We reviewed the available evidence on psychosocial treatments for disruptive behaviors in children, as an update to Kaminski and Claussen (2017), focusing on children up to age 12 years. Search strategies, study inclusion, and treatment classification followed the procedures developed by Southam-Gerow and Prinstein (2014). Of the 44 included studies from 2016 to 2021, only 9 impacted previous results, either by increasing the level of evidence (for two treatment families) or documenting evidence for a new treatment family (four new treatment families). All three treatment families classified as Level 1: Well Established are parent-focused and now include Group parent behavior therapy + group child behavior therapy (previously classified as Probably Efficacious), in addition to Group parent behavior therapy and Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation (already classified as Well Established). Fifteen treatment families were classified as Level 2: Probably Efficacious, eight were classified as Level 3: Possibly Efficacious. Given the variability of programs in each treatment family, the evidence is for the overall treatment approach and may not apply to each program with those characteristics. Data were insufficient to examine outcomes in relation to participant characteristics. The information can be used to improve dissemination, implementation, and uptake of effective treatment, and inform research on improving access barriers.

OBJECTIVE: To compare mental health indicators among undergraduates in Fall 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic, and Fall 2020, when many students returned to campus amidst restrictions on in-person contact. PARTICIPANTS: Analyses included 26,881 undergraduate students, aged 18-24, from 70 U.S. institutions. METHODS: Students completed the National College Health Assessment-III survey in Fall 2019 or Fall 2020. RESULTS: The prevalences of high stress, loneliness, a low flourishing score, and serious psychological distress increased in 2020 compared to 2019. Serious psychological distress increased substantially in 2020 among students not living with family (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR)=1.36, 95% CI 1.29-1.45) but not among students living with family (aPR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.95-1.26). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest prevalences of several indicators of poor mental health were elevated among U.S. undergraduates several months into the pandemic. The pandemic may have had greater impact on mental health among students not living with family.

INTRODUCTION: Many children and adolescents experience insufficient sleep, which poses risks for their short- and long-term health and development. This study examined the concurrent associations of contextual factors, including child, demographic, neighborhood, and family factors, with short sleep duration. METHODS: We combined data on children aged 3 to 17 years from the 2016-2019 National Survey of Children's Health (N = 112,925) to examine the association of parent-reported child short sleep duration (ages 3-5 y, <10 h; 6-12 y, <9 h; 13-17 y, <8 h) with mental, behavioral, and developmental disorders (MBDDs); selected physical health conditions; and demographic, neighborhood, and family factors. RESULTS: Overall, 34.7% of children experienced short sleep duration. The prevalence was highest among children aged 6 to 12 years (37.5%); children from racial and ethnic minority groups, especially non-Hispanic Black children (50.0%); children from low-income households (44.9%); children with an MBDD (39.6%); children experiencing negative neighborhood factors (poor conditions and lack of safety, support, and amenities, 36.5%); and family factors such as inconsistent bedtime (57.3%), poor parental mental (47.5%) and physical health (46.0%), and adverse childhood experiences (44.1%). The associations between sleep and demographic, neighborhood, and family factors, and MBDD remained significant after controlling for all other factors. CONCLUSION: This study identified several individual, family, and community factors that may contribute to children's short sleep duration and can be targeted to improve healthy development, particularly among children with an MBDD, from households with low socioeconomic status, or from racial and ethnic minority groups who are at increased risk for short sleep duration.