Last data update: Jun 03, 2024. (Total: 46935 publications since 2009)
Records 1-11 (of 11 Records) |
Query Trace: Cartwright EJ [original query] |
---|
Advancing hepatitis C elimination through opt-out universal screening and treatment in carceral settings, United States
McNamara M , Furukawa N , Cartwright EJ . Emerg Infect Dis 2024 30 (13) S80-s87 Incarcerated persons are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) at rates ≈10 times higher than that of the general population in the United States. To achieve national hepatitis C elimination goals, the diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C in incarcerated persons must be prioritized. In 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that all persons receive opt-out HCV screening upon entry into a carceral setting. We review recommendations, treatments, and policy strategies used to promote HCV opt-out universal HCV screening and treatment in incarcerated populations in the United States. Treatment of hepatitis C in carceral settings has increased but varies by jurisdiction and is not sufficient to achieve HCV elimination. Strengthening universal HCV screening and treatment of HCV-infected incarcerated persons is necessary for HCV elimination nationwide. |
CDC's new hepatitis C virus testing recommendations for perinatally exposed infants and children: A step towards hepatitis C elimination
Panagiotakopoulos L , Miele K , Cartwright EJ , Kamili S , Furukawa N , Woodworth K , Tong VT , Kim SY , Wester C , Sandul AL . J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024 New U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing of perinatally exposed infants and children released in 2023 recommend a nucleic acid test (NAT) for detection of HCV ribonucleic acid (i.e., NAT for HCV RNA) at 2-6 months of age to facilitate early identification and linkage to care for children with perinatally acquired HCV infection. Untreated hepatitis C can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and premature death and is caused by HCV, a blood-borne virus transmitted most often among adults through injection drug use in the United States. Perinatal exposure from a birth parent with HCV infection is the most frequent mode of HCV transmission among infants and children. New HCV infections have been increasing since 2010, with the highest rates of infection among people aged 20-39 years, leading to an increasing prevalence of HCV infection during pregnancy. In 2020, the CDC recommended one-time HCV screening for all adults aged 18 years and older and for all pregnant persons during each pregnancy. Detecting HCV infection during pregnancy is key for the identification of pregnant persons, linkage to care for postpartum treatment, and identification of infants with perinatal exposure for HCV testing. It was previously recommended that children who were exposed to HCV during pregnancy receive an antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) test at 18 months of age; however, most children were lost to follow-up before testing occurred, leaving children with perinatal infection undiagnosed. The new strategy of testing perinatally exposed children at age 2-6 months was found to be cost-effective in increasing the identification of infants who might develop chronic hepatitis C. This report describes the current perinatal HCV testing recommendations and how they advance national hepatitis C elimination efforts by improving the health of pregnant and postpartum people and their children. |
Opportunities for enhanced prevention and control of hepatitis C through improved screening and testing efforts
Cartwright EJ , Patel PR . J Infect Dis 2023 An estimated 2.4 million people in the United States are living with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated hepatitis C screening recommendations to test adults aged ≥ 18 years at least once in a lifetime and pregnant persons during each pregnancy. For those with ongoing exposure to HCV, periodic testing is recommended. The recommended testing sequence is to obtain an HCV antibody test and, when positive, perform an HCV RNA test. Examination of HCV care cascades has found incomplete HCV testing occurs when a separate visit is required to obtain the HCV RNA test. Hepatitis C core antigen (HCVcAg) testing has been shown to be a useful tool for diagnosing current HCV infection is some settings. Hepatitis C testing that is completed, accurate, and efficient is necessary to achieve hepatitis C elimination goals. |
Updated operational guidance for implementing CDC's recommendations on testing for hepatitis C virus infection
Cartwright EJ , Patel P , Kamili S , Wester C . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023 72 (28) 766-768 Current hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing guidance recommends a two-step testing sequence for diagnosis of HCV infection. Performing an HCV RNA test whenever an HCV antibody test is reactive (complete testing) is critical to achieve national HCV elimination goals. When an HCV antibody test is reactive and no HCV RNA test is performed, testing is considered incomplete. Historically, approximately one third of patients have incomplete testing. This update clarifies that all sites performing HCV screening should ensure single-visit sample collection. This approach allows for automatic HCV RNA testing when an HCV antibody test is reactive to avoid incomplete testing. Use of strategies that require multiple visits to collect HCV testing samples should be discontinued. Automatic HCV RNA testing on all HCV antibody reactive samples will increase the percentage of patients with current HCV infection who are linked to care and receive curative antiviral therapy. |
A multistate investigation of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype I 4,[5],12:i:- infections as part of an international outbreak associated with frozen feeder rodents
Cartwright EJ , Nguyen T , Melluso C , Ayers T , Lane C , Hodges A , Li X , Quammen J , Yendell SJ , Adams J , Mitchell J , Rickert R , Klos R , Williams IT , Barton Behravesh C , Wright J . Zoonoses Public Health 2015 63 (1) 62-71 While most human Salmonella infections result from exposure to contaminated foods, an estimated 11% of all Salmonella infections are attributed to animal exposures, including both direct animal handling and indirect exposures such as cleaning cages and handling contaminated pet food. This report describes the epidemiologic, environmental and laboratory investigations conducted in the United States as part of the response to an international outbreak of tetracycline-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype I 4,[5],12:i:- infections with over 500 illnesses occurring from 2008 to 2010. This investigation found that illness due to the outbreak strain was significantly associated with exposure to pet reptiles and frozen feeder rodents used as food for pet reptiles. Salmonella isolates indistinguishable from the outbreak strain were isolated from a frozen feeder mice-fed reptile owned by a case patient, as well as from frozen feeder mice and environmental samples collected from a rodent producing facility (Company A). An international voluntary recall of all Company A produced frozen feeder animals sold between May 2009 and July 2010 occurred. Only 13% of cases in our investigation were aware of the association between Salmonella infection and mice or rats. Consumers, the pet industry, healthcare providers and veterinarians need to be aware of the potential health risk posed by feeder rodents, whether live or frozen. Frozen feeder rodent producers, suppliers and distributors should follow the animal food labelling requirements as described in 21 CFR section sign501.5, and all packages of frozen feeder rodents should include safe handling instructions. Persons should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling live or frozen feeder rodents, as well as reptiles or anything in the area where the animals live. Continued opportunities exist for public health officials, the pet industry, veterinarians and consumers to work together to prevent salmonellosis associated with pet food, pets and other animals. |
Diarrheal illness among US residents providing medical services in Haiti during the cholera epidemic, 2010 to 2011
Schilling KA , Cartwright EJ , Stamper J , Locke M , Esposito DH , Balaban V , Mintz E . J Travel Med 2014 21 (1) 55-7 Although nosocomial transmission of cholera is rare, two US healthcare workers (HCW) became ill with cholera after providing medical services during the Haiti cholera epidemic. To assess the incidence of diarrheal illness and explore preventive health behaviors practiced by US residents who provided medical services in Haiti, we conducted a cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based survey. We e-mailed 896 participants from 50 US-based, health-focused non-governmental organizations (NGOs), of whom 381 (43%) completed the survey. Fifty-six percent of respondents (n = 215) reported providing some care for patients with cholera. Diarrhea was reported by 31 (8%) respondents. One person was diagnosed with cholera by serologic testing. NGOs responding to international emergencies should ensure ample access to basic hygiene supplies and should promote their use to reduce the incidence of diarrheal illness among HCW working overseas. |
Recurrent epidemic cholera with high mortality in Cameroon: persistent challenges 40 years into the seventh pandemic
Cartwright EJ , Patel MK , Mbopi-Keou FX , Ayers T , Haenke B , Wagenaar BH , Mintz E , Quick R . Epidemiol Infect 2013 141 (10) 1-11 SUMMARY: Cameroon has experienced recurrent cholera epidemics with high mortality rates. In September 2009, epidemic cholera was detected in the Far North region of Cameroon and the reported case-fatality rate was 12%. We conducted village-, healthcare facility- and community-level surveys to investigate reasons for excess cholera mortality. Results of this investigation suggest that cholera patients who died were less likely to seek care, receive rehydration therapy and antibiotics at a healthcare facility, and tended to live further from healthcare facilities. Furthermore, use of oral rehydration salts at home was very low in both decedents and survivors. Despite the many challenges inherent to delivering care in Cameroon, practical measures could be taken to reduce cholera mortality in this region, including the timely provision of treatment supplies, training of healthcare workers, establishment of rehydration centres, and promotion of household water treatment and enhanced handwashing with soap. |
Listeriosis outbreaks and associated food vehicles, United States, 1998-2008
Cartwright EJ , Jackson KA , Johnson SD , Graves LM , Silk BJ , Mahon BE . Emerg Infect Dis 2013 19 (1) 1-9 Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterial foodborne pathogen, can cause meningitis, bacteremia, and complications during pregnancy. This report summarizes listeriosis outbreaks reported to the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during 1998-2008. The study period includes the advent of PulseNet (a national molecular subtyping network for outbreak detection) in 1998 and the Listeria Initiative (enhanced surveillance for outbreak investigation) in 2004. Twenty-four confirmed listeriosis outbreaks were reported during 1998-2008, resulting in 359 illnesses, 215 hospitalizations, and 38 deaths. Outbreaks earlier in the study period were generally larger and longer. Serotype 4b caused the largest number of outbreaks and outbreak-associated cases. Ready-to-eat meats caused more early outbreaks, and novel vehicles (i.e., sprouts, taco/nacho salad) were associated with outbreaks later in the study period. These changes may reflect the effect of PulseNet and the Listeria Initiative and regulatory initiatives designed to prevent contamination in ready-to-eat meat and poultry products. |
Vibrio mimicus infection associated with crayfish consumption, Spokane, Washington, 2010
Kay MK , Cartwright EJ , Maceachern D , McCullough J , Barzilay E , Mintz E , Duchin JS , MacDonald K , Turnsek M , Tarr C , Talkington D , Newton A , Marfin AA . J Food Prot 2012 75 (4) 762-4 We report a cluster of severe diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio mimicus infection among four persons who had consumed leftover crayfish the day after a private crayfish boil. Gastrointestinal illness caused by Vibrio mimicus has not been reported previously in Washington State. Three cases were laboratory confirmed by stool culture; using PCR, isolates were found to have ctx genes that encode cholera toxin (CT). Two of the cases were hospitalized under intensive care with a cholera-like illness. The illnesses were most likely caused by cross-contamination of cooked crayfish with uncooked crayfish; however, V. mimicus was not isolated nor were CT genes detected by PCR in leftover samples of frozen crayfish. Clinicians should be aware that V. mimicus can produce CT and that V. mimicus infection can cause severe illness. |
Rapid assessment of cholera-related deaths, Artibonite Department, Haiti, 2010
Routh JA , Loharikar A , Fouche MDB , Cartwright EJ , Roy SL , Ailes E , Archer WR , Tappero JW , Roels TH , Dahourou G , Quick RE . Emerg Infect Dis 2011 17 (11) 2139-2142 We evaluated a high (6%) cholera case-fatality rate in Haiti. Of 39 community decedents, only 23% consumed oral rehydration salts at home, and 59% did not seek care, whereas 54% of 48 health facility decedents died after overnight admission. Early in the cholera epidemic, care was inadequate or nonexistent. |
Transmission of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (formerly Chryseobacterium meningosepticum) to tissue-allograft recipients: a report of two cases
Cartwright EJ , Prabhu RM , Zinderman CE , Schobert WE , Jensen B , Noble-Wang J , Church K , Welsh C , Kuehnert M , Burke TL , Srinivasan A . J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010 92-A (6) 1501-1506 According to the American Association of Tissue Banks,over 1.5 million allografts are distributed annually inthe United States1. Recent incidents involving the dis-tribution of human tissues from donors not properly screenedfor infectious diseases have highlighted concerns for diseasetransmission through transplanted tissues2-4. Although rarelyreported, allograft-associated infections have been associatedwith a variety of organisms and tissue types4. In all of thepreviously published reports, organisms were transmittedfrom the donor, because of either an unrecognized infection orcontamination during tissue recovery. However, in the fall of2006, we investigated the cases of two patients who had allograft-associated surgical site infections caused byElizabethkingiameningoseptica(formerlyChryseobacterium meningosepticum),detected by orthopaedic surgeons, that may have been theresult of environmental contamination at one firm duringprocessing of tissues from different donors.Elizabethkingia meningosepticais a waterborne, gram-negative rod widely distributed in nature that rarely infectshumans. It has been reported as a cause of neonatal meningitis,pneumonia in patients on ventilator support, peritonitis in apatient receiving peritoneal dialysis, and community-acquirednecrotizing fasciitis5-9. The species is usually resistant to multipleantibiotics, including extended-spectrum beta-lactam agents,aminoglycosides, and vancomycin |
- Page last reviewed:Feb 1, 2024
- Page last updated:Jun 03, 2024
- Content source:
- Powered by CDC PHGKB Infrastructure