Last data update: Oct 28, 2024. (Total: 48004 publications since 2009)
Records 1-17 (of 17 Records) |
Query Trace: Blackburn D[original query] |
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Seroprevalence and risk factors for toxoplasma gondii infection in women of reproductive age in Nigeria in 2018
Blackburn D , Mba N , Nwachukwu W , Zhou H , Hill A , Abbott A , Parameswaran N , Awala S , Greby S , Alagi M , Iriemenam NC , Okoye MI , Swaminathan M , Priest JW , Martin D , Straily A , Ihekweazu C . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024 Congenital transmission of Toxoplasma gondii can occur when a woman becomes infected for the first time during or just before pregnancy. Toxoplasma gondii in the fetus can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, ocular or neurological abnormalities at birth, or progressive visual, hearing, motor, and cognitive deficiencies. The national seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in Nigeria was previously unknown. The 2018 Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey collected demographic, socioeconomic, and HIV-related data and stored blood specimens with consent for future analysis for other pathogens of public health importance. We evaluated toxoplasmosis seropositivity and risk factors in a sample of 44,269 women of reproductive age (WRA) between 15 and 44 years. The national T. gondii seroprevalence among WRA was 26.8% (95% CI: 25.8-27.7%). We found that WRA from all 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory had T. gondii exposure. Seroprevalence was higher in 25- to 44-year-olds than in 15- to 24-year-olds. A similar proportion of pregnant and nonpregnant women were seropositive. Increased odds of seropositivity were associated with unimproved toilet facilities and drinking water sources, being in a higher wealth quintile, and primary and secondary education compared with no education. Decreased odds of seropositivity were associated with living in an urban area and owning livestock. This study provides the first-ever national seroprevalence estimate for WRA in Nigeria. Although information on known risk factors for toxoplasmosis (e.g., consumption of undercooked meat, cat ownership) was not collected, future studies could further investigate potential risk factors to inform the development of effective toxoplasmosis prevention measures. |
Outbreak of locally acquired mosquito-transmitted (autochthonous) malaria - Florida and Texas, May-July 2023
Blackburn D , Drennon M , Broussard K , Morrison AM , Stanek D , Sarney E , Ferracci C , Huard S , Brennan W , Eaton J , Nealeigh S , Barber N , Zimler RA , Adams JN , Blackmore C , Gordillo M , Mercado R , Vore H , Scanlan K , Motie I , Stanfield L , Farooq A , Widel K , Tomson K , Kerr N , Nasir J , Cone M , Rice C , Larkin T , Hernandez E , Bencie J , Lesser CR , Dersch M , Ramirez-Lachmann S , Clark M , Rollo S , Bashadi A , Tyler R , Bolling B , Moore B , Sullivan B , Fonken E , Castillo R , Gonzalez Y , Olivares G , Mace KE , Sayre D , Lenhart A , Sutcliffe A , Dotson E , Corredor C , Rogers E , Raphael BH , Sapp SGH , Qvarnstrom Y , Ridpath AD , McElroy PD . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023 72 (36) 973-978 Eight cases of locally acquired, mosquito-transmitted (i.e., autochthonous) Plasmodium vivax malaria, which has not been reported in the United States since 2003, were reported to CDC from state health departments in Florida and Texas during May 18-July 17, 2023. As of August 4, 2023, case surveillance, mosquito surveillance and control activities, and public outreach and education activities continue in both states. U.S. clinicians need to consider a malaria diagnosis in patients with unexplained fever, especially in areas where autochthonous malaria has been recently reported, although the risk for autochthonous malaria in the United States remains very low. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of malaria can prevent severe disease or death and limit ongoing transmission to local Anopheles mosquitoes and other persons. Preventing mosquito bites and controlling mosquitoes at home can prevent mosquitoborne diseases, including malaria. Before traveling internationally to areas with endemic malaria, travelers should consult with a health care provider regarding recommended malaria prevention measures, including potentially taking malaria prophylaxis. Malaria is a nationally notifiable disease; continued reporting of malaria cases to jurisdictional health departments and CDC will also help ensure robust surveillance to detect and prevent autochthonous malaria in the United States. |
Epidemiologic and clinical features of mpox in transgender and gender-diverse adults - United States, May-November 2022
Blackburn D , Roth NM , Gold JAW , Pao LZ , Olansky E , Torrone EA , McClung RP , Ellington SR , Delaney KP , Carnes N , Dawson P . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022 71 (5152) 1605-1609 As of November 9, 2022, a total of 28,730 cases of monkeypox (mpox) had been reported in the United States,* primarily among adult cisgender men reporting recent male-to-male sexual contact (1). Transgender and gender-diverse persons, who constitute an estimated 0.5% of the U.S. adult population,(†) face unique health disparities and barriers to care (2-4). However, data on the epidemiologic and clinical features of Monkeypox virus infections in this population are limited (5). CDC analyzed U.S. case surveillance data on mpox cases in transgender and gender-diverse adults reported during May 17-November 4, 2022. During this period, 466 mpox cases in transgender and gender-diverse adults were reported, accounting for 1.7% of reported cases among adults. Most were in transgender women (43.1%) or gender-diverse persons (42.1%); 14.8% were in transgender men. Among 374 (80.3%) mpox cases in transgender and gender-diverse adults with information available on sexual or close intimate contact, 276 (73.8%) reported sexual or close intimate contact with a cisgender male partner during the 3 weeks preceding symptom onset. During the ongoing outbreak, transgender and gender-diverse persons have been disproportionately affected by mpox. Members of this population frequently reported recent sexual or close intimate contact with cisgender men, who might be in sexual networks experiencing the highest incidence of mpox. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring public health prevention and outreach efforts to transgender and gender-diverse communities and could guide strategies to reduce mpox transmission. |
Human rabies - Texas, 2021
Blackburn D , Minhaj FS , Al Hammoud R , Orciari L , Miller J , Maness T , Stewart J , Singletary B , Ledezma E , Ellsworth M , Carlo-Angleró A , Niezgoda M , Gigante CM , Rao AK , Satheshkumar PS , Heresi GP , Kieffer A , Wallace RM . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022 71 (49) 1547-1549 In late August 2021, a boy aged 7 years was bitten by a bat while he was playing outside his apartment home in Medina County, Texas. He informed his parents; however, no rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) was sought because there were no visible bite marks, and the family was unaware that contact with a bat, including in the absence of visible bite marks, might cause rabies. Approximately 2 months later, the child was hospitalized for altered mental status, seizures, and hypersalivation and ultimately received a diagnosis of rabies. Experimental therapies were attempted; however, the child died 22 days after symptom onset. Fifty-seven persons who met criteria for suspected or known exposure to infectious secretions in this case were advised to consult with a medical provider about the need for rabies PEP in accordance with Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) guidelines (1). Rabies, an acute, progressive neuroencephalitis, is nearly always fatal. Although dogs are the most common source of human rabies deaths worldwide and account for an estimated 59,000 annual cases of human rabies globally (2), bats are the most common source of domestically acquired rabies in the United States and have been implicated in 31 (81.6%) of 38 human infections since 2000 (3). Attempts to prevent death or poor neurologic outcomes once rabies symptoms develop have been largely unsuccessful (4). Administration of rabies PEP, comprising rabies immunoglobulin and a series of doses of rabies vaccine, is critical to preventing rabies after an exposure; enhanced public education about the risk posed by bats, and the availability of PEP to prevent rabies, is needed. |
High Case-Fatality Rate for Human Anthrax, Northern Ghana, 2005-2016
Blackburn JK , Kenu E , Asiedu-Bekoe F , Sarkodie B , Kracalik IT , Bower WA , Stoddard RA , Traxler RM . Emerg Infect Dis 2021 27 (4) 1216-1219 The human cutaneous anthrax case-fatality rate is ≈1% when treated, 5%-20% when untreated. We report high case-fatality rates (median 35.0%; 95% CI 21.1%-66.7%) during 2005-2016 linked to livestock handling in northern Ghana, where veterinary resources are limited. Livestock vaccination and access to human treatment should be evaluated. |
Reactivation of Chagas disease in a patient with an autoimmune rheumatic disease: Case report and review of the literature
Czech MM , Nayak AK , Subramanian K , Suarez JF , Ferguson J , Jacobson KB , Montgomery SP , Chang M , Bae GH , Raghavan SS , Wang H , Miranti E , Budvytiene I , Shoor SM , Banaei N , Rieger K , Deresinski S , Holubar M , Blackburn BG . Open Forum Infect Dis 2021 8 (2) ofaa642 Reactivation of Chagas disease has been described in immunosuppressed patients, but there is a paucity of literature describing reactivation in patients on immunosuppressive therapies for the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. We describe a case of Chagas disease reactivation in a woman taking azathioprine and prednisone for limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc). Reactivation manifested as indurated and erythematous cutaneous nodules. Sequencing of a skin biopsy specimen confirmed the diagnosis of Chagas disease. She was treated with benznidazole with clinical improvement in the cutaneous lesions. However, her clinical course was complicated and included disseminated CMV disease and subsequent septic shock due to bacteremia. Our case and review of the literature highlight that screening for Chagas disease should be strongly considered for patients who will undergo immunosuppression for treatment of autoimmune disease if epidemiologically indicated. |
Conserved Oligomeric Golgi (COG) Complex Proteins Facilitate Orthopoxvirus Entry, Fusion and Spread.
Realegeno S , Priyamvada L , Kumar A , Blackburn JB , Hartloge C , Puschnik AS , Sambhara S , Olson VA , Carette JE , Lupashin V , Satheshkumar PS . Viruses 2020 12 (7) Although orthopoxviruses (OPXV) are known to encode a majority of the genes required for replication in host cells, genome-wide genetic screens have revealed that several host pathways are indispensable for OPXV infection. Through a haploid genetic screen, we previously identified several host genes required for monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection, including the individual genes that form the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. The COG complex is an eight-protein (COG1-COG8) vesicle tethering complex important for regulating membrane trafficking, glycosylation enzymes, and maintaining Golgi structure. In this study, we investigated the role of the COG complex in OPXV infection using cell lines with individual COG gene knockout (KO) mutations. COG KO cells infected with MPXV and vaccinia virus (VACV) produced small plaques and a lower virus yield compared to wild type (WT) cells. In cells where the KO phenotype was reversed using a rescue plasmid, the size of virus plaques increased demonstrating a direct link between the decrease in viral spread and the KO of COG genes. KO cells infected with VACV displayed lower levels of viral fusion and entry compared to WT suggesting that the COG complex is important for early events in OPXV infection. Additionally, fewer actin tails were observed in VACV-infected KO cells compared to WT. Since COG complex proteins are required for cellular trafficking of glycosylated membrane proteins, the disruption of this process due to lack of individual COG complex proteins may potentially impair the virus-cell interactions required for viral entry and egress. These data validate that the COG complex previously identified in our genetic screens plays a role in OPXV infection. |
Weight change 2 years after termination of the intensive lifestyle intervention in the Look AHEAD Study
Chao AM , Wadden TA , Berkowitz RI , Blackburn G , Bolin P , Clark JM , Coday M , Curtis JM , Delahanty LM , Dutton GR , Evans M , Ewing LJ , Foreyt JP , Gay LJ , Gregg EW , Hazuda HP , Hill JO , Horton ES , Houston DK , Jakicic JM , Jeffery RW , Johnson KC , Kahn SE , Knowler WC , Kure A , Michalski KL , Montez MG , Neiberg RH , Patricio J , Peters A , Pi-Sunyer X , Pownall H , Reboussin D , Redmon B , Rejeski WJ , Steinburg H , Walker M , Williamson DA , Wing RR , Wyatt H , Yanovski SZ , Zhang P . Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020 28 (5) 893-901 OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated weight changes after cessation of the 10-year intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) study. It was hypothesized that ILI participants would be more likely to gain weight during the 2-year observational period following termination of weight-loss-maintenance counseling than would participants in the diabetes support and education (DSE) control group. METHODS: Look AHEAD was a randomized controlled trial that compared the effects of ILI and DSE on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in participants with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes. Look AHEAD was converted to an observational study in September 2012. RESULTS: Two years after the end of the intervention (EOI), ILI and DSE participants lost a mean (SE) of 1.2 (0.2) kg and 1.8 (0.2) kg, respectively (P = 0.003). In addition, 31% of ILI and 23.9% of DSE participants gained >/= 2% (P < 0.001) of EOI weight, whereas 36.3% and 45.9% of the respective groups lost >/= 2% of EOI weight (P = 0.001). Two years after the EOI, ILI participants reported greater use of weight-control behaviors than DSE participants. CONCLUSIONS: Both groups lost weight during the 2-year follow-up period, but more ILI than DSE participants gained >/= 2% of EOI weight. Further understanding is needed of factors that affected long-term weight change in both groups. |
History of cardiovascular disease, intensive lifestyle intervention, and cardiovascular outcomes in the Look AHEAD Trial
Lewis CE , Bantle JP , Bertoni AG , Blackburn G , Brancati FL , Bray GA , Cheskin LJ , Curtis JM , Egan C , Evans M , Foreyt JP , Ghazarian S , Barone Gibbs B , Glasser SP , Gregg EW , Hazuda HP , Hesson L , Hill JO , Horton ES , Hubbard VS , Jakicic JM , Jeffery RW , Johnson KC , Kahn SE , Kitabchi AE , Kitzman D , Knowler WC , Lipkin E , Michaels S , Montez MG , Nathan DM , Nyenwe E , Patricio J , Peters A , Pi-Sunyer X , Pownall H , Reboussin DM , Ryan DH , Wadden TA , Wagenknecht LE , Wyatt H , Wing RR , Yanovski SZ . Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020 28 (2) 247-258 OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) on cardiovascular disease (CVD), the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial randomized 5,145 participants with type 2 diabetes and overweight/obesity to a ILI or diabetes support and education. Although the primary outcome did not differ between the groups, there was suggestive evidence of heterogeneity for prespecified baseline CVD history subgroups (interaction P = 0.063). Event rates were higher in the ILI group among those with a CVD history (hazard ratio 1.13 [95% CI: 0.90-1.41]) and lower among those without CVD (hazard ratio 0.86 [95% CI: 0.72-1.02]). METHODS: This study conducted post hoc analyses of the rates of the primary composite outcome and components, adjudicated cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and hospitalization for angina, as well as three secondary composite cardiovascular outcomes. RESULTS: Interaction P values for the primary and two secondary composites were similar (0.060-0.064). Of components, the interaction was significant for nonfatal MI (P = 0.035). This interaction was not due to confounding by baseline variables, different intervention responses for weight loss and physical fitness, or hypoglycemic events. In those with a CVD history, statin use was high and similar by group. In those without a CVD history, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher (P = 0.003) and statin use was lower (P </= 0.001) in the ILI group. CONCLUSIONS: Intervention response heterogeneity was significant for nonfatal MI. Response heterogeneity may need consideration in a CVD-outcome trial design. |
Modeling the environmental suitability of anthrax in Ghana and estimating populations at risk: Implications for vaccination and control
Kracalik IT , Kenu E , Ayamdooh EN , Allegye-Cudjoe E , Polkuu PN , Frimpong JA , Nyarko KM , Bower WA , Traxler R , Blackburn JK . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017 11 (10) e0005885 Anthrax is hyper-endemic in West Africa. Despite the effectiveness of livestock vaccines in controlling anthrax, underreporting, logistics, and limited resources makes implementing vaccination campaigns difficult. To better understand the geographic limits of anthrax, elucidate environmental factors related to its occurrence, and identify human and livestock populations at risk, we developed predictive models of the environmental suitability of anthrax in Ghana. We obtained data on the location and date of livestock anthrax from veterinary and outbreak response records in Ghana during 2005-2016, as well as livestock vaccination registers and population estimates of characteristically high-risk groups. To predict the environmental suitability of anthrax, we used an ensemble of random forest (RF) models built using a combination of climatic and environmental factors. From 2005 through the first six months of 2016, there were 67 anthrax outbreaks (851 cases) in livestock; outbreaks showed a seasonal peak during February through April and primarily involved cattle. There was a median of 19,709 vaccine doses [range: 0-175 thousand] administered annually. Results from the RF model suggest a marked ecological divide separating the broad areas of environmental suitability in northern Ghana from the southern part of the country. Increasing alkaline soil pH was associated with a higher probability of anthrax occurrence. We estimated 2.2 (95% CI: 2.0, 2.5) million livestock and 805 (95% CI: 519, 890) thousand low income rural livestock keepers were located in anthrax risk areas. Based on our estimates, the current anthrax vaccination efforts in Ghana cover a fraction of the livestock potentially at risk, thus control efforts should be focused on improving vaccine coverage among high risk groups. |
Serious bacterial infections acquired during treatment of patients given a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease - United States
Marzec NS , Nelson C , Waldron PR , Blackburn BG , Hosain S , Greenhow T , Green GM , Lomen-Hoerth C , Golden M , Mead PS . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017 66 (23) 607-609 The term "chronic Lyme disease" is used by some health care providers as a diagnosis for various constitutional, musculoskeletal, and neuropsychiatric symptoms (1,2). Patients with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease have been provided a wide range of medications as treatment, including long courses of intravenous (IV) antibiotics (3,4). Studies have not shown that such treatments lead to substantial long-term improvement for patients, and they can be harmful (1,5). This report describes cases of septic shock, osteomyelitis, Clostridium difficile colitis, and paraspinal abscess resulting from treatments for chronic Lyme disease. Patients, clinicians, and public health practitioners should be aware that treatments for chronic Lyme disease can carry serious risks. |
Improving Screening Methods for Hepatitis C Among People Who Inject Drugs: Findings from the HepTLC Initiative, 2012-2014.
Blackburn NA , Patel RC , Zibbell JE . Public Health Rep 2016 131 91-97 OBJECTIVE: People who inject drugs (PWID) are at increased risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We examined HCV testing outcomes among PWID through CDC's Hepatitis Testing and Linkage to Care initiative, which promoted viral hepatitis B and hepatitis C screening, posttest counseling, and linkage to care at 34 U.S. sites during 2012-2014. Ten grantees in nine geographically diverse cities conducted HCV testing among PWID. METHODS: Among those testing positive for HCV antibody (anti-HCV), we calculated the proportion who were offered a confirmatory HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) test, positively diagnosed, and referred to a specialist for care. We stratified anti-HCV-positive people who completed each step by same-day testing (i.e., an HCV RNA test administered on the same date as an anti-HCV test) vs. person not receiving same-day testing to evaluate whether the need for follow-up testing affected diagnosis of chronic infection and linkage to care. RESULTS: A total of 15,274 people received an anti-HCV test at 84 testing sites targeting PWID. Of those, 11,159 (73%) reported having injected drugs in their lifetime, 7,789 (51%) reported injecting drugs in the past 12 months, and 3,495 (23%) tested anti-HCV positive. A total of 1,630 people received testing for HCV RNA, of whom 1,244 (76%) were HCV RNA positive. When not receiving both tests on the same day, 601 of 2,465 (24%) anti-HCV-positive people received an HCV RNA test. CONCLUSION: Strategies to diagnose PWID for HCV infection are needed to reduce associated morbidity and mortality. Agencies can substantially increase the number of PWID who are diagnosed and informed of their HCV infection by administering both anti-HCV and HCV RNA tests during a single testing event. |
Improving the weight of the nation by engaging the medical setting in obesity prevention and control
Foltz JL , Belay B , Blackburn GL . J Law Med Ethics 2013 41 Suppl 2 19-26 This manuscript highlights examples of strategies that have made strides in improving the quality of health care environments, systems-level improvements to support self-management, and collaborations between primary care and public health to support effective approaches to prevent obesity among children and adults in the U.S. |
Personal breathing zone exposures among hot-mix asphalt paving workers; preliminary analysis for trends and analysis of work practices that resulted in the highest exposure concentrations
Osborn LV , Snawder JE , Kriech AJ , Cavallari JM , McClean MD , Herrick RF , Blackburn GR , Olsen LD . J Occup Environ Hyg 2013 10 (12) 663-73 An exposure assessment of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) paving workers was conducted to determine which of four exposure scenarios impacted worker exposure and dose. Goals of this report are to present the personal-breathing zone (PBZ) data, discuss the impact of substituting the releasing/cleaning agent, and discuss work practices that resulted in the highest exposure concentration for each analyte. One-hundred-seven PBZ samples were collected from HMA paving workers on days when diesel oil was used as a releasing/cleaning agent. An additional 36 PBZ samples were collected on days when B-100 (100% biodiesel, containing no petroleum-derived products) was used as a substitute releasing/cleaning agent. Twenty-four PBZ samples were collected from a reference group of concrete workers, who also worked in outdoor construction but had no exposure to asphalt emissions. Background and field blank samples were also collected daily. Total particulates and the benzene soluble fraction were determined gravimetrically. Total organic matter was determined using gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection and provided qualitative information about other exposure sources contributing to worker exposure besides asphalt emissions. Thirty-three individual polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were determined using GC with time-of-flight mass spectrometry; results were presented as either the concentration of an individual PAC or a summation of the individual PACs containing either 2- to 3-rings or 4- to 6-rings. Samples were also screened for PACs containing 4- to 6-rings using fluorescence spectroscopy. Arithmetic means, medians, and box plots of the PBZ data were used to evaluate trends in the data. Box plots illustrating the diesel oil results were more variable than the B-100. Also, the highest diesel oil results were much higher in concentration than the highest B-100 results. An analysis of the highest exposure results and field notes revealed a probable association between these exposures and the use of diesel oil, use of a diesel-powered screed, elevated HMA paving application temperatures, lubricating and working on broken-down equipment, and operation of a broom machine. |
Eosinophilic meningitis attributable to Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in Hawaii: clinical characteristics and potential exposures
Hochberg NS , Blackburn BG , Park SY , Sejvar JJ , Effler PV , Herwaldt BL . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011 85 (4) 685-690 The most common infectious cause of eosinophilic meningitis is Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which is transmitted largely by consumption of snails/slugs. We previously identified cases of angiostrongyliasis that occurred in Hawaii from 2001 to 2005; the highest incidence was on the island of Hawaii. We now report symptoms, laboratory parameters, and exposures. Eighteen patients were evaluated; 94% had headache, and 65% had sensory symptoms (paresthesia, hyperesthesia, and/or numbness). These symptoms lasted a median of 17 and 55 days, respectively. Three persons recalled finding a slug in their food/drink. Case-patients on the island of Hawaii were more likely than case-patients on other islands to consume raw homegrown produce in a typical week (89% versus 0%, P < 0.001) and to see snails/slugs on produce (56% versus 0%, P = 0.03). Residents and travelers should be aware of the potential risks of eating uncooked produce in Hawaii, especially if it is from the island of Hawaii and locally grown. |
Study design and methods to investigate inhalation and dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds and urinary metabolites from asphalt paving workers: research conducted through partnership
Kriech AJ , Osborn LV , Snawder JE , Olsen LD , Herrick RF , Cavallari Jr M , McClean MD , Blackburn GR . Polycycl Aromat Compd 2011 31 (4) 243-269 Innovations in science may require crossing traditional boundaries between industry, unions, government, and academia. While such collaborations have the potential to be highly beneficial and productive, opportunities for such collaborations are often missed due to some of the inherent challenges. This collaborative research effort demonstrates an example of how a successful partnership can optimize the ability to answer complicated scientific questions. Specifically, these researchers collaborated to investigate inhalation and dermal exposures to polycyclic aromatic compounds and related urinary metabolites in hot-mix asphalt paving workers. Reported here are details of the partnership process used to create the study design, the review processes, and details of the analytical methodologies employed to help attain the study goals related to the identification of the nature, source, pathway, and biological relevance of exposure during hot-mix asphalt paving operations. The actual results of the study are being prepared for future publications. |
Pilot study for the investigation of personal breathing zone and dermal exposure using levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) and PAC metabolites in the urine of hot-mix asphalt paving workers
Osborn LV , Snawder JE , Olsen LD , Kriech AJ , Cavallari JM , Herrick RF , McClean MD , Blackburn GR . Polycycl Aromat Compd 2011 31 (4) 173-200 As part of the design of a comprehensive study of hot-mix asphalt paving workers to investigate the relative contribution of personal breathing zone and dermal exposures to polycyclic aromatic compounds, a two-part pilot (Phase I) was performed. The pilot study was important to examine the sources of exposure, the chemical nature of these exposures, and their biological relevance through analysis of biomarkers in urine. Existing, modified, and new sampling and analytical techniques, used in concert with each other, were evaluated to help design the full-scale study (Phase II). Although subject numbers were limited, the air, dermal, and urine sampling, analytical results and field experience provided valuable guidance in the design and implementation of Phase II. An overview of methods used and developed from this study is provided. More details of those methods selected for Phase II are presented in complementary manuscripts. Results of Phase II will be the subject of future publications. |
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