Last data update: Sep 23, 2024. (Total: 47723 publications since 2009)
Records 1-5 (of 5 Records) |
Query Trace: Bedell D [original query] |
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis bloodstream infection prevalence, diagnosis, and mortality risk in seriously ill adults with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data
Barr DA , Lewis JM , Feasey N , Schutz C , Kerkhoff AD , Jacob ST , Andrews B , Kelly P , Lakhi S , Muchemwa L , Bacha HA , Hadad DJ , Bedell R , van Lettow M , Zachariah R , Crump JA , Alland D , Corbett EL , Gopinath K , Singh S , Griesel R , Maartens G , Mendelson M , Ward AM , Parry CM , Talbot EA , Munseri P , Dorman SE , Martinson N , Shah M , Cain K , Heilig CM , Varma JK , Gottberg AV , Sacks L , Wilson D , Squire SB , Lalloo DG , Davies G , Meintjes G . Lancet Infect Dis 2020 20 (6) 742-752 BACKGROUND: The clinical and epidemiological significance of HIV-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis bloodstream infection (BSI) is incompletely understood. We hypothesised that M tuberculosis BSI prevalence has been underestimated, that it independently predicts death, and that sputum Xpert MTB/RIF has suboptimal diagnostic yield for M tuberculosis BSI. METHODS: We did a systematic review and individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of studies performing routine mycobacterial blood culture in a prospectively defined patient population of people with HIV aged 13 years or older. Studies were identified through searching PubMed and Scopus up to Nov 10, 2018, without language or date restrictions and through manual review of reference lists. Risk of bias in the included studies was assessed with an adapted QUADAS-2 framework. IPD were requested for all identified studies and subject to harmonised inclusion criteria: age 13 years or older, HIV positivity, available CD4 cell count, a valid mycobacterial blood culture result (excluding patients with missing data from lost or contaminated blood cultures), and meeting WHO definitions for suspected tuberculosis (presence of screening symptom). Predicted probabilities of M tuberculosis BSI from mixed-effects modelling were used to estimate prevalence. Estimates of diagnostic yield of sputum testing with Xpert (or culture if Xpert was unavailable) and of urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) testing for M tuberculosis BSI were obtained by two-level random-effect meta-analysis. Estimates of mortality associated with M tuberculosis BSI were obtained by mixed-effect Cox proportional-hazard modelling and of effect of treatment delay on mortality by propensity-score analysis. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number 42016050022. FINDINGS: We identified 23 datasets for inclusion (20 published and three unpublished at time of search) and obtained IPD from 20, representing 96.2% of eligible IPD. Risk of bias for the included studies was assessed to be generally low except for on the patient selection domain, which was moderate in most studies. 5751 patients met harmonised IPD-level inclusion criteria. Technical factors such as number of blood cultures done, timing of blood cultures relative to blood sampling, and patient factors such as inpatient setting and CD4 cell count, explained significant heterogeneity between primary studies. The predicted probability of M tuberculosis BSI in hospital inpatients with HIV-associated tuberculosis, WHO danger signs, and a CD4 count of 76 cells per muL (the median for the cohort) was 45% (95% CI 38-52). The diagnostic yield of sputum in patients with M tuberculosis BSI was 77% (95% CI 63-87), increasing to 89% (80-94) when combined with urine LAM testing. Presence of M tuberculosis BSI compared with its absence in patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis increased risk of death before 30 days (adjusted hazard ratio 2.48, 95% CI 2.05-3.08) but not after 30 days (1.25, 0.84-2.49). In a propensity-score matched cohort of participants with HIV-associated tuberculosis (n=630), mortality increased in patients with M tuberculosis BSI who had a delay in anti-tuberculosis treatment of longer than 4 days compared with those who had no delay (odds ratio 3.15, 95% CI 1.16-8.84). INTERPRETATION: In critically ill adults with HIV-tuberculosis, M tuberculosis BSI is a frequent manifestation of tuberculosis and predicts mortality within 30 days. Improved diagnostic yield in patients with M tuberculosis BSI could be achieved through combined use of sputum Xpert and urine LAM. Anti-tuberculosis treatment delay might increase the risk of mortality in these patients. FUNDING: This study was supported by Wellcome fellowships 109105Z/15/A and 105165/Z/14/A. |
Implementing adolescent sexual and reproductive health clinical best practice in the Bronx, New York
Travers M , O'Uhuru D , Mueller T , Bedell J . J Adolesc Health 2018 64 (3) 376-381 PURPOSE: Inequitable access to quality adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) care may contribute to the high rate of teen pregnancy in the Bronx, New York. Bronx Teens Connection (BxTC), a community-wide intervention, sought to increase the number of ASRH best practices implemented and the number of females 12-19 years old receiving services by health centers in the Bronx. METHODS: To promote best practices, BxTC provided training and technical assistance to partnering health centers from 2011 to 2014. Health center staff completed a 26-item survey annually to document clinic practices and service utilization. Significance of changes was assessed with paired t tests. RESULTS: BxTC provided 285 hours of training and technical assistance to 12 partnering health centers. Eight health centers consistently completed the survey. Of the possible 31 ASRH best practices, the average number implemented increased from 23 in 2011 to 28 in 2014. Increases in unduplicated female adolescent patients were observed among Hispanics/Latinas (p=.026) and all females aged 15-17 (p=.035). Contraceptive coverage reported by six of the eight health centers increased among Hispanic/Latinas (32%-55%, p=.006), patients ages 15-17 (33%-53%, p=.005), and patients 18-19 (38%-56%, p=.036). The total number of hormonal implants provided to teens increased from two in 2011 to 173 in 2014. CONCLUSIONS: Other jurisdictions may consider prioritizing clinical linkages in order to improve ASRH outcomes by supporting best practices and expanding access to services in the most disinvested neighborhoods. |
Early identification and linkage to care for people with chronic HBV and HCV infection: The HepTLC Initiative
Ramirez G , Cabral R , Patterson M , Schoenbachler BT , Bedell D , Smith BD , Vellozzi C , Beckett GA . Public Health Rep 2016 131 5-11 OBJECTIVE: In 2012, CDC's Division of Viral Hepatitis launched a public health initiative to increase hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection testing for those at risk and to improve linkage to medical care for those infected. We describe testing outcomes of previously unidentified people at risk for HBV and HCV infection and the lessons learned while linking patients to care. METHODS: CDC's Hepatitis Testing and Linkage to Care (HepTLC) initiative provided 34 financial awards to U.S. organizations that serve people at risk for viral hepatitis, 25 of which focused on HCV and nine of which focused on HBV. Grantees offered testing and test result notification to people at risk for HBV and/or HCV infection, as well as counseling, referral, and verification or notification of linkage to care for people with positive test results. We entered demographic data, self-reported risk factors, country of origin (for HBV), and testing outcomes into a confidential database. RESULTS: The 34 grantees tested 87,860 people at more than 260 sites in 17 states. Of the 23,144 people tested for HBV, 1,317 (6%) were positive. Of the 64,716 people tested for HCV, 57,570 (89%) received an HCV antibody (anti-HCV) test, of whom 7,580 (13%) tested anti-HCV positive. Of the 4,765 people who received an HCV RNA test, 3,449 (72%) tested positive. Of the 4,766 people who tested positive for either HBV or HCV infection, 2,116 (44%) were linked to care. CONCLUSION: Interventions targeting people at risk for HBV and HCV infection reached a substantial number of people for whom testing is recommended and identified a large proportion of those who had previously unrecognized infection. Patient navigation was critical for follow-up and linkage to care. |
Early identification and linkage to care of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection - three U.S. Sites, 2012-2014
Beckett GA , Ramirez G , Vanderhoff A , Nichols K , Chute SM , Wyles DL , Schoenbachler BT , Bedell DT , Cabra R , Ward JW . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014 63 (18) 399-401 In the United States, an estimated 0.8-1.4 million persons are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Among these persons, as many as 70% were born in countries of Asia, Africa, or other regions where HBV is moderately or highly endemic (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] prevalence ≥2%). HBV-associated cirrhosis and liver cancer are major health problems for these populations. Most persons with HBV were infected at birth or during early childhood and are asymptomatic until advanced liver disease develops. To address these concerns, CDC recommends HBsAg testing for all persons born in these areas and linkage to medical care and preventive services for those who are infected. In 2012, CDC awarded funds to nine sites to implement this recommendation. This report describes programs at three sites (New York, New York; Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota; and San Diego, California) that conducted HBV testing, in clinical or community settings, and referred for medical evaluation and care those persons whose HBsAg test results were positive. During October 2012-March 2014, the three sites tested 4,727 persons for HBV infection; 310 (6.6%) were HBsAg-positive. Among the HBsAg-positive persons, 94% were informed of their results, 90% were counseled, 86% were referred for care, and 66% attended their scheduled first medical visit. These projects demonstrate that community-based programs can identify infected persons among populations with a high prevalence of HBV infection and refer HBsAg-positive persons for care. Individualized efforts to assist patients with accessing and receiving health-care services ("patient navigation services") can increase the number of persons who follow up on referrals and receive recommended care. |
Building a national direction for research in the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV: results from a national prioritization initiative in Malawi
Landes M , van Lettow M , Cataldo F , Chan AK , Barr BT , Harries AD , Bedell R . Health Res Policy Syst 2013 11 (1) 40 BACKGROUND: In 2011, Malawi initiated an ambitious program for the prevention of maternal to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, called 'Option B+,' which employs a universal test and life-long treatment strategy for all pregnant women. Priority setting should take place in defining a national research agenda for evaluating Option B + rollout in Malawi. METHODS: In April 2011, a three-day workshop took place for all major stakeholders in PMTCT aiming to provide an update on current PMTCT operational research in Malawi, find consensus on key questions not yet being addressed, identify opportunities for collaboration, and develop multi-partner research proposals. RESULTS: Overall, 24 participants attended the workshop including representatives from the Ministry of Health, the National AIDS Commission and 12 multilateral, non-governmental organizations and academic partners.Three interrelated clusters emerged as priorities for research: i) pregnancy intentions and family planning needs; ii) evaluation of models of care; and iii) determinants of uptake, adherence, and retention of women for Option B+. In addition, two cross-cutting themes arose: partner involvement in PMTCT services and cost-effectiveness as a guide to priority setting.Within each cluster a coordinator was designated and a proposed plan for research and potential collaborators were discussed. The results of the workshop were presented to the national technical working groups and the National AIDS Commission. Several large-scale, collaborative proposals have been developed and funded to address the research areas defined. CONCLUSIONS: Option B + represents a significant change in PMTCT policy in Malawi and the process for evaluation of the Malawi PMTCT strategy is outlined. This workshop contributed to defining and coordinating the national agenda for research priorities. |
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