inequities and SDOH emphasized implicit bias training and improving SDOH, including racism and other social factors. The reviewed federal legislation reflected common clinical and public health approaches to prevent pregnancy-related deaths, including a significant focus on reducing bias and improving SDOH to address racial disparities. |
Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Prevention Among Youth: A Community Guide Systematic Review
Finnie RKC , Okasako-Schmucker DL , Buchanan L , Carty D , Wethington H , Mercer SL , Basile KC , DeGue S , Niolon PH , Bishop J , Titus T , Noursi S , Dickerson SA , Whitaker D , Swider S , Remington P . Am J Prev Med 2021 62 (1) e45-e55 INTRODUCTION: Intimate partner violence and sexual violence are widespread and often occur early in life. This systematic review examines the effectiveness of interventions for primary prevention of intimate partner violence and sexual violence among youth. METHODS: Studies were identified from 2 previous systematic reviews and an updated search (January 2012-June 2016). Included studies were implemented among youth, conducted in high-income countries, and aimed to prevent or reduce the perpetration of intimate partner violence or sexual violence. In 2016-2017, Guide to Community Preventive Services (Community Guide) methods were used to assess effectiveness as determined by perpetration, victimization, or bystander action. When heterogeneity of outcomes prevented usual Community Guide methods, the team systematically applied criteria for favorability (statistically significant at p<0.05 or approaching significance at p<0.10) and consistency (75% of results in the same direction). RESULTS: A total of 28 studies (32 arms) met inclusion and quality of execution criteria. Interventions used combinations of teaching healthy relationship skills, promoting social norms to protect against violence, or creating protective environments. Overall, 18 of 24 study arms reported favorable results on the basis of the direction of effect for decreasing perpetration; however, favorability for bystander action diminished with longer follow-up. Interventions did not demonstrate consistent results for decreasing victimization. A bridge search conducted during Fall 2020 confirmed these results. DISCUSSION: Interventions for the primary prevention of intimate partner violence and sexual violence are effective in reducing perpetration. Increasing bystander action may require additional follow-up as effectiveness diminishes over time. Findings may inform researchers, school personnel, public health, and other decision makers about effective strategies to prevent intimate partner violence and sexual violence among youth. |
Combination of indoor residual spraying with long-lasting insecticide-treated nets for malaria control in Zambezia, Mozambique: a cluster randomised trial and cost-effectiveness study protocol
Chaccour CJ , Alonso S , Zulliger R , Wagman J , Saifodine A , Candrinho B , Macete E , Brew J , Fornadel C , Kassim H , Loch L , Sacoor C , Varela K , Carty CL , Robertson M , Saute F . BMJ Glob Health 2018 3 (1) e000610 Background: Most of the reduction in malaria prevalence seen in Africa since 2000 has been attributed to vector control interventions. Yet increases in the distribution and intensity of insecticide resistance and higher costs of newer insecticides pose a challenge to sustaining these gains. Thus, endemic countries face challenging decisions regarding the choice of vector control interventions. Methods: A cluster randomised trial is being carried out in Mopeia District in the Zambezia Province of Mozambique, where malaria prevalence in children under 5 is high (68% in 2015), despite continuous and campaign distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs). Study arm 1 will continue to use the standard, LLIN-based National Malaria Control Programme vector control strategy (LLINs only), while study arm 2 will receive indoor residual spraying (IRS) once a year for 2 years with a microencapsulated formulation of pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic 300 CS), in addition to the standard LLIN strategy (LLINs+IRS). Prior to the 2016 IRS implementation (the first of two IRS campaigns in this study), 146 clusters were defined and stratified per number of households. Clusters were then randomised 1:1 into the two study arms. The public health impact and cost-effectiveness of IRS intervention will be evaluated over 2 years using multiple methods: (1) monthly active malaria case detection in a cohort of 1548 total children aged 6-59 months; (2) enhanced passive surveillance at health facilities and with community health workers; (3) annual cross-sectional surveys; and (4) entomological surveillance. Prospective microcosting of the intervention and provider and societal costs will be conducted. Insecticide resistance status pattern and changes in local Anopheline populations will be included as important supportive outcomes. Discussion: By evaluating the public health impact and cost-effectiveness of IRS with a non-pyrethroid insecticide in a high-transmission setting with high LLIN ownership, it is expected that this study will provide programmatic and policy-relevant data to guide national and global vector control strategies. Trial registration number: NCT02910934. |
Retention of South African adolescents in a 54-month longitudinal HIV risk reduction trial
Icard LD , Jemmott JB , Carty C , O'Leary A , Sidloyi L , Hsu J , Tyler J , Martinez O . Prev Sci 2017 18 (5) 534-540 Retention of participants in clinical trials is a central concern of HIV/STI behavioral researchers and research sponsors. This article describes the strategies used for addressing the challenges in retaining South African adolescents for a 54-month longitudinal study. The objective of the South African adolescent health promotion long-term follow-up trial was to test the sustainability of the effects of an HIV/STI risk reduction intervention, "Let Us Protect Our Future," on young adolescents as they aged into middle and late adolescence. Inaccurate contact information, invalid mobile telephone numbers, lack of transportation, transitory family addresses, and family relocation were among the challenges to retaining participants. Despite a significant gap in time of 36 months between the main trial and the long-term follow-up study, 99.2% of 1057 participants were retained. Solutions used for retaining the adolescents are discussed with suggestions offered for retaining adolescents in longitudinal HIV/STI prevention clinical trials in low resource countries. |
HIV/STI risk-reduction intervention efficacy with South African adolescents over 54 months
Jemmott JB 3rd , Jemmott LS , O'Leary A , Ngwane Z , Lewis DA , Bellamy SL , Icard LD , Carty C , Heeren GA , Tyler JC , Makiwane MB , Teitelman A . Health Psychol 2015 34 (6) 610-21 OBJECTIVE: Little research has tested HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk-reduction interventions' effects on early adolescents as they age into middle and late adolescence. This study tested whether intervention-induced reductions in unprotected intercourse during a 12-month period endured over a 54-month period and whether the intervention reduced the prevalence of STIs, which increase risk for HIV. METHOD: Grade 6 learners (mean age = 12.4 years) participated in a 12-month trial in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, in which 9 matched pairs of schools were randomly selected and within pairs randomized to a theory-based HIV/STI risk-reduction intervention or an attention-control intervention. They completed 42- and 54-month postintervention measures of unprotected intercourse (the primary outcome), other sexual behaviors, theoretical constructs, and, at 42- and 54-month follow-up only, biologically confirmed curable STIs (chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis) and herpes simplex virus 2. RESULTS: The HIV/STI risk-reduction intervention reduced unprotected intercourse averaged over the entire follow-up period (OR = 0.42, 95% CI [0.22, 0.84]), an effect not significantly reduced at 42- and 54-month follow-up compared with 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. The intervention caused positive changes on theoretical constructs averaged over the 5 follow-ups, although most effects weakened at long-term follow-up. Although the intervention's main effect on STIs was nonsignificant, an Intervention Condition x Time interaction revealed that it significantly reduced curable STIs at 42-month follow-up in adolescents who reported sexual experience. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that theory-based behavioral interventions with early adolescents can have long-lived effects in the context of a generalized severe HIV epidemic. |
Theory-based behavioral intervention increases self-reported physical activity in South African men: a cluster-randomized controlled trial
Jemmott JB 3rd , Jemmott LS , Ngwane Z , Zhang J , Heeren GA , Icard LD , O'Leary A , Mtose X , Teitelman A , Carty C . Prev Med 2014 64 114-20 OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a health-promotion intervention increases South African men's adherence to physical-activity guidelines. METHOD: We utilized a cluster-randomized controlled trial design. Eligible clusters, residential neighborhoods near East London, South Africa, were matched in pairs. Within randomly selected pairs, neighborhoods were randomized to theory-based, culturally congruent health-promotion intervention encouraging physical activity or attention-matched HIV/STI risk-reduction control intervention. Men residing in the neighborhoods and reporting coitus in the previous 3months were eligible. Primary outcome was self-reported individual-level adherence to physical-activity guidelines averaged over 6-month and 12-month post-intervention assessments. Data were collected in 2007-2010. Data collectors, but not facilitators or participants, were blind to group assignment. RESULTS: Primary outcome intention-to-treat analysis included 22 of 22 clusters and 537 of 572 men in the health-promotion intervention and 22 of 22 clusters and 569 of 609 men in the attention-control intervention. Model-estimated probability of meeting physical-activity guidelines was 51.0% in the health-promotion intervention and 44.7% in attention-matched control (OR=1.34; 95% CI, 1.09-1.63), adjusting for baseline prevalence and clustering from 44 neighborhoods. CONCLUSION: A theory-based culturally congruent intervention increased South African men's self-reported physical activity, a key contributor to deaths from non-communicable diseases in South Africa. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01490359. |
Cluster-randomized controlled trial of an HIV/sexually transmitted infection risk-reduction intervention for South African men
Jemmott JB 3rd , Jemmott LS , O'Leary A , Ngwane Z , Icard LD , Heeren GA , Mtose X , Carty C . Am J Public Health 2014 104 (3) 467-73 OBJECTIVES: We tested the efficacy of a sexual risk-reduction intervention for men in South Africa, where heterosexual exposure is the main mode of HIV transmission. METHODS: Matched-pairs of neighborhoods in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, were randomly selected and within pairs randomized to 1 of 2 interventions based on social cognitive theory and qualitative research: HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk-reduction, targeting condom use, or attention-matched control, targeting health issues unrelated to sexual risks. Sexually active men aged 18 to 45 years were eligible. The primary outcome was consistent condom use in the past 3 months. RESULTS: Of 1181 participants, 1106 (93.6%) completed the 12-month follow-up. HIV and STI risk-reduction participants had higher odds of reporting consistent condom use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.71) and condom use at last vaginal intercourse (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.08, 1.82) than did attention-control participants, adjusting for baseline prevalence. No differences were observed on unprotected intercourse or multiple partnerships. Findings did not differ for sex with steady as opposed to casual partners. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral interventions specifically targeting men can contribute to efforts to reduce sexual risk behaviors in South Africa. |
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- Page last updated:Jan 27, 2025
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